WAR AND PEACE

WAR AND PEACE When looking through thousands of images of World War I, some of the more striking photos are not of technological wonders or battle-scarred landscapes, but of the human beings caught up in the chaos. The soldiers were men, young and old, and the opportunity to look into their faces and see the emotion, their humanity, instead of a uniform or nationality, is a gift - a real window into the world a century ago. While soldiers bore the brunt of the war, civilians were involved on a massive scale as well. From the millions of refugees forced from their homes, to the volunteer ambulance drivers, cooks, and nurses, to the civilian support groups used by all major armies, ordinary people found themselves at war. Today's entry is a glimpse into the lives of these people, in battle, at play, at rest, and at work, during World War I. On this 100-year anniversary, I've gathered photographs of the Great War from dozens of collections, some digitized for the first time, to try to tell the story of the conflict, those caught up in it, and how much it affected the world. 1 French soldiers stand in a relaxed group wearing medals. The medals appear to be the Military Medal, established on 25th March, 1916, for acts of bravery. They have probably been awarded for their part in the Battle of the Somme. The French helmets, with their very distinct crests, can be seen clearly. (National Library of Scotland) 2 Private Ernest Stambash, Co. K, 165th Infantry, 42nd division, receives a cigarette from Miss Anna Rochester, American Red Cross volunteer at Evacuation Hospital No. 6 and 7, at Souilly, Meuse, France, on October 14, 1918. (AP Photo) # 3 Three unidentified New Zealand servicemen riding camels during World War I, the Sphinx and a pyramid in the background.(James McAllister/National Library of New Zealand) # 4 A large group of soldiers, likely South African infantry, having a good time. They are stamping their feet and brandishing anything that comes to hand, from walking sticks to swords. It is all being done in a light-hearted fashion, with most of the men pulling funny faces and smiling. Many of the soldiers are wearing kilts and balmorals. (National Library of Scotland) # 5 A French officer has tea with English military personnel during World War I. (Library of Congress) # 6 Western front, a group of captured Allied soldiers representing 8 nationalities: Anamite (Vietnamese), Tunisian, Senegalese, Sudanese, Russian, American, Portugese, and English. (National Archive/Official German Photograph of WWI) # 7 German prisoners assist in bringing in Australian wounded. (National Media Museum/Australian War Records Section) # 8 Highlanders on the Western Front, killed and later stripped of their socks and boots, ca. 1916. (Brett Butterworth) # 9 Interior, German military kitchen, ca. 1917. (Brett Butterworth) # 10 U.S. Signal Corps telephone operators in Advance Sector, 3 km from the trenches in France. The women were part of the Signal Corps Female Telephone Operators Unit and were also known as Hello Girls. Women have helmets and gas masks in bags on back of chairs. (National World War I Museum, Kansas City, Missouri, USA) # 11 British soldier poses in mouth of a captured 38 caliber gun during World War I. (AP Photo) # 12 Unidentified time and location, photograph from the "Pictorial Panorama of the Great War" collection, simply titled "Merci, Kamerad".(State Library of New South Wales) # 13 Massed German prisoners in France, probably taken after the Allied advance of August 1918. (National Library of Scotland) # 14 French soldiers, some wounded, some dead, after the taking of Courcelles, in the department of Oise, France, in June of 1918.(National Archives) # 15 French soldier whose face was mutilated in World War I, being fitted with a mask made at the American Red Cross studio of Anna Coleman Ladd. (Library of Congress) # 16 Recruits line up at a New York army camp shortly after President Woodrow Wilson declared war on Germany, in April of 1917.(AP Photo) # 17 Women\'s Army Auxiliary Corps (W.A.A.C.) members play field hockey with soldiers in France, during World War I, drying greens and convalescent home buildings visible in the background. (National Library of Scotland) # 18 Red Cross volunteers Alice Borden, Helen Campbell, Edith McHieble, Maude Fisher, Kath Hoagland, Frances Riker, Marion Penny, Fredericka Bull, and Edith Farr. (Library of Congress) # 19 "Wild Eye", the Souvenir King. (Frank Hurley/National Media Museum) # 20 A member of the British First Aid Nursing Yeomanry oiling her car near the Western Front. (National Library of Scotland) # 21 Undated image, reportedly of Corporal Adolf Hitler of the German Army, standing at left (under the "+") with his comrades forming the band "Kapelle Krach", during recovery from an injury he received on the western front during World War I. (AP Photo) # 22 Dressed in a rather exotic uniform of army boots, army caps and fur coats, this image shows five female members of the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry standing in front of some Red Cross ambulances. As the first female recruits of this organization came from the ranks of the upper classes, perhaps the fur coats should not be too surprising. The women would have worked as drivers, nurses and cooks. Established by Lord Kitchener in 1907, the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY) was initially an auxiliary unit of women nurses on horseback, who linked the military field hospitals with the frontline troops. Serving in dangerous forward areas, by the end of the conflict First Aid Nursing Yeomanry members had been awarded 17 Military Medals, 1 Legion d\'Honneur and 27 Croix de Guerre. A memorial to those women who lost their lives while working for the organization, can be found at St Paul\'s Church, Knightsbridge, London. (National Library of Scotland) # 23 Guiseppe Uggesi, an Italian soldier in 223rd Infantry, who was in an Austrian Prison Camp at Milowitz, confined to bed with tuberculosis in January of 1919. (Library of Congress) # 24 Labour Corps members, the caption identifies these seven men as \'native police\'. They are probably black South Africans who had contracted to work in the South African Native Labour Contingent (SANLC). In general the native police and NCOs were recruited from tribal chiefs or high-status native families. Some 20,000 South Africans worked in the SANLC during the war. They were not meant to be in combat zones, but there were inevitable deaths when the docks or transport lines on which they worked were bombed. The greatest tragedy was the sinking of the troopship SS Mendi on February 21, 1917, when 617 members of the SANLC were drowned in the English Channel. (National Library of Scotland) # 25 Some Canadian wounded being taken to the dressing station on a light railway from the firing line. (Nationaal Archief) # 26 German troops in Finland during the Finnish Civil War, part of a series of conflicts spurred on by World War I. Red troops, both men and women, ready for deportation from Hango, in April of 1918. Two main groups, "Reds" and "Whites" were battling for control of Finland, with the Whites gaining the upper hand in April of 1918, helped by thousands of German soldiers.(National Archive/Official German Photograph of WWI) # 27 A group of female carpenters work in a lumber yard in France, constructing wooden huts. While they do not have a uniform, all the women appear to be wearing a protective coat or pinafore over their clothing. It is thought this photograph was taken by the British official photographer, John Warwick Brooke. Q.M.A.A.C. stands for Queen Mary\'s Army Auxiliary Corps. Formed in 1917 to replace the Women\'s Auxiliary Army Corp, by 1918 around 57,000 women made up the ranks of Q.M.A.A.C. (National Library of Scotland) # 28 The Kaiser\'s Birthday. German officers during the Kaiser\'s birthday celebrations in Rauscedo, Italy, on January 27, 1918.(CC BY SA Carola Eugster) # 29 French dragoon and chasseur soldiers at the beginning of World War One. (Library of Congress) # 30 British ambulance drivers stand atop a pile of rubble. (Library of Congress) # 31 German prisoners, during World War I. Portraits of a German prisoners taken by an official British photographer, to be shown to folks back home. (National Library of Scotland) # 32 Villagers interested in the arrival of British troops. (National Library of Scotland) # 33 Western Front. A Captured British soldier salvages the valuables of fellow Englishmen killed in battle, in April of 1918.(National Archive/Official German Photograph of WWI) # 34 During downtime, soldiers from Britain, France and the USA, plus some members of the Women\'s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) watch French children playing in the sand, in France, during World War I. (National Library of Scotland) # 35 British soldiers play football while wearing gas masks, France, 1916. (Bibliotheque nationale de France) # 36 Three young-looking German prisoners of war. Their clothes are caked in mud and are a mishmash of styles. The soldier on the left still has his helmet, but the others have bandages wrapped round their heads. (National Library of Scotland) # 37 Between Laon and Soissons, German railway troops wash their clothes beside 50 cm shells, on July 19, 1918.