The Sinking of The Lusitania, America’s Entry into World War I, A Bonanza for Wall Street

On this day 99 years ago, a German U-boat sunk the RMS Lusitania off the southern Irish coast with the loss of 1,195 lives, including 128 Americans. 94 children perished, 31 of them mere babies. This incident became the major catalyst for drawing a reluctant America into the European slaughter pens of World War 1.

But was the sinking of the Lusitania one of those unfortunate acts that occur randomly during war or was there a more sinister and deliberate hand at work?

In a disputed incident like this, one often gets to the truth of the matter by asking the question, “Cui bono?” “Who benefits?” After a detailed examination of the facts, one can only come to the conclusion that it was the banksters who benefitted, and grossly at that.

The RMS Lusitania was one of the world’s biggest ships and the pride of the Cunard Line at the time of her demise. “RMS” stands for “Royal Mail Steamer” which meant that the Lusitania was certified to carry the mail, earning her owners an annual fee of some £68,000.

At the time of her final voyage, leaving New York for Liverpool on May 1st, 1915, Europe was embroiled in war. Germany had declared the seas around the United Kingdom to be a war-zone and German U-boats were wreaking havoc on enemy shipping. 300,000 tons of Allied shipping were sunk every week and one out of every four steamers leaving Britain never returned. Britain was virtually cut off from her allies and her waters were fraught with danger.

U-boat

In contravention of the rules of war at the time (the Hague Conventions and the Cruiser Rules) the RMS Lusitania was carrying a considerable amount of ammunition, explosives, and other war matériel for the armies of England and France.

As G. Edward Griffin wrote in The Creature From Jekyll Island, “…she [The Lusitania] was virtually a floating ammunition depot.” This meant that she wouldn’t have the status of a non-military ship and could be fired upon without warning. It was widely known that the Lusitania was entered into the Admiralty fleet register as an armed auxiliary cruiser and was so listed in Jane’s Fighting Ships and in The Navy Annual.

The Germans knew that The Lusitania was carrying military supplies bound for Germany’s enemies on the Western Front. The German embassy in Washington even took the precaution of placing an advertisement in 50 U.S. newspapers warning civilians not to sail on the Lusitania. Due to the intervention of the State Department most of the notices were not published. However, the Des Moines Register carried the following advert which was placed beside an ad for the Lusitania…

***

“NOTICE!

“TRAVELLERS intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travellers sailing in the war zone on the ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk.

“IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY

“Washington, D.C., April 22, 1915.”

***

In the early stages of the War, England and France had borrowed heavily from American investors and had selected J P Morgan, partner and front man for the Rothschilds, to act as sales agent for their bonds. Morgan was also selected as a purchase agent to buy war materials when the bond money was returned to the States. Morgan was in the happy position of receiving lucrative commissions in both directions, which, in the case of England and France amounted to some $30 million. That’s not counting commissions on hundreds of millions of dollars of business done with Russia, Italy, and Canada.

J. P. Morgan

Furthermore, through holding companies, the House of Morgan directly owned many of the manufacturing firms receiving production contracts for military goods from England and France. (Undoubtedly these firms were the foundation of the ‘military-industrial complex’ later referred to by President Eisenhower.) Soon, J P Morgan became the largest consumer on earth, spending up to $10 million per day. Morgan was in the privileged position of being buyer, seller, and producer and amassing profits from all sides.

However, when the War began to go badly for England and France, Morgan found it impossible to get new buyers for the Allied war bonds. There was a real fear in Whitehall at the time that England was about to lose the war. If the Allies were to default, Morgan’s large commissions would come to an end and his investors would suffer gigantic losses (some $1.5 billion). On top of that, Morgan’s war production companies would go out of business. Something needed to be done urgently.

As the RMS Lusitania departed Pier 54 in New York on May 1st, 1915, Morgan surmised that if the cruiser were to be sunk by a German submarine, the resulting furore would certainly bring America into the War on the side of the Allies. Not only would Allied bonds be in great demand but Morgan’s war production companies would have to go into overdrive to outfit over four million American soldiers who would be mobilized for the European War.

Six days later, on the afternoon of Friday, May 7th, 1915, the Lusitania approached within 12 miles of the southern Irish coast. Winston Churchill, the Lord of the Admiralty, knew that German U-boats were operating in the area after three ships had been sunk in the previous 2 days. Not only did Churchill not come to the assistance of the Lusitania but he ordered her planned escort, the destroyer Juno, to return to Queenstown harbour. Earlier, the Lusitania had been ordered to reduce speed by shutting down one of her four boilers (ostensibly to save coal). She was a sitting duck and the entire Admiralty knew it.

At least one of Churchill’s officers, Commander Joseph Kenworthy, was disgusted at the cynicism of his superior. In his 1927 book, The Freedom of the Seas, he would write: “The Lusitania was sent at considerably reduced speed into an area where a U-boat was known to be waiting and with her escorts withdrawn.”

At 2.10 in the afternoon of that fateful Friday, Kapitänleutnant Walther Schwieger of U-boat U-20 spotted the Lusitania and gave the order to fire one torpedo. The torpedo struck the Lusitania on the starboard bow, just beneath the wheelhouse. A few moments later, much to everyone’s surprise including the watching Germans, a second huge explosion took place within the hull and the ship began to founder rapidly. 18 minutes later, the Lusitania disappeared beneath the waves.

Irish rescuers sailed out from Cork, over 11 miles away, and plucked some 764 survivors from the cold waters.

Many researchers today believe that the second explosion was caused by some of the 600 tons of pyroxyline explosive, 6 million rounds of .303 bullets, 1248 cases on shrapnel shells, plus an unknown quantity of munitions that filled the holds on the lower deck.

Ever since, the British Government have endeavoured to keep the Lusitania’s cargo a secret. As late as the 1950s the Royal Navy used the wreck of the Lusitania for target practice by dropping depth charges in order to destroy any evidence that the ship breached Cruiser Rules of war or the Hague Conventions.

After the sinking, the British ordered an official enquiry under the direction of Lord Mersey. The Admiralty manipulated Lord Mersey to find the master of the Lusitania, Captain Turner, at fault for the disaster. Lord Mersey complied with the Admiralty’s wishes but, in a crisis of conscience, refused payment for his services and requested that henceforth he be “excused from administering His Majesty’s Justice.” Mersey’s only comment in later years was: “The Lusitania case was a damn dirty business.”

The sinking of the Lusitania was a major catalyst for America’s later entry into the World War. Total deaths from the War are estimated between 9 and 15 million souls; American casualties of dead and wounded were in excess of 300,000.

But the House of Morgan, House of Rothschild, and other banksters were thoroughly pleased at America’s entry into the War. It meant that they continued to benefit hugely from the wholesale slaughter and misery of millions of programmed human beings.

When one thinks of Pearl Harbour, Gulf of Tonkin, 9/11, and other false flags it seems that some things never change. The lessons of history are quickly forgotten. The public has always been so utterly gullible and predictable.

The McCollum Memo: 

The Smoking Gun of Pearl Harbor

On October 7, 1940, Lieutenant Commander Arthur McCollum of the Office of Naval Intelligence submitted a memo to Navy Captains Walter Anderson and Dudley Knox (whose endorsement is included in the following scans). Captains Anderson and Knox were two of President Roosevelt's most trusted military advisors.

The memo, scanned below, detailed an 8 step plan to provoke Japan into attacking the United States. President Roosevelt, over the course of 1941, implemented all 8 of the recommendations contained in the McCollum memo. Following the eighth provocation, Japan attacked. The public was told that it was a complete surprise, an "intelligence failure", and America entered World War Two.

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Note the highlighted portion

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This memo, which proves that the government of the United States desired to lure Japan into an attack, was declassified in 1994. It took fifty years for the truth about Pearl Harbor to be revealed. Will we have to wait that long for the truth of 9-11 to come out?

More about the Pearl Harbor Deception is at Pearl Harbor: Mother of all conspiracies (at least until 9/11)

THE BONES OF STATION H The remains of the radio intercept station on Oahu that picked up Admiral Yamamoto's order for the attack.

YOUTUBE - THE BONES OF STATION H Video of the remains of the radio intercept station on Oahu that picked up Admiral Yamamoto's order for the attack.

The memo

0p-16-F-2 ON1 7 October 1940

Memorandum for the Director

Subject: Estimate of the Situation in the Pacific and

Recommendations for Action by the United States.

1. The United States today finds herself confronted

by a hostile Germany and Italy in Europe and by an equally

hostile Japan in the Orient. Russia, the great land link between

these two groups of hostile powers, is at present neutral, but

in all probability favorably inclined towards the Axis powers,

and her favorable attitude towards these powers may be expected

to increase in direct proportion to increasing success in their

prosecution of the war in Europe. Germany and Italy have been

successful in war on the continent of Europe and all of Europe

is either under their military control or has been forced into

subservience. Only the British Empire is actively opposing by

war the growing world dominance of Germany and Italy and their

satellites.

2. The United States at first remained coolly aloof

from the conflict in Europe and there is considerable evidence

to support the view that Germany and Italy attempted by every

method within their power to foster a continuation of American

indifference to the outcome of the struggle in Europe. Paradoxically,

every success of German and Italian arms has led to further

increases in United States sympathy for and material support of

the British Empire, until at the present time the United States

government stands committed to a policy of rendering every

support short of war the changes rapidly increasing that

the United States will become a full fledged ally of the British

Empire in the very near future. The final failure of German

and Italian diplomacy to keep the United States in the role of

a disinterested spectator has forced them to adopt the policy of

developing threats to U.S. security in other spheres of the world,

notably by the threat of revolutions in South and Central America

by Axis-dominated groups and by the stimulation of Japan to further

aggressions and threats in the Far East in the hope that by these

mean the Unites States would become so confused in thought

and fearful of her own immediate security as to cause her to

become so preoccupied in purely defensive preparations as to

virtually preclude U.S. aid to Great Britain in any form. As a

result of this policy, Germany and Italy have lately concluded

a military alliance with Japan directed against the United States

If the published terms of this treaty and the pointed

utterances of German, Italian and Japanese leaders can be believed,

and there seems no ground on which to doubt either, the three

totalitarian powers agree to make war on the United States,

should she come to the assistance of England, or should she

attempt to forcibly interfere with Japan's aims in the Orient and,

[2]

furthermore, Germany and Italy expressly reserve the right to

determine whether American aid to Britain, short of war, is a

cause for war or not after they have succeeded in defeating

England. In other words, after England has been disposed of

her enemies will decide whether or not to immediately proceed

with an attack on the United States. Due to geographic conditions,

neither Germany nor Italy are in a position to offer any

material aid to Japan. Japan, on the contrary, can be of much

help to both Germany and Italy by threatening and possibly even

attacking British dominions and supply routes from Australia,

India and the Dutch East Indies, thus materially weakening

Britain's position in opposition to the Axis powers in Europe.

