BRIDGES
From huge viaducts to stone-built crossings, the world's most incredible bridges have been revealed in a mesmerising new book.
Simply titled Bridges, it charts a whole range of crossings, from the ancient to the futuristic.
They include the stunning 7.6-mile-long Vasco da Gama bridge in Lisbon, Europe's largest crossing, and the eye-popping 35-arch Pont du Gard aqueduct in France - Roman engineering at its most bombastic.
The tome also details a beautiful 17th-century wooden Japanese bridge, a bridge in Myanmar made from 1,086 pillars and a bridge in Bordeaux that has a vertical section that can be raised to allow ships to pass through.
The book, by David Ross, also explains how the technology of building bridges over the years has changed and how they have been catalysts for social change.
The Ponte Vasco da Gama is Europe's longest bridge, crossing the Tagus estuary to bypass Lisbon. The cable-stayed main span is 420m (1,378ft) and the full length is 7.67 miles. It is built to withstand a major earthquake, and to have a life expectancy of 120 years
Built over the Gard River in France between 40 and 60CE, the Pont du Gard is 902ft long and is the highest Roman aqueduct (164ft), once carrying around 200,000 cubic metres of water a day on an imperceptible gradient of 1/3000. Its two lower levels were built without mortar. In use as an aqueduct until the sixth century, it owed its survival to being used as a roadway
The five arches of the Kintai Bridge in Japan that seemingly float up from their solid stone piers present a superb example of all-wood construction, using Japanese zelkova, pine, cypress, chestnut and oak. In this form, the bridge dates back to 1673, though rebuilding was required in 1950 when the arches were washed away. Kintai means 'gold brocade sash'
Europe's longest vertical-lift bridge, the Pont Jacque Chaban-Delmas in Bordeaux, opened in 2013. It allows large ships to pass on the Garonne River. Its 2,600-tonne central lifting span is counter-balanced by 600-tonne weights in the four towers. The span is steel, the towers are concrete and the lighting systems emphasise its vertical lines
Built in the late 18th century across the River Brathay, Slaters' Bridge in Cumbria is a combination of arch and slab and was on a pack-horse route to carry slates from quarries in the hills. The voussoirs (arch stones) are up to 4.3ft long. The width of only 4.2ft meant it required very careful passage
Carrying water to the Roman city of Emerita Augusta over the Albarregas River in Spain, the Aqueduct de los Milagros was built soon after 100CE, when Roman engineering reached a high point during the reign of Trajan. Nowadays, it is favoured by storks for nest-building. Its maximum height is 98.5ft and the longest span between piers is 14.8ft
Between 1849 and 1851 the teakwood U Bein Bridge in Myanmar was built across the Taung Tha Man Lake, using timbers from a dismantled palace. In total 1,086 pillars support it but some of the originals have been replaced by concrete. It is 3,967ft long, with four wooden pavilions, and nine movable spans to allow boats to pass
Part of a vast hydraulic irrigation system, the initiative of Franciscan friars, the striking Padre Tembleque Aqueduct in Mexico was built between 1555 and 1572. Its 68 arches cross the Tepeyahualco Ravine and Papalote River, with a maximum height of 111ft. The brickwork construction combined European technology and Mesoamerican building techniques
Spanning the outlet from Kunming Lake to the Yu River in the Summer Palace Complex, the Jade Belt Bridge's high arch was designed to allow passage to the imperial barge in Beijing. But it is also known as 'Moon Bridge': the arch and its reflection in the water making a full circle. Built between 1715 and 1764, its name comes from the decorated archivolts, said to resemble jade ornaments
The Dyavolski Most (Devil's Bridge) bridge in Ardino, Bulgaria, is one of numerous bridges that demonstrate the skill of Ottoman builders. Built between 1515 and 1518, set directly on bedrock, it carries the old Roman Via Egnacia, an ancient road that ran from the Aegean coast to northern Thrace, over the River Arda. Its main span is 185ft and the apex is 37.7ft above the stream. Its name comes from a legendary pact between its builder, Dimitar, and the Devil
Spanning an arm of the Regnitz River, the arches of Obere Brücke (Upper Bridge) in Bamberg, Germany, are separated by a small island. The bridge replaced an older structure in 1455. The building is the rococo and half-timbered style Altes Rathaus or old Town Hall, built between 1744 and 1756, with a through passage for pedestrians. The central arch, of three, was destroyed in 1945 and rebuilt in 1956
The Trans-Canada Highway was extended to Prince Edward Island in eastern Canada with the opening of this eight-mile bridge in 1997. Its spans are formed of post-tensioned concrete box girders, constructed on-site, and designed for a 100-year lifespan. Protection against surface and floating ice was a major issue in construction
The Cuillin Hills on the Isle of Skye in Scotland make a dramatic background to this bridge over the Sligachan River. It was built by Thomas Telford around 1815 as part of a road improvement scheme, of local rubblestone, in the simple, solid style of his smaller bridges