(National Archive/Official German Photograph of WWI) # 38 Thiepval, September 1916. Bodies of German soldiers strewn across the bottom of a trench. (National World War I Museum, Kansas City, Missouri, USA) # 39 Berlin -- Children of soldiers at front. (Library of Congress) # 40 Watched by a group of locals, German prisoners of war walk down a street in the French town of Solesmes, on November 1, 1918, near the end of World War I. (Henry Armytage Sanders/National Library of New Zealand) # 41 German NCOs from Infanterie-Regiment No. 358 pose for the photographer as if they were drinking wine, feasting on gherkins and playing cards while wearing gas masks. (Brett Butterworth) # 42 French patrol in occupied Essen, Germany. (Library of Congress) # 43 The Famous 369th Arrive in New York City ca. 1919. Members of the 369th [African American] Infantry, formerly 15th New York Regulars. (U.S. National Archives) # 44 A fallen Russian soldier being buried where he fell by civilians being overseen by the Germans. Russia lost some two million men in combat during World War I. (Brett Butterworth) # 45 German machine-gun nest and dead gunner at Villers Devy Dun Sassey, France, on November 4, 1918 -- one week before the end of the war. (NARA/Lt. M. S. Lentz/U.S. Army) Port d'Austerlitz – 1920 PRE WAR EUROPE: Hitler on the brink of power: Rare pictures of the Nazi leader as he assembled his maniacal team in the 1920s taken by his personal photographer are uncovered at the National Archives A rare, cracked photograph of a young Adolf Hitler, aged 34, at the dawn of the Nazi Party has emerged  The photo, along with a trove of never-before-seen images, show the German leader in intimate moments  The remarkable frame is one of 1,270 images that Richard Schneider digitized from a trove of 41,000 glass negatives created by Hitler's personal photographer, Heinrich Hoffmann, a key part of Hitler's PR machine After the war, Hoffmann was arrested and convicted of war profiteering, and he spent five years in prison Plans are already underway to make the photographs available online, after negatives were put back together A rare, cracked photograph of Adolf Hitler at the dawn of the Nazi Party has emerged, capturing the then 34-year-old flanked by his Alsatian, Prinz. The photo, along with a trove of never-before-seen images, shows the German leader during intimate moments with admirers at rallies - and with his dog Prinz, given to him in 1921, sparking his affection for the breed. Sat guarded by Prinz, the photograph was apparently taken in 1923, before his arrest in November that year for his Beer Hall Putsch - a failed power grab in Munich that resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazis and four police officers - and which saw him serve nine months of a five year jail sentence.   The remarkable frame is one of 1,270 images that archivist Richard Schneider digitized from glass negatives created by Hitler's personal photographer, Heinrich Hoffmann. The negatives are part of a trove of 41,000 which are held at the U.S. National Archives. +4 A rare, cracked photograph of a young Adolf Hitler at the dawn of the Nazi Party has emerged, capturing the then 34-year-old leader flanked by his beloved Alsatian. The photo, along with a trove of never-before-seen images, show the notorious German leader in intimate moments with admirers, at rallies and in private. He was known to have a great affinity for the German Shepherd breed, and the dog he is pictured with in 1923 is likely to have been Prinz, who we acquired two years prior 'The face, and the mustache, and those eyes,' Schneider said. 'It was Adolf Hitler, sitting stiffly in an upholstered arm chair, his German shepherd at his side.'  In the picture, Hitler wore pinstriped trousers, a dark evening jacket and a small swastika lapel pin. His hair was combed back and he was sat besides a grand piano.  He was known to have a great affinity for the German Shepherd breed, and the dog he is pictured with is likely to have been Prinz, who he acquired two years prior. He owned several more German Shepherds, notably two named Blonda, and then finally Blondi, the dog he is most known for which he had killed with cyanide before his own death in 1945. Reports from the bunker where Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide reveal that after Blondi was killed, Hitler's dog handler took her litter of pups and shot them too, as well as Braun's two dogs, in a bid to prevent any symbols of the Nazi regime falling into enemy hands.   Another ghostly images sees Hitler surrounded by members of the Third Reich, including his notorious minister of propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, as well as Rudolf Hess.  