In exchange for this service, Japan receives a free hand to seize

all of Asia that she can find it possible to grab, with the

added promise that Germany and Italy will do all in their power

to keep U.S. attention so attracted as to prevent the United

States from taking positive aggressive action against Japan.

Here again we have another example of the Axis-Japanese

diplomacy which is aimed at keeping American power immobilized,

and by threats and alarms to so confuse American thought as to

preclude prompt decisive action by the United States in either

sphere of action. It cannot be emphasized to strongly that

the last thing desired by either the Axis powers in Europe

or by Japan in the Far East is prompt, warlike action by the

United States in either theatre of operations.

3. An examination of the situation in Europe leads

to the conclusion that there is little that we can do now,

immediately to help Britain that is not already being done.

We have no trained army to send to the assistance of England,

nor will we have for at least a year. We are now trying to

increase the flow of materials to England and to bolster the

defense of England in every practicable way and this aid will

undoubtedly be increased. On the other hand, there is little

that Germany or Italy can do against us as long as England

continues in the war and her navy maintains control of the

Atlantic. The one danger to our position lies in the possible

early defeat of the British Empire with the British Fleet falling

intact into the hands of the Axis powers. The possibility of

such an event occurring would be materially lessened were we

actually allied in war with the British or at the very least

were taking active measures to relieve the pressure on Britain

in other spheres of action. To sum up: the threat to our security

in the Atlantic remains small so long as the British Fleet

remains dominant in that ocean and friendly to the United States.

4. In the Pacific, Japan by virtue of her alliance

with Germany and Italy is a definite threat to the security

of the British Empire and once the British Empire is gone the

power of Japan-Germany and Italy is to be directed against the

United States. A powerful land attack by Germany and Italy

through the Balkans and North Africa against the Suez Canal

with a Japanese threat or attack on Singapore would have very

serious results for the British Empire. Could Japan be diverted

or neutralized, the fruits of a successful attack on the Suez

Canal could not be as far reaching and beneficial to the Axis

powers as if such a success was also accompanied by the virtual

elimination of British sea power from the Indian Ocean, thus

[3]

opening up a European supply route for Japan and a sea route for

Eastern raw materials to reach Germany and Italy, Japan must be

diverted if the British and American ( ) blockade of Europe

and possibly Japan (?) is to remain even partially in effect.

5. While as pointed out in Paragraph (3) there is

little that the United States can do to immediately retrieve

the situation in Europe, the United States is able to effectively

nullify Japanese aggressive action, and do it without lessening

U.S. material assistance to Great Britain.

6. An examination of Japan's present position as

opposed to the United States reveals a situation as follows:

Advantages Disadvantages

1. Geographically strong position 1. A million and a half men

of Japanese Islands. engaged in an exhausting war

on the Asiatic Continent.

2. A highly centralized strong 2. Domestic economy and food

capable government. supply severely straightened.

3. Rigid control of economy on 3. A serious lack of sources of

a war basis. raw materials for war. Notably

oil, iron and cotton.

4. A people inured to hardship 4. Totally cut off from supplies

and war. from Europe.

5. A powerful army. 5. Dependent upon distant overseas

routes for essential supplies.

6. A skillful navy about 2/3 6. Incapable of increasing

the strength of the U.S. Navy. manufacture and supply of war

materials without free access

to U.S. or European markets.

7. Some stocks of raw materials. 7. Major cities and industrial

centers extremely vulnerable

to air attack.

8. Weather until April rendering

direct sea operations in the

vicinity of Japan difficult.

7. In the Pacific the United States possesses a very strong

defensive position and a navy and naval air force at present

in that ocean capable of long distance offensive operation. There

are certain other factors which at the present time are strongly

in our favor, viz:

A. Philippine Islands still held by the United States.

B. Friendly and possibly allied government in control

of the Dutch East Indies.

C. British still hold Hong Kong and Singapore and

are favorable to us.

D. Important Chinese armies are still in the field

in China against Japan.

E. A small U.S. Naval Force capable of seriously

threatening Japan's southern supply routes

[4]

already in the theatre of operations.

F. A considerable Dutch naval force is in the

Orient that would be of value if allied to U.S.

8. A consideration of the foregoing leads to the

conclusion that prompt aggressive naval action against Japan by

the United States would render Japan incapable of affording any

help to Germany and Italy in their attack on England and that

Japan itself would be faced with a situation in which her navy

could be forced to fight on most unfavorable terms or accept

fairly early collapse of the country through the force of blockade.

A prompt and early declaration of war after entering into suitable

arrangements with England and Holland, would be most effective

in bringing about the early collapse of Japan and thus eliminating

our enemy in the pacific before Germany and Italy could strike

at us effectively. Furthermore, elimination of Japan must surely

strengthen Britain's position against Germany and Italy and, in

addition, such action would increase the confidence and support

of all nations who tend to be friendly towards us.

9. It is not believed that in the present state of

political opinion the United States government is capable of

declaring war against Japan without more ado; and it is barely

possible that vigorous action on our part might lead the

Japanese to modify their attitude. Therefore, the following

course of action is suggested:

A. Make an arrangement with Britain for the use of

British bases in the Pacific, particularly

Singapore.

B. Make an arrangement with Holland for the use of

base facilities and acquisition of supplies

in the Dutch East Indies.

C. Give all possible aid to the Chinese government

of Chiang-Kai-Shek.

D. Send a division of long range heavy cruisers to

the Orient, Philippines, or Singapore.

E. Send two divisions of submarines to the Orient.

F. Keep the main strength of the U.S. fleet now in

the Pacific in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands.

G. Insist that the Dutch refuse to grant Japanese

demands for undue economic concessions,

particularly oil.

H. Completely embargo all U.S. trade with Japan,

in collaboration with a similar embargo imposed

by the British Empire.

10. If by these means Japan could be led to commit an

overt act of war, so much the better. At all events we must be fully

prepared to accept the threat of war.

A. H. McCollum

CC-0p-16

0p-16-F

File

[5]

0p-16-F-2 ON1 7 October 1940

Summary

1. The United States is faced by a hostile combination of

powers in both the Atlantic and Pacific.

2. British naval control of the Atlantic prevents hostile

action against the United States in this area.

3. Japan's growing hostility presents an attempt to open sea

communications between Japan and the Mediterranean by an

attack on the British lines of communication in the

Indian Ocean.

4. Japan must be diverted if British opposition in Europe is

to remain effective.

5. The United States naval forces now in the Pacific are

capable of so containing and harassing Japan as to nullify

her assistance to Germany and Italy.

6. It is to the interest of the United States to eliminate

Japan's threat in the Pacific at the earliest opportunity

by taking prompt and aggressive action against Japan.

7. In the absence of United States ability to take the

political offensive, additional naval force should be

sent to the orient and agreements entered into with Holland

and England that would serve as an effective check against

Japanese encroachments in South-eastern Asia.

[6]

Comment by Captain Knox

It is unquestionably to out general interest

that Britain be not licked - just now she has a stalemate

and probably cant do better. We ought to make it certain

that she at least gets a stalemate. For this she will probably

need from us substantial further destroyers and air reinforcements

to England. We should not precipitate anything in the

Orient that should hamper our ability to do this - so long as

probability continues.

If England remains stable, Japan will be cautious

in the Orient. Hence our assistance to England in the Atlantic

is also protection to her and us in the Orient.

However, I concur in your courses of action

we must be ready on both sides and probably strong enough

to care for both.

D.W.K.

Re your #6: - no reason for battleships not

visiting west coast in bunches.