Also known as the Carioca Aqueduct the Arcos da Lapa in Rio de Janeiro was inaugurated in 1750, though begun in 1723 as part of a water supply system for the city. Its 42 two-storey arches, in austere military style, stretched for 886ft, at a height of 57.7ft. By the 1890s it was redundant, but found a new role as conduit for the Santa Teresa tramline
Between the two cable-stayed Bhumibol Bridges to the south of Bangkok is a multi-level spiral interchange above the Chao Phraya River, linking the north-south route over the bridges with the western approach, and reaching a height of 164ft. Both built to the same design, the bridges have concrete towers in elongated diamond shape
Named after Emperor Charles IV in Prague, before 1870 it was simply known as 'the Stone Bridge'. Built over the Vltava River between 1357 and 1402 of Bohemian sandstone, it has a fortified tower at each end. Its 16 arches vary in span, from 16.62 to 23.28m (54.5 to 84ft). The 30 statues that line it are now replicas of the originals
The S2 Hulu Expressway takes to the sea for over 20.2 miles to link Shanghai with Yangshan Port. Opened in 2005, the S-shaped bridge is mostly of segmental concrete spans on double-column piers, with a cable-stayed main and three auxiliary navigational spans. An associated wind farm of 34 turbine towers, 446ft high, is projected
Interstate Routes 105 and 110 in Los Angeles, California, meet at the Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange, where ramps and crossings on four levels allow traffic to enter and leave from any direction. Computers helped in planning the concrete construction, over 131ft high, which opened in 1994. It incorporates passage for light-rail trains and dedicated bus lanes
Commissioned by Emperor Trajan in 98CE, the Puente Trajan in Spain was designed by Caius Julius Lacer, and built over the Tagus without mortar in 104–06CE. It has six arches, the total length is 596ft, width 28.2ft, and height 147.6ft. A triumphal arch above the central pier is inscribed: 'I have built a bridge which will last for ever'
Testing new technology and design theories, since 1937 the Golden Gate Bridge's 1,280m (4200ft) span has crossed San Francisco Bay (total length is 2,737.4m, 1.7 miles), at 67m (220ft) above high water level. For 27 years it was the world’s longest suspension bridge, and remains one of the most elegant and best-proportioned of the many now existing
Would YOU dare to walk along this? Ski resort opens a 427ft-long suspension bridge high above the valley floor
- The Cloudraker Skybridge has opened in Canada, suspended between Whistler's Peak and the West Ridge
- It is a dizzying 6,562 feet above the Whistler Mountain valley floor and is the highest bridge in North America
- It has also been built using 101 steel modules and is supported by four huge cables weighing 80,000 pounds
A Canadian ski resort has opened a new suspension bridge that hangs thousands of feet up that will no doubt terrify anyone who hasn't got a head for heights.
Located at a dizzying 6,562 feet above the valley floor on Whistler Mountain, the incredible Cloudraker Skybridge is harnessed between Whistler's Peak and the West Ridge.
It is thought to be one of the highest bridges in North America and the walk across is 427 feet long, with those brave enough to cross it able to look down into the valley below through the grates in the crossing.
An incredible picture showing the new suspension bridge that has opened in the Canadian ski resort of Whistler Blackcomb
Located at a dizzying 6,562ft above the valley floor, the Cloudraker Skybridge is harnessed between Whistler's Peak and the West Ridge
The bridge is open year-round and is supported by four cables, each tensioned to 80,000 pounds.
It has been constructed using 101 steel modules with each one weighing around 500lbs.
However, the only ones lucky enough to cross the bridge are those who buy a season skiing pass for Whistler Blackcomb or a Peak2Peak 360 ticket.
The bridge is open year-round for skiiers and boarders and is supported by four cables, each tensioned to 80,000 pounds
The Cloudraker Skybridge joins the ranks of other petrifying bridges. It is thought to be the highest bridge in North America
While they're up there, brave souls could also visit the new viewing platform on the same mountain top, Raven’s Eye Cliff Walk, which opens in August.
Perched atop West Ridge, at the end of the Cloudraker Skybridge, guests will enjoy a 360-degree view of the Coast Mountains.
The cantilever deck of the lookout is positioned to face Rainbow Mountain, with views of Black Tusk 180 degrees in the opposite direction.
The bridge has been constructed using 101 steel modules with each one weighing around 500lbs
The suspension bridge is just one of six construction projects underway on Whistler and Blackcomb Mountain as part of a $66 million dollar investment by Vail Resorts announced in December 2017
The only ones lucky enough to cross the bridge are those who buy a season skiing pass for Whistler Blackcomb or a Peak2Peak 360 ticket
The suspension bridge is just one of six construction projects underway on Whistler and Blackcomb Mountain as part of a $66million dollar investment by Vail Resorts announced in December 2017.
The Cloudraker Skybridge joins the ranks of other petrifying bridges, like the cable bridges on Ai-Petri peak in the Crimean Mountains, the narrow walkways of Mount Hua in China, and the Titlis Cliff Walk in Switzerland, located a harrowing 9,842 feet above the ground.