Hess was Hitler's Deputy Fuhrer until he flew to Scotland in 1941 in a bid to broker a peace deal with the United Kingdom. He was promptly arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment for war crimes. SHARE THIS ARTICLE Share +4 Another ghostly images sees Hitler surrounded by members of the Third Reich, including his notorious minister of propaganda, Joseph Goebbels (stood to Hitler's right), as well as Rudolf Hess (standing in the top row on the far right), as well as Heinrich Himmler, the chief architect of the Holocaust (right) Hoffmann's work with Hitler played a crucial role in endearing him to the German public. His love of dogs, the way admirers flocked to him, the way his inner circle stood near him, all the gave the image of a man to be admired, experts have said. 'He single-handedly shaped the personal side of Hitler's 'Fuhrer Image,' the German historian Heike B. Gortemaker wrote.  'What makes this digitization project special is that the ensuing image has been reproduced from the original negative, rather than it being a copy or copy of a copy,' Schneider told SFGate. 'This results in unmatched quality.' Plans are already underway to make the photographs available online soon, according to Billy Wade, a supervisory archivist. Many of the fragile glass negatives were broken and had to be reassembled.  'There were more shattered plates of [Hitler] than perhaps any other subject,' Schneider said. 'I don't know if that was purposeful or coincidental  - anytime I came across a picture of him looking at me, it sent shivers.'  Hitler is seen giving a speech to followers in a German beer hall. Hoffmann's access made him a wealthy man, with his intimate photographs sold in a collection of popular collections called: 'With Hitler in Poland,' 'With Hitler in Italy,' 'Hitler Off Duty' and 'The Hitler Nobody Knows' (pictured in 1923, fore his arrest for the Beer Hall Putsch) +4 Although, his access dwindled in 1944 when he ran afoul of Hitler's gatekeeper Martin Bormann, who saw to it that his photography opportunities were reduced. After the war, Hoffmann was arrested and convicted of war profiteering, and he spent five years in several German prisons. Hitler pictured with admirers in a cafe  in 1923 Chilling footage shows Adolf Hitler taking power as German Chancellor 80 years on Loaded: 0% Progress: 0% -:- Previous Play Skip Unmute Fullscreen Advertisement   After the war, his negatives were confiscated by the Army and went to the National Archives in 1962, according to Wade.  Hoffmann's access made him a wealthy man, with his intimate photographs sold in a collection of popular collections called: 'With Hitler in Poland,' 'With Hitler in Italy,' 'Hitler Off Duty' and 'The Hitler Nobody Knows.'  Although, his access dwindled in 1944 when he ran afoul of Hitler's gatekeeper Martin Bormann, who saw to it that his photography opportunities were reduced.  After the war, Hoffmann was arrested and convicted of war profiteering, and he spent five years in several German prisons. Quai des Tuileries Sunshine and swastikas: Rare colour pictures of 1930s Berlin show carefree life in Hitler’s capital before war that reduced it to rubble Uncovered images show glimpse into life in the city as it lurches toward war As well as chilling images of swastikas and soldiers, the pictures show life scenes of ordinary Germans This collection of rare color photos of Berlin in 1937, taken by Thomas Neumann and uncovered from Norwegian archives, show life in the German capital during a tumultuous decade. They capture scenes in the vibrant city, which was under the iron grip of Adolf Hitler and his Third Reich at the very height of his power. Yet just eight years later the city was in ruins as Russians and Allies occupied it in victory. But at the time these images were taken, Hitler's Berlin was vibrant. Hitler had taken power after the collapse of the democratic Weimar Republic in 1933 as severe economic problems caused by the Great Depression drove ordinary Germans into the far-right party's arms. As well as chilling pictures of buildings emblazoned with swastikas, there are scenes of ordinary life as Germans go about their business. They show a child in a sun-drenched square, smiling friends at a train station, a cart selling bananas and a food vendor in a sunny park. Regal: These rare color photos of Berlin in 1937 give a unique perspective of the capital's pre-war period. The Stadtschloss, or Berlin City Palace, was heavily damaged during bombing and demolished by East German authorities after the war Devastated: The Stadtschloss after it was gutted by Allied bombs. It was torn down by East German authorities after the war but is currently being rebuilt Ominous: In 1937 Hitler was at the very peak of his power. Ordinary Germans were content and opposition was being ruthlessly crushed Smiling: An unknown trio at a train station. It is likely they were friends or colleagues of the photographer Rally: Soldiers and civilians at a rally on the decorated streets in