How Hitler began WWII: Photographs show tanks rolling through Gdansk as the Nazis invaded Poland and sparked the devastating conflict Invasion of Poland began on September 1, 1939, when Germany launched naval, air and army attacks One of first battles of invasion was German attack on Westerplatte military transport depot in Bay of Danzig The attack on Poland prompted Britain and France to declare war on Nazi Germany on September 3, 1939 Among pictures are ruined cities, Hitler before and after victory and surrendering citizens and soldiers  Breathtaking images showing Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939, which sparked off the Second World War, have been released to mark the 80th anniversary of the start of the conflict.  The invasion began on September 1, 1939, when Adolf Hitler's troops broke through Polish border crossings and launched naval, air and army attacks on the Westerplatte peninsula in the Bay of Danzig.  The images show ruined Polish cities with smoke and flames rising from destroyed buildings, while Hitler is seen both before and after Warsaw's surrender on September 27 triumphantly standing before parading German troops.  Also among the images are captured Polish citizens with their arms raised in surrender, their faces betraying little of the fear they must have felt.  Hitler had been set to invade the country in August but wavered when Britain signed the Polish-British Common Defence Pact, which committed it to defend Poland and guarantee its independence in the face of German aggression.  Despite this, Hitler went ahead with the invasion and Britain responded with an ultimatum for the Germans to cease military operations, but this was ignored.  As a result, Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3rd - triggering a six-year conflict which tore Europe apart and left 70 million people dead.  +23 Beginning on September 1, 1939, the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany saw Adolf Hitler's troops attack the country from the north, south, and west. Hitler had been originally set to invade the country in August but wavered when Britain signed the Polish-British Common Defence Pact, which committed it to defend Poland and guarantee its independence in the face of German aggression. Above: Adolf Hitler observes German troops crossing the Vistula River, near Chelmno, Northern Poland  +23 The attack on Poland actually began when, in the early hours of September 1, the German battleship Schleswig-Holstein opened fire on the Polish military transit depot at Westerplatte, in what was then the Free City of Danzig and is now Gdansk. Above: Workshops at the port on fire after their attack by Nazi Germany +23 The Polish army's defiant defence of Westerplatte, which saw them hold out for seven days, is still seen as a heroic symbol of resistance in the country. During the attack, Poles withstood numerous assaults, shelling from German warships and dive-bomber attacks from the skies +23 As well as naval attacks, Nazi Germany bombarded Poland on land and from the air. The German air force - the Luftwafffe - launched bombing raids on Polish cities, including the capital, Warsaw. The first assault on September 1 - operation Wasserkante - did not do as much damage as expected, because of low-lying clouds and fierce resistance from Polish fighter planes. Above: Burning grain stores in Warsaw after their attack by Nazi bomber planes +23 Despite the valiant resistance effort from the Polish air force, heavy losses on their side meant that within days of the start of the German attack the Polish defence became largely limited to the use of anti-aircraft guns. Above: Smoke rises from the Warsaw Citadel in the heart of the city after bombing by German planes +23 Throughout September, Warsaw remained under siege, with the largest and most devastating air attacks coming on September 25 and 26. Hundreds of tons of high explosive and incendiary bombs were dropped on Warsaw. These were accompanied by heavy shelling from artillery. Three key forts in the city were captured, around 25,000 civilians were killed and large parts of the city were reduced to rubble. Above: The bombed Warsaw West railway station +23 Historic buildings in Warsaw were destroyed by the bombs dropped by Nazy warplanes, including the Royal Castle (pictured), which dated from 1598 +23 The devastating attacks on Warsaw led to the surrender of the Polish garrison on September 27 - they had endured 18 days of continuous bombing and finally surrendered at 2pm that afternoon. Above: The ruins of the Lubomirski Palace in central Warswaw +23 German troops flooded into Warsaw during and after the city's capitulation - just days before the Polish government surrendered to Nazi Germany. Above: German troops with 75mm Le IG 18 light tank and infantry support guns as they attack a street in Warsaw on September 27 +23 Above: A Polish colonel (left) stands over a map next to German general Gunther von Kluge during negotiations after the capitulation of Warsaw to Nazi troops. Von Kluge commanded the German 4th Army of the Wehrmacht during the invasion SHARE THIS ARTICLE Share Archive footage of German planes exploding filmed by gun cameras Loaded: 0% Progress: 0% 0:00 Previous Play Skip Mute Current Time0:00 / Duration Time1:05 Fullscreen Need Text +23 Despite Britain and France's declaration of war on Germany on September 3, they did not provide any military assistance to the country because they had been entirely unprepared for the rapidity of the Nazis' invasion. Above: A German propaganda photograph shows German soldiers dressed as Gdansk Police officers pretending to break the barrier at the border crossing between Poland the Free City of Gdansk +23 Polish forces earlier defence of Westerplatte has gone down in Polish history as a symbol of resistance. The attack on the port was accompanied by rapid attacks from the air and on land elsewhere in the country. Above: Germn troops search the military transit depot in Westerplatte after its capitulation +23 It only took six days for grossly outnumbered Polish forces to be defeated at Westerplatte. However, the battle did occupy German forces for longer than had been expected, and the region's defence inspired the Polish Army and people. Soon after the attack began, Polish Radio repeatedly broadcast the phrase, 'Westerplatte fights on' +23 At 4:45am on September 1, 1939, around 1.5million German troops invaded Poland all along its 1,750-mile border with German-controlled territory. Above: A map drawn on parchment showing the directions of the German army's attack +23 Behind Hitler's invasion of Poland was his desire to create 'Lebensraum', or 'living space' for German people. His theory of a racial hierarchy regarded Slavic people - the native population in Poland - as far inferior to 'Aryan' Germans. Above: German battleship SMS Schleslen bombards Polish artillery positions on September 27 on the Hel peninsula in northern Poland Shocking footage shows Jews in Auschwitz concentration camp Loaded: 0% Progress: 0% 0:00 Previous Play Skip Mute Current Time0:00 / Duration Time1:24 Fullscreen Need Text +23 In August 1939, Germany had signed a non-aggression pact, known as the Nazi-Soviet pact, with the Soviet Union. In the agreement, the two countries agreed to divide Poland between them. Soviet forces were ordered into Poland on September 17. Above: A German soldier stands guard in Gdansk, Poland, on Septmber 1, 1939, with a sign which reads, 'Stop! Danger! Live ammunition being fired'  +23 As Nazi troops arrived in the Free City of Danzig (modern-day Gdansk) on September 3, cheering German citizens - who made up nearly all of the city-state's population - welcomed soldiers. Above: Troops roll through the streets beneath Nazi Swastika flags hanging from buildings +23 After their defeat in the four-day Battle of Kock, near Lublin, eastern Poland, an exhausted and overwhelmed Poland surrendered to German forces on October 6. Despite the fact that Poland had been able to mobilise one million men, they had been hopelessly outmatched in every respect. Above: Adolf Hitler performs a Nazi salute as he stands next to his generals and surveys German troops parading through Warsaw on October 5, 1939 +23 During their occupation of Poland, which lasted throughout the rest of the Second World War, the Germans killed millions of Polish citizens. Estimates vary, but more than five million citizens were killed, including around three million Polish Jews. Above: Hitler salutes as he arrives in Warsaw in an open-top car on October 5, 1939  +23 World leaders are set to head to Warsaw this weekend to mark the 80th anniversary of the start of World War Two and Poland has demanded compensation from Germany for the losses which were inflicted on the nation during the war. Above: Cavalry soldiers perform a Nazi salute in front of Adolf Hitler in Warsaw, on October 5, 1939 +23 Tens of thousands of Polish civilians were killed during the German invasion of their country, which started on September 1, 1939 and finished with their surrender on October 6. Above: Polish citizens stand with raised arms in Gdansk, northern Poland, in September 1939  +23 Around 65,000 Polish soldiers were killed in the fighting during the German invasion of their country. As well as those who died, around 420,000 other troops were captured by Nazi forces, while more than 200,000 were detained by Soviet troops Steinmeier asks Poland for 'forgiveness' at WWII anniversary Loaded: 0% Progress: 0% 0:00 Previous Play Skip Mute Current Time0:00 / Duration Time3:19 Fullscreen Need Text How the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 triggered the outbreak of the Second World War  The German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, came just one week after Nazi Germany had signed a neutrality pact with the Soviet Union. It meant that Poland ended up being bombarded from all sides by two vastly more powerful hostile powers – with Russian troops invading the country on September 17. Hitler’s decision to invade Poland was a gamble; partly because the German Army – the Wehrmacht – was not yet at full strength, and partly because German generals were unsure how Britain and France would react. +23 German soldiers are pictured celebrating the occupation of Westerplatte with the erection of a swastika on September 7, 1939  But Hitler himself regarded British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French leader Edouard Daladier to be weak and indecisive and thought they would opt for peace rather than declare war. However, the Nazi leader’s annexation of Czechoslovakia in 1938, which Hitler’s previous promise that he had no future territorial demands in Europe, prompted Chamberlain to formally guarantee Poland’s borders in the face of aggression. And a defence treaty between Britain and Poland also added weight to signals that Britain might react offensively to more German aggression. But, once Hitler had the political support of Italian dictator Mussolini, he felt he had the capability to carry out his plans and felt Britain’s defence pledge would amount to little. It was then that the invasion of Poland began on September 1, with fierce attacks coming through bombing raids, land invasions and naval bombardments. Poland immediately requested military assistance from Britain and France and two days later the two countries declared war on Germany. However, despite the declaration, Britain and France had little offensive strategy and were caught entirely unprepared for the speed with which German forces invaded Poland. The country was therefore forced to face the overwhelmingly superior Nazi Germany, and later the Soviet Union, on its own. The Luftwaffe – the German air force - overwhelmed Polish air capability and armoured divisions on land easily pushed through Polish defences. Warsaw, the capital, surrendered to German forces on September 27, 1939, and the last Polish resistance were defeated on October 6. Polish citizens suffered enormously, with the bombing of Warsaw killing up to 25,000 and millions more dying throughout Germany’s occupation of the country. From Chinatown and the High Line to Washington Square Park fountain and Harlem, scenes from the summer of 1939 are brought vividly to life in rare color footage of New York City. The Romano Archives footage has just been released 74 years after a French tourist captured the scenes on 16mm Kodachrome. Life appears carefree in summertime Manhattan, in the year the city hosted the World Fair in Flushing Meadows and months before the outbreak of the Second World War. Top of the rock: Tourists enjoy the view from the Rockefeller observation deck in 1939 Cooling off: Children splash around in Washington Square Park fountain on the hot summer's day Still popular: The fountain in Washington Square Park is still a favored place to cool off on a hot day While some scenes, such as the tourists gathered on the Rockefeller observation deck, appear unchanged today, footage of the High Line shows trains using the elevated railway that has since been converted into a park. The city's streets appear congested even in 1939, but with classic cars and double decker buses. Even the famed yellow cabs look different. The French cameraman also captured city folk enjoying the summer's day, when it was still possible to buy a pina colada for 5c. Men sit smoking on the steps of brownstones, market traders sell fruit and vegetables off street stalls and women in elegant dresses and hats chat over coffee. Children are seen paddling and running through Washington Square Park fountain, an open-top bus shows tourists the city sights, and designer shops such as Cartier draw in shoppers. Changing times: A train is seen on the High Line, which has since been transformed into an elevated park City life: Neighbors are seen chatting on the steps of a Harlem brownstone by cameraman Jean Vivier Fresh look: Everyday scenes like this market trader selling vegetables on a street corner were recorded Color film was just taking off at the end of the Thirties. In the year this amateur footage was taken, Technicolor was being used on the 1939 classics Gone With the Wind and The Wizard of Oz. A spokesman for the archive told the Huffington Post the footage was part of a longer film shot by Jean Vivier, who sailed from Marseille to New York on the SS Normandie for a vacation. Kodak amateur movie cameras had been available since 1935. According to the company’s website, 'Kodachrime Film was introduced and became the first commercially successful amateur color film.' Timeless: Some scenes, such as the statue of Prometheus outside the Rockefeller Center, remain unchanged Big apple: New York City was a popular draw for tourists in 1939, the year it hosted the World Fair Although Kodak had introduced sound on film in 1937, Vivier's film was silent, with a score added later, according to Yahoo News. Vivier's film was released by the Romano Archive, a digital archive of American and European history privately owned by the Italian Vincent 'Enzo' Romano.  