They're all thrilling and terrifying in equal measure.
Thumbs up for the spectacular 5,000ft-long footbridge that is 'held up' up by a pair of giant HANDS
- The huge Golden Bridge opened in the Vietnamese mountains last month in the Ba Na Hills Sun World resort
- The bridge is set more than 4,593 feet above sea level and stretches out for 492 feet across the landscape
- Giant hands have been designed not only to look like they're holding the bridge up, but to look ancient, too
This is the spectacular new footbridge that has opened in Vietnam that appears to be held up by a massive pair of hands.
The Golden Bridge is perched high in the country's Trường Sơn mountains in the Sun World Ba Na Hills resort.
It is set more than 4,593ft above sea level and extends out for 492 feet across the Vietnamese landscape.
The Golden Bridge in Vietnam, which is perched high in the country's Trường Sơn mountains in the Sun World Ba Na Hills resort and appears to be held up by a pair of hands
At the two ends of the crossing are two giant hands, which appear to be holding up the bridge.
The bridge only opened last month, but the hands have been designed so they look as if they've been there for centuries.
The bridge is reportedly part of a $2billion project to make the area more attractive to tourists and flowers line the walkways where visitors gather.
The bridge is set more than 4,593ft above sea level and extends out for 492 feet across the Vietnamese landscape
And unsurprisingly people have been flocking to the bridge to take pictures of the crossing to upload on to Instagram.
One of them was blogger Smashpop, who gained over 18,000 likes for his scenic shot of the bridge.
While Jenny posted a picture of the bridge that one of her followers said was 'amazing'.
The bridge is reportedly part of a $2billion project to make the area more attractive to tourists. Unsurprisingly people have been flocking to the bridge to take pictures of the crossing to upload on to Instagram
Ba Na Hills is a resort in central Vietnam that was established by French colonists.
It is close to the city of Da Nang and cable cars take tourists to and from the resort.
Fancy yourself an adventurer? Here are 14 of the world's scariest bridges to cross
The amazing 3,300ft-long bamboo bridge containing 50,000 sticks that is taken down and REBUILT every year
- The crossing links Kampong Cham with Koh Paen across the Mekong River - and is built during the dry season
- Just before the dry season ends locals dismantle the bridge and store all of the bamboo before the river floods
- The building and dismantling of the bridge takes place annually and attracts thousands of visitors to the area
- But a concrete bridge has been built nearby and there are fears the bamboo bridge tradition will die out
This is the incredible 3,300 foot bamboo bridge in Cambodia that is taken down and rebuilt every single year.
The crossing contains 50,000 sticks of bamboo and is built during the dry season to link the town of Kampong Cham with 1,000 families on Koh Paen island across the Mekong River.
However, just before the rainy season (May to November), locals dismantle the bridge and store all of the bamboo before the river floods.
The incredible 3,300ft bamboo bridge in Cambodia that is taken down and rebuilt every single year using 50,000 sticks of bamboo
The amazing bridge links the town of Kampong Cham with 1,000 families on Koh Paen across the Mekong River
The building of the bamboo bridge has taken place annually for decades and was only missed during the civil war
The constant building and dismantling of the bamboo bridge has taken place annually for decades and was only missed several times during the civil war in Cambodia.
And not only does it take pedestrians across the river, the bridge is strong enough to accommodate bicycles, motorbikes, cars and trucks.
Locals wanting to cross the bridge are charged 100 riel, which is only a few cents or one penny in sterling.
Foreign tourists are charged up to 40 times more.
Not only does it take pedestrians across the river, the bridge is normally strong enough to accommodate bicycles, motorbikes, cars and trucks
Just before the rainy season, locals dismantle the bridge and store all of the bamboo before the river becomes flooded
Once the dry season comes to an end, the bridge must be dismantled because the currents of the Mekong are too strong for the crossing to survive
Once the dry season comes to an end, the bridge must be dismantled and stored as the strong currents of the Mekong are too strong for the crossing to survive.
When the bridge isn't up, a ferry then takes people across the river.
However, it is unclear for how much longer the tradition of building and dismantling the bridge will continue.
Last year, a permanent concrete bridge was built by the Cambodian government further up stream, leading to fears the bamboo crossing would not return.
The first part of a narrower bamboo bridge being constructed in Cambodia that will only take pedestrians and cyclists
Last year, a permanent concrete bridge was built by the Cambodian government further up stream, leading to fears the bamboo crossing would not return
But one traveller who visited Kampong Cham in April confirmed that the bridge was still there and still going strong - but is narrower than before.
Giles W wrote on Tripadvisor last week: 'The bridge is rather less substantial than before, now carrying foot traffic only (well, I suspect they let motos across as well, but I didn't see that - maybe it's banned).'
Another Tripadvisor user, 'aroundthenextcorner4', explained that it currently costs $1 US to cross and that it costs a further $1 to walk a bicycle across.
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