Berlin. This photo is believed to have been taken on Labour Day (May 1) in 1937 Bustle: A cart sells fruit on a busy Berlin street Norwegian engineer Thomas Neumann (1901-1978) took the photos while working in Germany. The film he used was the first of its kind, and there are few similar images preserved in Norwegian collections. His coloured pictures gives historians a valuable view of the interwar period. In 2007 his photo gallery given to the National Archives of Norway by his daughter. Thomas Neumann trained as an electrical engineer in Dresden. After graduating in 1928 he worked in Berlin until 1933. Neumann was a member of the National Unity party, a fascist organisation and was appointed its propaganda leader in Oslo and Akershus. He left the party in 1937 and in October 1944 he was arrested for illegal activities and sent to the notorious Grini concentration camp. Echoes of history: This street scene shows the Augustiner Keller, a beer cellar in central Berlin. Few buildings were not festooned with Nazi regalia Power: Hitler had consolidated his power by the mid-1930s, thanks to widespread disillusionment with the Weimar Republic Youth: A little boy outside an unknown sunny square in Berlin Order: This intimidating picture shows troops lining a boulevard festooned with swastikas in anticipation of a parade Relaxation: Berliners enjoy snacks in a sun-soaked park Crowds: The pictures were taken by Thomas Neumann, a Norwegian engineer who worked in Germany Church and state: Swastikas and a maypole outside Berlin Cathedral Docking: Two men in suits aboard the steamer Preussen, presumably approaching Germany Quiet moment: A driver leans against a state car and enjoys a cigarette. The photos show candid moments among Berliners One candid picture shows a Brownshirt (a member of Hitler's paramilitary force) lounging against a state car in front of a building draped with the maligned Nazi symbol. On 30 January 1933, President Hindenburg, under pressure from Franz von Papen, appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany. Shortly after the Fuhrer seized power. The Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a free market economy. Extensive public works were also undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns, to boost employment. Just two years later Germany would invade Poland and begin the most destructive war the world has ever seen. An estimated 60 million people lost their lives as a result of the Second World War and the global political landscape changed forever. Ripple: The 1937 May Day celebration was also a celebration of 700 years of Berlin's history Grand: The Messe Berlin situated in Berlin-Westend. It was completed in 1937 yet heavily bombed by Allied aircraft Masses: A lkarge crowd in Berlin, presumably in connection with Labour Day Force: In this picture we see military personnel father beneath decorations. An officer appears to be inspecting the men Overseer: A guard in a pristine white uniform looks on at a gathering crowd Civilians: Walkers on a mystery German street. Eight years later it would have been filled with Russian, British and American troops Serene: An unknown park in Berlin. The heat of the summer of 1937 meant sprinklers were required to keep the grass verdant History: Flags snap and flap in the breeze among a throng of Germans celebrating May day Colourful: Berliners gather to look at a giant maypole outside the Berlin City Cathedral Porte de Paris Boulevard Exelmans, 1920 Rue de la Roquette – 1918 Rue de la Roquette – 1918 Hôtel de Ville Invalides – 1909 Invalides - 1909   Sunshine and swastikas: Rare colour pictures of 1930s Berlin show carefree life in Hitler’s capital before war that reduced it to rubble Uncovered images show glimpse into life in the city as it lurches toward war As well as chilling images of swastikas and soldiers, the pictures show life scenes of ordinary Germans This collection of rare color photos of Berlin in 1937, taken by Thomas Neumann and uncovered from Norwegian archives, show life in the German capital during a tumultuous decade. They capture scenes in the vibrant city, which was under the iron grip of Adolf Hitler and his Third Reich at the very height of his power. Yet just eight years later the city was in ruins as Russians and Allies occupied it in victory. But at the time these images were taken, Hitler's Berlin was vibrant. Hitler had taken power after the collapse of the democratic Weimar Republic in 1933 as severe economic problems caused by the Great Depression drove ordinary Germans into the far-right party's arms. As well as chilling pictures of buildings emblazoned with swastikas, there are scenes of ordinary life as Germans go about their business. They show a child in a sun-drenched square, smiling