When he arrived in New York City nine years ago, Paul Sahner began to take photographs and short videos of the city as a way of familiarizing himself with New York's topography, and to discover and explore his new city. In the years since he began the project, Sahner began to feel overtaken by a sense of urgency to document the city exactly as he was seeing it in any particular moment. 'I'm not sure if it's simply that I'm paying attention more than I used to or if there is an actual shift going on, but the rise and fall of neighborhoods seems to be taking up an accelerated pace,' he says. 'Once this time, this moment, has passed it will never return.' Sahner's project, he says, is not merely about documenting streets and buildings, but rather moments in time. In this spirit, Sahner began making fascinating 'Before and After' shots. Pairing his own contemporary photographs with shots taken from the beginning to the end of the 20th century, Sahner creates a fascinating contrast of the same place in different eras. Sahner's website NYC Grid adds another layer of interest to the comparison with a toggle function that allows users to slide back and forth across the photograph revealing more or less of the before and after images. Grand Central Terminal 1913/2013: The lower level was once only used for suburban commuter trains but the once-bare space is now the dining concourse at the station Grand Central Station 1984/2012: Not to be confused with Grand Central Terminal, Grand Central Station is a U.S. Post Office on the corner of 45th Street and Lexington Avenue Union Square West 1894/2013: The Decker Building, second from left in this block of six buildings that has stood for more than 100 years, was the site of the 1968 shooting of Andy Warhol. Sometime during WWII, the minaret crowning the building disappeared Manhattan Bridge Arch 1915/2013: The arch was built as part of the City Beautiful movement which aimed to 'to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations' New York Savings Bank 14th St and 8th Ave 1937/2013: The bank finally moved from the neoclassical structure well after the subway station opened in 1931, and the grand building is now occupied by a CVS pharmacy New York Savings Bank 14th Street and 8th Ave: When the 8th Ave/14th Street subway station first opened in 1931, the New York Savings Bank building had already been inhabiting that corner for nearly 35 years Bowling Green 1907/2013: The park is New York City's oldest at almost 300 years old, and it - along with the fence surrounding it - is on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places 23 Wall Street 1917/2013: The former office of J.P. Morgan and Co., across from the New York Stock Exchange and Federal Hall turns 100 this year. A bombing damaged its facade in the 1920s and recently it has been converted into condos Bryant Park 1922/2013: Before being named in honor of William Cullen Bryant in 1884, Bryant Park was called Reservoir Square. In the 1922 shot, people watch a demonstration garden being planted near the eastern end of the park Bryant Park 1922/2013: During the 'before' period, the west side of the park was perpetually in shadow due to the Sixth Avenue elevated railway line that had been there since the late 1870's Racquet and Tennis Club 1965/2013: The Racquet and Tennis Club, an all-male social and athletic club, was built in 1918 and its height makes it a rare sight on Park Ave, where skyscrapers tower over it Grand Central Terminal ramps 1913/2013: Sahner says, 'At 100 years old, we tend to forget how forward thinking [Grand Central] is... Without stepping upon a single stair you can go from several stories underground to street level in a matter of moments' Sutton Place 1915/2013: Sutton Place was home to middle-class brownstones and the Central Park Brewery until the 1920s when rich New Yorkers began building mansions and co-ops; it's still known for its upscale apartments Park Avenue and Lever House ?/2013: Lever House was the first skyscraper of its kind, built in 1952. The date of the 'before' photo is unknown but Sahner has narrowed it down to between 1952 and 1964, based on other buildings in the shot Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2397762/How-Big-Apple-grew-Photographer-Paul-Sahner-shows-changing-face-New-York-Citys-landmarks.html#ixzz2jTaxEC1D Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook As if fighting the Nazis was not enough, British troops faced danger on the home front too... from their gossiping girlfriends. The hazards of confiding details of military manoeuvres to the fairer sex during the Second World War prompted a poster propaganda campaign depicting women as incapable of keeping sensitive information to themselves, as not to be trusted and sometimes even as spies. Examples of the famous 'careless talk costs lives' warning are among a newly unearthed and rare, mint condition collection of 200 posters - sized A1 and A3 - produced by the Ministry of Information. Careless talk: The newly unearthed posters warn of the potentially deadly risks of letting slip secrets about military manoeuvres to friends or girlfriends They lay gathering dust in an old printworks for years until a worker took them home. After his death, a relative took them to an auctioneers to be valued. Some of the posters would today be comdemned as 'politically incorrect' due to their portrayal of women The posters - described by the Imperial War Museum as a 'once in a lifetime find' - are expected to fetch up to £160 per set of four when they go under the hammer. Today some would be condemned for their 'politically incorrect' portrayal of women, but in a time when television was suspended and before the internet they were an eye-catching and sometimes amusing way of spreading a vital message. The auction is due to take place at Wallis & Wallis in Lewes, East Sussex, next Tuesday. Enlarge  Enlarge  Enlarge  Enlarge  Mint: The posters are in pristine condition after being kept safe in the home of a printworks employee Roy Butler, senior partner at the auctioneers, said: 'After the man passed away, a relative brought them into us, asking if they might be worth selling. I said "absolutely". 'They are quite a find, and as minty as can be. I can remember seeing a quite a few of them myself during the war.' Richard Slocombe, senior curator at the Imperial War Museum in London, said that the find seemed to be a 'unique case'. Enlarge  Enlarge  Valuable: The posters are expected to go for £160 per lot of four He said: 'There are instances of singular posters turning up in peoples' attics, but to have this number turning up in pristine condition is almost a once in a lifetime event.' They were designed by the Ministry of Information during the Second World War to boost morale at home. Mr Slocombe added: 'Many of the slogans have entered into the popular consciousness. Enlarge  Enlarge  Excitement: The haul of the 200 posters has been hailed as a 'once in a lifetime' find 'We've all heard about the ubiquity of Keep Calm and Carry On. But ironically that poster was never actually published. Mainly because its two sister posters - Freedom Is In Peril and Your Courage Will Bring Us Victory were seen as being patronising and condescending. 'From about 1941 they took a more humorous approach.' He said wartime propagandists were heavily inspired by commercial advertising. Many of the posters feature attractive women with titles such as Tell Nobody - Not Even Her and Keep Mum - She's Not So Dumb. Enlarge  Enlarge  Enlarge  Enlarge  Rousing: The posters were designed by the Ministry of Information to boost morale during the war Mr Slocombe explained: 'They had a very contradictory approach to women, and lurched from one stereotype to another depending on the needs of the day. 'At the beginning of the war they were shown to be helpless females in need of male protection. 'Then from 1941 when women were called to do war work, the images became much more positive. 'But in the anti-gossip, anti-spying campaigns, women were often portrayed as femme fatales, or as being unreliable, and vaguely untrustworthy.' Air Vice Marshall William ‘Bull’ Staton fought in both world wars like the fictional hero, James Biggleworth, after signing on when he was 19 He retired at 54 to allow younger pilots the chance to progress In just six months he tore down 25 enemy aircraft in WW1 Captured by the Japanese in Java in 1942, but refused to co-operate and they pulled his teeth Gave evidence against his captors at war crimes trial AVM Staton's numerous medals will go on sale later this month and are expected to fetch £80,000 He was also a crack shot and led British Olympic shooting team in 1948 and 1952 An air ace who fought in the British forces for 35 years has been hailed as the real life Biggles after joining the service as a teenager and fighting out both world wars before being captured by the enemy in 1942. Air Vice Marshall William Staton single-handedly downed 25 enemy aircraft at the end of World War I  before going on to head his own squadron and inspire RAF strategies until 1945. Like his fictional counterpart who was replaced by a younger pilot at the end of the famous Biggles adventure book series, AVM Staton from Emsworth, Hampshire, withdrew from service aged 54  to allow younger officers to be promoted. Air Vice Marshall Staton served the British armed forces for over 30 years, starting his career as a cadet in the Royal Flying Corps before qualifying as a pilot at the age of 19 John Bigglesworth, whose adventures span the pages of nearly 100 books, was created by WWI pilot, W.E. Johns, who based the character on Royal Flying Corporals he had met during service. The Biggles series was hugely popular in the 1950s and 60s and followed the adventures of pilot James Bigglesworth who fought in both world wars much like AVM Staton His endeavors could have been directly inspired by the life of AVM Staton whose first action as an air force pilot saw him down two enemy aircraft over the Western Front at the beginning of WWI. Within the next two weeks he downed an additional five fighters, gaining ace status and a recommendation for the Military Cross, the first of many awards which were to come throughout his 35-year service. By September 1918, he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross after bringing down another 11 aircraft, often diving in to save fellow pilots who were being attacked over northern France. A recommendation describes his 'preference for point blank attack and his frequent rescue of fellow pilots' which led to his popularity. After being wounded in the thigh by an exploding bullet however, Mr Staton was forced to withdraw from combat for the remainder of the war. His injury won him the Bar to the Distinguished Flying Cross. At the onset of World War II, AVM Staton, who was by now 40 years-old, served in India and the Far East before being made a Wing Commander of 10 Squadron. He received the prestigious Distinguished Service Order for his contribution to the development of the Pathfinder Force, a team of squadrons which located and lit up target enemy aircraft with flares to improve bombing accuracy. Air Vice Marshall William Staton (left) with an unknown observer manning a gun. In just six months during WWI AVM Staton downed 25 enemy aircraft winning himself the Distinguished Flying Cross in 1918 The damaged wing of William Staton's Whitley Bomber that was struck by six shells as he flew for an hour in search of an enemy target. Despite the shot-up aircraft, AVM Staton successfully raided the oil depot in Bremen, and flew back to Britain The Pathfinder Force was incorporated into RAF strategy towards in WWII to light up enemy aircraft, making it easier for Bomber Command to strike with accuracy At the onset of World War II, AVM Staton, who was by now 40 years-old, served in India and the Far East before being made a Wing Commander of 10 Squadron. He received the prestigious Distinguished Service Order for his contribution to the development of the Pathfinder Force, a team of squadrons which located and lit up target enemy aircraft with flares to improve bombing accuracy. THE PATHFINDER FORCE: THE TARGET MARKING SQUADRONS THAT LED WWII FIGHTERS THROUGH THE DARK At the beginning of WWII, AVM Staton was reportedly disappointed with the low accuracy of his squadron's bombing and encouraged the use of flares to light up target aircraft. Eventually he suggested the formation of a separate unit to do the job, which would go on to become the Pathfinders Force. Yet AVM Staton would never have seen the target marking squadrons deployed, after being captured by Japanese guards in 1942 and held in captivity for the rest of the war. The early Pathfinder force squadron was expanded to become the No. 8 Pathfinder Force Group in 1943. The majority of Pathfinders used were RAF squadrons, although some were employed from the air forces of other commonwealth countries. The ratio of Pathfinder aircraft to Main Force bombers varied according to the difficulty and location of the target, with one Pathfinder to 15 Bombers being common. By the start of 1944, the majority of Bomber Command was striking within 3 miles of the Pathfinder Force indicators, a significant increase in accuracy since 1942. Nineteen Pathfinder Force squadrons were created between 1942 and the end of the war in 1945. Weeks later he was again honoured with a second Distinguished Service Order, the Bar, for his extraordinary raid on an oil depot in Bremen, during which he spent an hour trying to locate the target. After being hit by six shells during the raid, his Whitley aircraft was severely damaged but the officer managed to fly himself back to Britain. After being sent to the Far East, Mr Staton was taken as a prisoner of war by Japanese guards in Java in 1942. He was moved 16 times from one camp to another before having his teeth pulled out by interrogators with whom he wouldn't cooperate. After the war had ended the Air Vice Marshall gave evidence at the war crimes trial of three Japanese officers who were found guilty of appalling brutality. After retiring from service in 1952 to allow younger officers to be promoted, Mr Staton captained the British Olympic shooting team at the 1948 and 1952 Games. A keen yachtsman, he was the Commodore of the Emsworth Sailing Club in Hampshire before dying aged 84 in 1983. AVM Staton's impressive career was honoured with an abundance of medals, which are being put on sale later this month and are expected to fetch £80,000. David Erskine-Hill, of London auctioneers Dix Noonan Webb, said: 'William Staton managed to defy that well considered RAF adage, "there are old pilots and bold pilots, but no old bold pilots", being twice the age of most of his fellow aircrew in the last world war. 'The combination of gallantry awards he won in both world wars is quite unique. He added: 'They reflect the type of operational career that one would normally expect to find in the pages of pure fiction. 'Thrice decorated for notching up a tally of 25 enemy aircraft destroyed in six months in 1918, he added a brace of DSOs to his name in equally quick time during the winter of 1939-40. The collection of medals is expected to fetch between £60,000 and £80,000 when it goes on sale at the end of the month AVM William Staton (front centre) with the winners trophy from a shooting competition. Mr Staton went on to captain the British Olympic Shooting Teams in 1948 and 1952 after retiring from the RAF Among the medals being sold is a commemorative medal from the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki where AVM Staton captained the British Shooting Team 'I cannot recall ever having come across a pilot - let alone one in a poorly defended Whitley - remaining over a target for an hour, or certainly not one who made it back to base. 'Add to that his courageous example while a prisoner of the Japanese and you begin to wonder where his story will end.' 'The medals have been in his family since his death and they feel it is time to pass them on.' His extraordinary medals include the Distinguished Service Order with Bar, the Military Cross, the Distinguished Flying Cross with Bar and two Mention in Despatches oak leafs. 10 Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini, center, hands on hips, with members of the fascist Party, in Rome, Italy, Oct. 28, 1922, following their March on Rome. This march was an act of intimidation, where thousands of fascist blackshirts occupied strategic positions throughout much of Italy. Following the march, King Emanuelle III asked Mussolini to form a new government, clearing the way towards a dictatorship. (AP Photo) #  11 Four Italian soldiers taking aim in Ethiopia in 1935, during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. Italian forces under Mussolini invaded and annexed Ethiopia, folding it into a colony named Italian East Africa along with Eritrea. (LOC) #  12 Italian troops raise the Italian flag over Macalle, Ethiopia in 1935. Emperor Haile Selassie's appeals the the League of Nations for help went unanswered, and Italy was largely given a free hand to do as it pleased in East Africa. (LOC) #  13 In Spain, loyalist soldiers teach target practice to women who are learning to defend the city of Barcelona against fascist rebel troops of general Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War, on June 2, 1937. (AP Photo) #  14 Three hundred fascist insurgents were killed in this explosion in Madrid, Spain, under the five-story Casa Blanca building, on March 19, 1938. Government loyalists tunneled 600 yards over a six-month period to lay the land mine that caused the explosion.(AP Photo) #  15 An insurgent fighter tosses a hand grenade over a barbed wire fence and into loyalist soldiers with machine guns blazing in Burgos, Spain, on Sept. 12, 1936. (AP Photo) #  16 German-made Stuka dive bombers, part of the Condor Legion, in flight above Spain on May 30, 1939, during the Spanish Civil War. The black-and-white "X" on the tail and wings is Saint Andrew's Cross, the insignia of Franco's Nationalist Air Force. The Condor Legion was composed of volunteers from the German Army and Air Force. (AP Photo) #  17 Scores of families are seen taking refuge underground on a Madrid subway platform, on Dec. 9, 1936, as bombs are dropped by Franco's rebel aircraft overhead. (AP Photo) #  18 Aerial bombing of Barcelona in 1938 by Franco's Nationalist Air Force. The Spanish Civil War saw some of the earliest extensive use of aerial bombardment of civilian targets, and the development of new terror bombing techniques. (Italian Airforce) #  19 Following an aerial attack on Madrid from 16 rebel planes from Tetuan, Spanish Morocco, relatives of those trapped in ruined houses appeal for news of their loved ones, Jan. 8, 1937. The faces of these women reflect the horror non-combatants are suffering in the civil struggle. (AP Photo) #  20 A Spanish rebel who surrendered is led to a summary court martial, as popular front volunteers and civil guards jeer, July 27, 1936, in Madrid, Spain. (AP Photo) #  21 A fascist machine gun squad, backed up by expert riflemen, hold a position along the rugged Huesca front in northern Spain, Dec. 30, 1936. (AP Photo) #  22 Solemnly promising the nation his utmost effort to keep the country neutral, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt is shown as he addressed the nation by radio from the White House in Washington, Sept. 3, 1939. In the years leading up to the war, the U.S. Congress passed several Neutrality Acts, pledging to stay (officially) out of the conflict. (AP Photo) #  23 Riette Kahn is shown at the wheel of an ambulance donated by the American movie industry to the Spanish government in Los Angeles, California, on Sept. 18, 1937. The Hollywood Caravan to Spain will first tour the U.S. to raise funds to "help the defenders of Spanish democracy" in the Spanish Civil War. (AP Photo) #  24 Two American Nazis in uniform stand in the doorway of their New York City office, on April 1, 1932, when the headquarters opened. "NSDAP" stands for Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, or, in English, National Socialist German Workers' Party, normally shortened to just "Nazi Party". (AP Photo) #  25 About to be engulfed in a gigantic dust cloud is a peaceful little ranch in Boise City, Oklahoma where the topsoil is being dried and blown away during the years of the Dust Bowl in central North America. Severe drought, poor farming techniques and devastating storms rendered millions of acres of farmland useless. This photo was taken on April 15, 1935. (AP Photo) #  26 Florence Thompson with three of her children in a photograph known as "Migrant Mother." This famous image is one of a series of photographs that photographer Dorothea Lange made of Florence Thompson and her children in early 1936 in Nipomo, California. More on the photo here. (LOC/Dorothea Lange) #  27 The zeppelin Hindenburg floats past the Empire State Building over Manhattan on Aug. 8, 1936. The German airship was en route to Lakehurst, New Jersey, from Germany. The Hindenburg would later explode in a spectacular fireball above Lakehurst on May 6, 1937. (AP Photo) #  28 England's biggest demonstration of its readiness to go through a gas attack was staged, March 16, 1938, when 2,000 volunteers in Birmingham donned gas masks and went through an elaborate drill. These three firemen were fully equipped, from rubber boots to masks, for the mock gas "invasion". (AP Photo) #  29 Adolf Hitler of Germany and Benito Mussolini of Italy greet each other as they meet at the airfield in Venice, Italy, on June 14, 1934. Mussolini and his fascists put on a show for Hitler, but on the details of their subsequent conversations there was little news.(AP Photo) #  30 Four Nazi troops sing in front of the Berlin branch of the Woolworth Co. store during the movement to boycott Jewish presence in Germany, in March, 1933. The Hitlerites believe the founder of the Woolworth Co. was Jewish. (AP Photo) #  31 The Nazi booth at a radio exhibition which started in Berlin on August 19, 1932. The booth is designed as propaganda of the Nazi gramophone plate industry which produces only records of the national socialist movement. (AP Photo) #  32 Thousands of young men flocked to hang upon the words of their leader, Reichsfuhrer Adolf Hitler, as he addressed the convention of the National Socialist Party in Nuremberg, Germany on Sept. 11, 1935. (AP Photo) #  33 Adolf Hitler is shown being cheered as he rides through the streets of Munich, Germany, November 9, 1933, during the celebration of the 10th anniversary of the National Socialist movement. (AP Photo) #  34 Hitler youth honor an unknown soldier by forming a swastika symbol on Aug. 27, 1933 in Germany. (AP Photo) #  35 The German army demonstrated its might before more than a million residents during the nationwide harvest festival at Bückeburg, near Hanover, Germany, on Oct. 4, 1935. Here are scores of tanks lined up just before the demonstration began. Defying provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany began rearming itself at a rapid rate shortly after Hitler came to power in 1933. (AP Photo) #  36 Thousand of Germans participate in the Great National Socialistic meeting in Berlin, Germany, on July 9, 1932. (AP Photo) #  37 A group of German girls line up to learn musical culture under auspices of the Nazi Youth Movement, in Berlin, Germany on Feb. 24, 1936. (AP Photo) #  38 Hitler's Nazi party convention, underway in Nuremberg, Germany, on Sept. 10, 1935. (AP Photo) #  39 America's Jesse Owens, center, salutes during the presentation of his gold medal for the long jump on August 11, 1936, after defeating Nazi Germany's Lutz Long, right, during the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Naoto Tajima of Japan, left, placed third. Owens triumphed in the track and field competition by winning four gold medals in the 100-meter and 200-meter dashes, long jump and 400-meter relay. He was the first athlete to win four gold medals at a single Olympic Games. (AP Photo) #  40 British Premier Sir Neville Chamberlain, on his return from talks with Hitler in Germany, at Heston airfield, London, England, on September 24, 1938. Chamberlain brought with him a terms of the plan later to be called the Munich Agreement, which, in an act of appeasment, allowed Germany to annex Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. (AP Photo/Pringle) #  41 Members of the Nazi Youth participate in burning books, Buecherverbrennung, in Salzburg, Austria, on April 30, 1938. The public burning of books that were condemned as un-German, or Jewish-Marxist was a common activity in Nazi Germany. (AP Photo) #  42 Mass gymnastics were the feature of the "Day of Community" at Nuremberg, Germany on September 8, 1938 and Adolf Hitler watched the huge demonstrations given on the Zeppelin Field. (AP Photo) #  43 Windows of shops owned by Jews which were broken during a coordinated anti-Jewish demonstration in Berlin, known as Kristallnacht, on Nov. 10, 1938. Nazi authorities turned a blind eye as SA stormtroopers and civilians destroyed storefronts with hammers, leaving the streets covered in pieces of smashed windows. Ninety-one Jews were killed, and 30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps. (AP Photo) #  44 View of one of the large halls of the Rheinmetall-borsig Armament factories at Duesseldorf, Germany, on August 13, 1939, where gun barrels are the main output. Before the start of the war, German factories were cranking out pieces of military machinery measured in the hundreds per year. Soon it climbed into the tens of thousands. In 1944 alone, over 25,000 fighter planes were built. (AP Photo) #  45 While newly-annexed Austria awaited the arrival of Adolf Hitler, preparations were underway. Streets were decorated and street names were changed. A workman in Vienna City square carries a new name plate for the square, renaming it "Adolf Hitler Place" on March 14, 1938. (AP Photo) #