friends at a train station, a cart selling bananas and a food vendor in a sunny park. Regal: These rare color photos of Berlin in 1937 give a unique perspective of the capital's pre-war period. The Stadtschloss, or Berlin City Palace, was heavily damaged during bombing and demolished by East German authorities after the war Devastated: The Stadtschloss after it was gutted by Allied bombs. It was torn down by East German authorities after the war but is currently being rebuilt Ominous: In 1937 Hitler was at the very peak of his power. Ordinary Germans were content and opposition was being ruthlessly crushed Smiling: An unknown trio at a train station. It is likely they were friends or colleagues of the photographer Rally: Soldiers and civilians at a rally on the decorated streets in Berlin. This photo is believed to have been taken on Labour Day (May 1) in 1937 Bustle: A cart sells fruit on a busy Berlin street Norwegian engineer Thomas Neumann (1901-1978) took the photos while working in Germany. The film he used was the first of its kind, and there are few similar images preserved in Norwegian collections. His coloured pictures gives historians a valuable view of the interwar period. In 2007 his photo gallery given to the National Archives of Norway by his daughter. Thomas Neumann trained as an electrical engineer in Dresden. After graduating in 1928 he worked in Berlin until 1933. Neumann was a member of the National Unity party, a fascist organisation and was appointed its propaganda leader in Oslo and Akershus. He left the party in 1937 and in October 1944 he was arrested for illegal activities and sent to the notorious Grini concentration camp. Echoes of history: This street scene shows the Augustiner Keller, a beer cellar in central Berlin. Few buildings were not festooned with Nazi regalia Power: Hitler had consolidated his power by the mid-1930s, thanks to widespread disillusionment with the Weimar Republic Youth: A little boy outside an unknown sunny square in Berlin Order: This intimidating picture shows troops lining a boulevard festooned with swastikas in anticipation of a parade Relaxation: Berliners enjoy snacks in a sun-soaked park Crowds: The pictures were taken by Thomas Neumann, a Norwegian engineer who worked in Germany Church and state: Swastikas and a maypole outside Berlin Cathedral Docking: Two men in suits aboard the steamer Preussen, presumably approaching Germany Quiet moment: A driver leans against a state car and enjoys a cigarette. The photos show candid moments among Berliners One candid picture shows a Brownshirt (a member of Hitler's paramilitary force) lounging against a state car in front of a building draped with the maligned Nazi symbol. On 30 January 1933, President Hindenburg, under pressure from Franz von Papen, appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany. Shortly after the Fuhrer seized power. The Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a free market economy. Extensive public works were also undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns, to boost employment. Just two years later Germany would invade Poland and begin the most destructive war the world has ever seen. An estimated 60 million people lost their lives as a result of the Second World War and the global political landscape changed forever. Ripple: The 1937 May Day celebration was also a celebration of 700 years of Berlin's history Grand: The Messe Berlin situated in Berlin-Westend. It was completed in 1937 yet heavily bombed by Allied aircraft Masses: A lkarge crowd in Berlin, presumably in connection with Labour Day Force: In this picture we see military personnel father beneath decorations. An officer appears to be inspecting the men Overseer: A guard in a pristine white uniform looks on at a gathering crowd Civilians: Walkers on a mystery German street. Eight years later it would have been filled with Russian, British and American troops Serene: An unknown park in Berlin. The heat of the summer of 1937 meant sprinklers were required to keep the grass verdant History: Flags snap and flap in the breeze among a throng of Germans celebrating May day Colourful: Berliners gather to look at a giant maypole outside the Berlin City Cathedral Porte de Paris Boulevard Exelmans, 1920 Rue de la Roquette – 1918 Rue de la Roquette – 1918 Hôtel de Ville Invalides – 1909 Invalides - 1909 Samaritaine - 1930 Rue du Faubourg Saint Denis – 1914 Exposition Universelle - Trocadéro 1937 Rue du Pot de Fer - 1914 Quai de Bourbon - vers 1910 Place de la Concorde – 1918 Hôtel de Ville – 1918 Invalides – 1918 Hôtel de Ville – 1919 Rue de la Paix – 1919 Rue de la Paix – 1919 Vendeuses aux Halles – 1920 Parvis de Notre Dame – 1918 Quai du Louvre – 1920 Quai de Béthune – 1923 Aubert Palace –