The 1939 New York World's Fair An idea dreamed up at the height of the depression, the theme of the 1939 World's Fair in New York was "The World of Tomorrow." Planners were given permission to develop 1,200 acres in Queens, on the site of a former ash dump . Government agencies, corporations, civic groups, and smaller organizations from around the world arrived in huge numbers, building extraordinary pavilions and setting up exhibitions. The iconic Trylon and Perisphere structures became the symbols of the entire fair; they housed a diorama called "Democracity," a utopian city of the future. Over the course of two seasons, 44 million people attended the fair, catching glimpses of a possible future, and enjoying entertainments from marionette shows and thrill rides to girlie shows and choreographed aquatic extravaganzas. Rosalie Fairbanks, a guide to the New York World's Fair, points to the theme of the exposition -- the Trylon and Perisphere -- in New York on Februray 22, 1939, after the entire sheath of scaffolding was removed for the first time. (AP Photo)  2 An aerial view of the 1939 New York World's Fair site during construction in Flushing Meadows, Queens, on May 17, 1938.(AP Photo) #  3 Shifts covering full 24-hour period were in effect as work was rushed on the filling in of land for the New York World's Fair in Flushing, New York, on December 16, 1936. (AP Photo) #  4 During construction, a bridge leads from the administration building to the exhibit area of the New York World's Fair, on February 21, 1938. (AP Photo) #  5 Arlene Warner, "queen of beauty" of Elgin, Illinois, presides at the opening ceremonies of the Elgin Time Observatory at the New York World's Fair on May 10, 1938. She is unveiling a heroic figure of "Time," represented as a slave striking a gong sculptured by Bernard J. Rosenthal of Chicago. (AP Photo) #  6 The Russian pavilion at the New York World's fair, one of the last exhibits to be completed for opening of the exposition on April 30, 1939. A theater and a restaurant are incorporated in the semi-circular structure, and the exhibits and activities are designed to show the Russia's peoples. (AP Photo) #  7 The Coronation Scot, in America for the New York World's Fair, made several runs between Washington and Baltimore, where she awakened considerable interest. The Coronation Scot stops here on a bridge near Washington, alongside the famous American train Royal Blue, on March 27, 1939. (AP Photo) #  8 The World's Fair buildings now nearing completion over seven miles away (upper right) can be seen in the distance from the top of the Empire State Building in New York, on February 27, 1939. (AP Photo) #  9 Flanked by Boy Scouts, President Franklin D. Roosevelt opened New York's $160,000,000 World's Fair with an address in which he said America has "hitched her wagon to a star of good will", on April 30, 1939. He emphasized the United States' desire for placid living among the countries of the world and expressed hope that the future would see a breakdown of "many barriers of intercourse" among European nations. (AP Photo/John Lindsay) #  10 Some of the 35,000 guests of honor who listened to the opening speeches in the Court of Peace at the New York World's Fair, on April 30, 1939. (AP Photo) #  11 A view taken from the side of one of the many lagoons at the New York World's Fair on July 7, 1939. Light brings out some of the wondrous beauty as erected at the "World of Tomorrow". The famous statue of George Washington is silhouetted against the lighted Perisphere. (AP Photo) #  12 Visitors ascend the "electric stairway" in the Hall of Power at the Westinghouse Building at the World's Fair, on May 8, 1939.(AP Photo/Westinghouse) #  13 Jamming every inch of space in the huge Hall of Electrical Living at the Westinghouse Building at the World's Fair, crowds stand 6 deep on the sidewalk outside the glass-enclosed structure to watch Elektro, the Westinghouse Moto-Man, perform his 26 mechanical tricks, including, walking, talking, smoking a cigarette and counting, on May 8, 1939. (AP Photo) #  14 Prominent representatives of the state of Washington look at a diorama of Grand Coulee dam, part of their state's exhibit at the New York World's Fair on May 1, 1939, after opening day ceremonies on April 30. From left are Mrs. E.B. McGovern, U.S. Senator Homer Bone, Mrs. Bone, and Comm. E.B. McGovern, representing the governor. (AP Photo) #  15 A World's Fair night views of Consolidated Edison's fountains, on June 24, 1939. (Library of Congress) #  16 With New York City as a backdrop, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth (first car) proceed up the Westside highway along the Hudson en route to the New York World's Fair, on June 10, 1939, soon after they landed at the Battery. A score of New York motorcycle police surrounded the royal car, and several men stood guard on the running boards. (AP Photo) #  17 Presentations are made to Britain's King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in the British Pavilion, during their visit to the fair in New York, on June 19, 1939. (AP Photo) #  18 A workman at New York World's Fair repaints the famed Perisphere, on June 6, 1939. (AP Photo) #  19 Color view of the 1939 World's Fair. Corona gate with Bulova clock, ca 1939. (Library of Congress) #  20 The entrance to General Motors' Exhibit at the New York World's Fair of 1939-1940. The exhibit attracted nearly 25 million visitors.(AP Photo/General Motors Corp.) #  21 Futurama, the model city of 1960, designed by Norman Bel Geddes for the General Motors Exhibit at the New York World's Fair in 1939. This photograph shows an elevated view of the huge model of a futuristic city with widely spaced skyscrapers, double-decked streets with moving cars representing traffic patterns, and parks and landing pads for helicopters and auto-gyros shown on the roofs of low buildings. (Library of Congress) #  22 "The Road of Tomorrow," an elevated highway of cork and rubber composition, at the Ford Exhibit at New York's World Fair in 1939.(AP Photo) #  23 Lines to enter the fair at Flushing Gate, on October 27, 1940. (Library of Congress) #  24 The National Cash Register Building at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Original here. (CC BY Flickr user rich701) #  25 Workers in an exhibit use modern techniques to package bacon for Swift Premium Meats. (Prelinger Archives) #  26 Bumps and laughter enliven one of the Fun Zone's many novel rides at New York's World Fair in 1939. (AP Photo) #  27 Jack Sheridan's "Living Magazine Covers" exhibition, where, for a fee, one could enter and photograph topless models posing in sets designed to look like contemporary magazine covers. (Prelinger Archives) #  28 Ford Motor Building entrance, May 12, 1939. (Library of Congress) #  29 Poland's pavilion at the New York World's Fair. (AP Photo) #  30 Members of the New York World's Fair staff, on a tractor train in 1939. (Library of Congress) #  31 World's Fair, railroad pageant. Final curtain, May 27, 1939. (Library of Congress) #  32 A closer view of the end of the railroad pageant, as a "woman of the future", center, brings together performers representing past and present, on May 27, 1939. (Library of Congress) #  33 An overhead view of the expansive fairgrounds in June of 1940. (National Archives, via army.arch) #  34 Statue of George Washington on the fairgrounds, on the 150th anniversary of his inauguration. Original here.(CC BY Flickr user rich701) #  35 Swimmers in Billy Roses "Aquacade" at the Marine Amphitheater at the New York World's Fair, on June 10, 1939. (AP Photo) #  36 General Motors Building with the B. F. Goodrich Tire Building in the left background. Original here. (CC BY Flickr user rich701) #  37 Crowds surround a new television in the RCA exhibit at the 1939 World's Fair. (Library of Congress) #  38 The waterfall exit of the Electrical Utilities Building. (Prelinger Archives) #  39 General night view of the World's Fair, New York City, September 15, 1939. (Library of Congress) #  40 The second and last season of this edition of the New York World's Fair closed on October 27, 1940. Unfortunately, events in Europe were descending into a second World War, and budget overruns ended up leaving the World's Fair as a financial failure. Shown here is a view of the View of the Trylon and Perisphere being dismantled in New York, on January 23, 1941. (AP Photo) #  41 A March, 1940 aerial view of the World's Fair grounds. (National Archives, via army.arch) #  42 Formerly a New York World's fair excursion bus, the "Spectroheliogram," was converted after the fair closed, to be used to shuttle WAACs to and from work at the armored force replacement training center, July 26, 1949 in Fort Knox, Kentucky. (AP Photo) The motor, dubbed the 'Ghost Car', is a Pontiac Deluxe Six which, bizarrely, has been covered in the see-through material Plexiglas. Built in 1939 by General Motors and chemical company Rohm and Haas at a cost of $25,000, it was the first transparent full-sized car to be made in America. One of a kind: The 1939 motor is a Pontiac Deluxe Six which has been covered in Plexiglas, developed just a few years earlier in 1933 Innovative: General Motors and chemical company Rohm and Haas built the vehicle for $25,000 - an astronomical price during the 1930s A BRIEF HISTORY ON THE PIONEERING PLEXIGLAS PONTIAC The collaboration between GM and Rohm & Haas was made for the 1930-1940 World's Fair in San Francisco At a cost of $25,000, it was the first transparent full-sized car to be made in America Two Ghost Cars were made but the 1939-1940 Pontiac Deluxe Six is the only won known to survive It toured the nation's dealerships and went on display at the Smithsonian until 1947, and was subsequently owned by a series of Pennsylvania Pontiac dealers This model has a three-speed transmission, a six-cylinder engine, coil spring independent front suspension, live rear axle with semi-elliptic leaf springs and four-wheel hydraulic drum brakes Billed as a vision of the future, it was made for the 1939-40 New York World's Fair, where it became a sensation at General Motors' 'Highways and Horizons' pavilion; and it continues to cause a stir today. Just two were ever made and this model, which has a three-speed manual transmission, and is thought to be the last of its kind. It has clocked up just 86 miles in its lifetime; and now its set to go on sale for the first time since the early 1980s. It last sold for an undisclosed amount. American auctioneers RM expect it to sell for between $275,000 and $475,000 when it goes under the hammer on July 30. A spokesman for RM Auctions said: 'The car is in a remarkable state of preservation. 'It's a testament to the longevity of Plexiglas in an era when automotive plastics tended to self-destruct within a few years. 'Although it has acquired a few chips and cracks, it is structurally sound and cosmetically clear, showing off the Ghost Car's innards as it did in 1939. 'This motor still turns heads as much as it ever did. It is not, obviously, suited for touring but as a unique artefact from automotive and cultural history.' Ready for the road: A Pontiac Deluxe Six as it would have appeared in car showrooms in the late 1930s Seventy-two years of wear: The Plexiglas does have some chips and cracks but is mostly in good condition, according to auction notes The car has was the result of a collaboration between General Motors and Rohm & Haas, who developed the ground-breaking material Plexiglas in 1933. The material went on to be used in military planes during World War II and then expanded in to signs, lighting, fixtures, trains and other cars. Rohm & Haas used drawings for the Pontiac four-door Touring Sedan to create an exact replica body out of the transparent acrylic. It was completed with structural metal underneath, which was given a copper wash, and chrome-plated hardware. Rubber moldings were made in white, as were the car’s tires. The only recent mechanical work has been replacement of the fuel lines. The model also boasts an L-head six-cylinder engine, coil spring independent front suspension, live rear axle with semi-elliptic leaf springs, and four-wheel hydraulic drum brakes. According to the GM Heritage Center, a second car, on a Torpedo Eight chassis, was hurriedly constructed for the 1940 Golden Gate Exposition on Treasure Island, a man-made island in San Francisco Bay. Not for touring: The collectible is unlikely to be seen on the road   Transparent: Wires and a spare wheel can be seen through the trunk of the car Once their respective showcases had closed, both 'Plexiglas Pontiacs,' or 'Ghost Cars' as they were sometimes known, toured the nation’s dealerships. The 1939-40 Deluxe Six is the only one known to survive. Following the dealership tour, it went on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. and was reportedly there until 1947. It was later owned by a succession of Pennsylvania Pontiac dealers. It appeared at the first annual meet of the new Pontiac-Oakland Club International in 1973 and was purchased by Don Barlup of New Cumberland, Pennsylvania. Barlup commissioned a partial restoration from S&H Pontiac of Harrisburg and sold it to collector Leo Gephart in 1979. The current owner’s father purchased it from Gephart in the early 1980s, and it has remained in the same family ever since. Not surprisingly, it has no conventional vehicle identification number; even the machined boss for the engine number is blank. A collection of period photos and other memorabilia accompanies the car, which still turns heads as much as it ever did. Mechanics: The model has an L-head six-cylinder engine, coil spring independent front suspension, live rear axle with semi-elliptic leaf springs, and four-wheel hydraulic drum brakes Turning back the clock: The dial on the 1939 car shows the wear of its 72 years At the wheel: The steering wheel features rings of chrome-plated hardware, and Pontiac's insignia in red Artefact: The car has clocked up just 86 miles in its lifetime; and will to go on sale for the first time since the early 1980s Sensation: Billed as a vision of the future, the car was made for the 1939-40 New York World's Fair in San Francisco, pictured here Vintage: The Transparent Car, on display at General Motors' 'Highways and Horizons' pavilion in 1939, has continued to cause a stir since its debut. Whether its the pretty girls or parades, hot dogs or hot summer nights, the 4th of July is a day to enjoy the best bits of the Big Apple. These vintage photographs from as early as 1922 show New Yorkers tanning on Jones Beach and marching down Fifth Avenue - the same celebrations one might spot this week. Just take peek at the parties of the past to learn that these Yankee doodle-dandys have been committed to the stars and stripes forever. Girls, Girls: Four of Billy Rose's 'Aquabelles' stage a fashion show of the past, present and future bathing suit styles at the New York World's Fair on July 4, 1939 Stay Cool: Crowds flock to Rockaway Beach to stroll the boardwalk and take a dip on a hot 4th of July in 1946 Me-Wow! At left, fireworks explode around the Statue of Liberty in 1976, while at right, Uncle Sam the cat is gussied up in patriotic flare in 1956 Looking at the photographs throughout the ages, it does appear one thing has changed: the size of bathing suits. Swimwear appears to shrink from one year to the next, though the red, white and blue bikini will probably be here to stay. New York City has been home to the annual Nathan's Hot Dog eating competition since 1916. The competitive eating competition was rumored to have begun in order to settle a fight among four immigrants as to whom was the most patriotic. Another New York tradition, Macy's fireworks over the water have been televised on NBC since 1976. In 2009, the fireworks were moved from the East River to the Hudson River to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's exploration of the waterways. Dance: People trying the Barrel of Fun ride during 4th of July celebrations at Coney Island in 1942 Confetti: Columns of soldiers march in an Independence Day parade up Fifth Avenue in 1942 True Blue: Miss Sybil Bauer poses for a photo after setting four new world's records and one New American record at the Brighton Beach Pool on July 4, 1922 Play Ball: Mayor LaGuardia speaks in the microphone as baseball great Lou Gehrig listens with bowed head at Yankee Stadium, July 4, 1939 Beachy Keen: Jones Beach State Park in Long Island has long been a holiday destination and July 4 in 1936 was no exception Striking images of New York mobsters from the dirty thirties have been revealed as they come up for auction. Over 24 years, Eugene Canevari, a detective with the New York Police Department began working on cases involving some of the most well-know crime figures of the era: Lucky Luciano, Louis 'Lepke' Buchalter, Dutch Schultz and Vincent 'Mad Dog' Coll. After retiring in 1952, Canevari took with him a number of police documents and photographs that charted his long career. Revealed: The files of New York Detective Eugene S. Canevari will be auctioned next week Now his files are up for auction and they include some incredible artifacts such as original mugshots of gangsters like Lucky Luciano and Johnny Torrio. The files also contain various other police documents. Canevari, who born in Greenwich Village, was on a first name basis with many of the mobsters he later prosecuted, having known several since childhood. Last rights: The collection includes pictures of deceased bodies in suspected homicides laying in coffins With a career beginning in 1928 at the age of 25, Canevari eventually rose to the rank of Detective 2nd Grade, mainly through his work on organized crime. In addition to organized crime, he also worked on the NYPD Bomb Squad and Homicide Unit, not to mention his undercover work infiltrating Communist organizations. Beyond the force, he also protected several celebrities including FDR, James Cagney, and Winston Churchill. After a long and successful career, Canevari retired in 1952, at the age of 49, having served nearly 25 years. Attempted train bombing: Fascinating collection related to an attempted train bombing, consisting of five original and seven typed witness statements, most dated February 15, 1930 In one part of the collection, photos depict the scene of an attempted bombing with dynamite on train tracks. A witness statement reads: 'There was a box of dynamite with a bomb wired up ready to explode…I volunteered to go down and take it out of the way as quickly as possible…I collected the sticks of dynamite…The full sticks of dynamite I put back in the box.' Another states: 'I looked down and I saw it was dynamite and said get away it is dynamite…When I got down on the track I took a stick in my hand and I looked at it. Then I knew it was dynamite.' In the mafia assassination of Dutch Shultz a typed police report is up for sale. The incident is described in detail on now yellowing paper. 'A Tavern and Restaurant…was entered by three men and upon going to the rear of restaurant opened fire…four men received gun shot wounds of the body and were removed to Newark City Hospital…' The notes taken at the time by a member of the Newark Police Department, at the bedside of Dutch Schultz, while he was talking irrationally, in a semi-conscious condition are also noted.  ‘Please leave me alone Bugs, I was never a bad guy in my life, I’m not a rat. Tough sweating. Augie, I always though you were a rat but I did not think you would do this.’ The report concludes with a description of three unidentified suspects in the shooting. Schultz’s rambling last words became famous, and have been referenced and parodied in many works since. Shooting report: In the shooting of Dutch Schultz, the gangsters famous last words are recounted.He was assassinated by the Mafia in 1935 Papers: The collection of NYPD reports and documents related to mobsters and complaints, dated from throughout the 1930s The collection has various mug shots of criminals. Johnny Torrio's is filled out with a physical description and personal details on the reverse, listing his crime as 'Forging In,' occupation as 'Real Estate,' and date of arrest as '4-28-36,' although the date on the identification card in the photo is April 22, 1936. Torrio was arrested on a forgery indictment for passing a bad promissory note; he subsequently plead guilty to income tax evasion and served two years in prison. His arrest made headlines throughout the nation, as bail was set at a whopping $100,000 — which Torrio’s wife quickly delivered to the courthouse in cash. Johnny Torrio: Incredibly influential mobster who mentored Al Capone and helped build the ¿Chicago Outfit¿ in the 1920s (1882¿1957) History in your hands: The collection contains NYPD reports and documents related to interrogations and witness testimonies, dated between the 1920s and 1950s Charles 'Lucky' Luciano was instrumental in the development of organised crime across the United States. In this mugshot from February 1931, Luciano was indicted on two counts of assault in the first degree, both of which were dismissed. This mug shot is probably the most iconic image of Luciano, and clearly shows the droopy eye which he suffered as a result of an earlier stabbing. A major turning point came later in 1931, when Joe Masseria was assassinated at Luciano’s command, allowing him to take over as the first official boss of the Genovese crime family. Lucky Luciano: New York Mafia boss (1897¿1962) instrumental in the development of organized crime in the US; he was responsible for splitting the Mafia into five different crime families Notorious: Al Capone's death certificate. Capone was an American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate Al Capone is one of the most famous gangsters of the 1930s. He was part of The Chicago Outfit, which subsequently also became known as the 'Capones', It was dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor, and other illegal activities such as prostitution, in Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931 Capone became involved with gang activity at a young age after being expelled from school at age 14. he spent eight years in prison between 1931 and 1939. In 1947, he died from a heart attack after suffering a stroke. Across town New York mobster Joe Adonis was committing other crimes. As a part of his criminal empire, Adonis owned a number of car dealerships in New Jersey, where customers were intimidated into buying ‘protection insurance’ for their vehicle. Joe Adonis: New York mobster (1902¿1971) influential in the rise of the modern Cosa Nostra Vincent 'Mad Dog' Coll was assassinated by rivals while in a phone booth at age 23. In photo all are charged in connection with the shooting death of Michael Vengalli, a five-year-old child. Coll earned his nickname in the aftermath, when New York City Mayor Jimmy Walker dubbed him ‘Mad Dog.’ Lineup: Vincent 'Mad Dog' Col (far right)l, Notorious Irish-American mob hitman (1908¿1932) who had been recruited to assassinate Lucky Luciano in a plot foiled by a tip-off Cast array of artifacts: Consists of over 60 pieces (many original carbon copies), primarily typed police reports and complaints, as well as handwritten notes and some court documents The world's biggest collection of airship memorabilia amassed by a British businessman over 40 years is being tipped to sell for more than £1million. David Kirch's hoard - including hundreds of photos of huge German Zeppelins - is so vast he planned to open a museum in an old aircraft hangar he bought especially. But the 75-year-old, who hoped to offer the public rides on airships at the attraction, never got around to finishing the project and is now selling it all at auction. A huge Zeppelin airship darkens the skies over an Austrian valley. This photo forms part of a massive collection - owned by David Kirch, from Jersey - which is up for auction Some of the buttons and badges from Zeppelin tours across the US collected by Mr Kirch. The total collection weighs an incredible 15 tons and the auction house selling it has had to hire extra storage space for it A Graf Zeppelin is skilfully flown over a lake. The Graf, called after its inventor, was built in 1928. It carried passengers and cargo in perfect safety for one million miles, and seemed to represent the future of long-distance air travel The total collection weighs an incredible 15 tons and the auction house selling it has had to hire extra storage space for it. There are 'thousands and thousands' of airship items including flags, posters, photos, toys, models, clocks, instruments, cutlery and crockery. Also for sale are medals from those who flew and crashed in them as well as commemorative coins, badges and uniforms. Some of the black and white photos are aerial shots of London, New York and Rome taken from the huge Zeppelins as they hovered menacingly above. Others show a Zeppelin lit up by dozens of searchlights as it flew over London during the First World War. Reflected glory: A shining Zeppelin flies over calm waters at Lindau harbour in Bavaria in one of the amazing photographs Fabric from Zeppelin L31 which was destroyed over Potters Bar, Herts, in 1916 British fighter pilots in WWI flew their biplanes over the top of the Zeppelins and throw these explosive darts (left) at them; A compass (right) from an airship - just part of David Kirch's collection which could fetch £1million British battleship George V is shadowed by a Zepplin at Kiel, northern Germany, in 1914 DREAD ZEPPELIN: BIRTH OF A GERMAN KILLING MACHINE During World War I, the Zeppelin had been responsible for the first Blitz over England. And in 1937, the threat of World War II was impending. The Zeppelin was a wholly German product. Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, born in 1838, had been inspired to develop his airship by the sight of tethered balloons being used as observation posts during the American Civil War. After countless setbacks, he developed his first successful airship in 1900  -  three years before Wilbur and Orville Wright achieved the world's first powered flight. It was a tremendous feat which made the count a national icon. The German Kaiser hailed him as the greatest German of the 20th century. Over the next few years he improved on its design. The individual hydrogen gas cells inside the airship's canvas envelope were better proofed against igniting the hydrogen with static electricity. Aluminium alloy produced the strength of steel at one-third of the weight, and more powerful engines gave the airships an ever-increasing range. And so Zeppelins became the first aerial passenger transport... later adapted for war. There are quirkier items for sale including special darts invented by the British which were thrown by pilots onto onto Zeppelins in a desperate bid to puncture them in World War I. And Mr Kirch even has disarmed bombs dropped by the German airships on London. The collection is so big it is having to be sold over four sales at Wallis and Wallis auction rooms in Lewes, East Sussex. Experts expect the total sum for all the lots will be more than £1million. Mr Kirch, a wealthy property dealer who lives on Jersey, intends to give the proceeds to charity. The businessman, who has never travelled in an airship due to a fear of heights, said: 'A friend of mine had a collection of envelopes that had been flown on an airship. He was short of money so I bought them and that's how it all started - back in 1968. 'After that, I became fascinated with airships and I bought anything to do with any airship. 'I bought a lot of papers belonging to a chief steward for Zeppelin and he was their longest serving employee. 'There are also bombs from World War One that were dropped by Zeppelins and also photos and scrap books. 'I love collecting and I used to go around car boot sales and antique shops and attend sales. This is the largest collection of its type. 'I had intended to open a museum to show my collection off and I bought a huge hangar at Cardington in Bedfordshire which was the former base of the UK airship industry to put it all in. 'It was one of those things you dream up, but I never got around to it because I was working on my business. 'There is a Zeppelin museum in Germany, but that has much bigger things, such as engines. 'Because I wanted to make a museum, it had to appeal to everybody so there are children's things and jokey things. 'But now I'm too old so I'm selling it. All the money will go to charity - to the elderly on Jersey.' Mr Kirch has kept his collection in his home in Jersey and the aircraft hangar he bought. Some of the photos in his collection show commercial and military types of airship and highlight the size of the industry that came to an end before World War Two. One of Mr Kirch's photos showing a huge swastika on a German airship, which were used as propaganda tools Auctioneer Glenn Butler from Wallis and Wallis Auctions, with Zeppelin crew mittens and hat; A captain's eye-view (right) on the deck of one of the massive airships A Zeppelin under construction. The collection is so big it is having to be sold over four sales at Wallis and Wallis auction rooms in Lewes, East Sussex 'Ocean liners of the skies': The airships cast menacing shadows, left, while passengers inside were able to enjoy luxury dining, right The British industry effectively ended in 1930 with the crash of R101, the world's biggest airship. It was on its way to India when it crashed in France with the loss of 48 out of 54 of those on board. The Germans continued with their industry, but the Hindenburg disaster in 1937 was the beginning of the end of commercial airship travel. Glenn Butler, from Wallis and Wallis auctions, said: 'I've been in the auction business for over 30 years and I've never come across a collection as big as this on just one subject. Flight of fancy: Mr Kirch's collection of Zeppelin memorabilia is so vast he planned to open a museum, but he never got around to finishing the project. Pictured, an airship over Austria Enlarge  A Nazi banner for the airship command; right, a dinner plate from a Zeppelin High flier: The 75-year-old hoped to offer the public rides on airships like the ones in his photos at his museum Fascinating: Mr Kirch's hundreds of images include a Zeppelin over the Christopher Columbus statue in Barcelona, left, and an airship over the Middle East in 1929, right 'The collector has found everything connected with airships and there is a huge cross-over of interest. 'There are thousands and thousands of items that weigh 15 tons in total and arrived here in a 40ton container. 'We have had to rent extra storage areas because it is so vast. As soon as we emptied it for the first auction, we filled it straight up again. 'The sales will attract a variety of collectors because there are so many different things; from photographs to medals and uniforms to posters.' The first sale takes place on Wednesday with two more planned for July and November. Silently dropping death from the skies... Zeppelins attack Britain in WWI By CHRISTOPHER HUDSON By 1912, the airship was considered one of Germany's deadliest weapons. The British government was at a loss as to how to combat them. Shells attached to grappling hooks were envisaged, and aerial minefields of mines dangling from balloons on a cable, of which Winston Churchill remarked: 'Since Damocles there has been no such experiment.' It was actually a biplane, dropping a bomb on Tommy Terson's cabbage patch in Dover, on Christmas Eve 1914, which represented the first attack on mainland Britain for centuries. But Zeppelins were not far behind. Once the kaiser had agreed to bombing raids on most of London except his cousin's royal palaces, the count's airships were over here with a vengeance, almost silently dropping death from the skies. The commander of the German Navy Zeppelin Fleet believed that Britain 'could be overcome by means of airships through increasingly extensive destruction of cities, factory complexes, dockyards...' and a large number of his superiors believed him. Many Zeppelins carried incendiary bombs in the hope that they could start a general conflagration. This largely failed, because half of them failed to ignite and most of those that did could be easily doused. But one raid on the East End gutted several blocks of business premises, killing 22 people and causing half a million pounds worth of property damage. A Zeppelin in flames over London during WWI. Some of the photos in Mr Kirch's collection show commercial and military (right) types of airship that highlight the size of the industry that came to an end before WWII Until the middle of 1916, Britain could find no defence against Zeppelin bombers - they flew too high, and any Royal Flying Corps planes which did chase them were shot down by the airships' banks of machine guns. But in mid-1916 the balance shifted, when a member of the Brock firework family invented explosive tracer bullets. The Germans fought back by inventing Zeppelins which could fly at 20,000ft. These super-craft encountered many problems, though  -  if they weren't destroyed by jet-stream winds, their crews were too frozen and de-oxygenated to man the controls. By the end of 1916, any hopes of using Zeppelins to turn London into a sea of flame had dwindled. Not until the very end of World War I did the Germans begin building vast new Zeppelins, capable of carrying a 4,000kg bomb-load. By this time, America had entered the war  -  and the plan was to drop their deadly load over New York, thus paralysing the will of the Americans. A Zeppelin's eye view of the Vatican in Rome, 1929, from the collection Thankfully, after thinking about the sure-to-be awful consequences for 24 hours, the German Chief of Naval Operations responded with the one word: Nein! The Zeppelin did not lose favour with their creators after World War I. In 1919 one accomplished the first transatlantic crossing by flying from Edinburgh to New York against prevailing winds in 108 hours. Returning six days later, in 75 hours, it achieved the first double crossing, and paved the way for international airship travel. The huge Graf Zeppelin, called after its inventor, was built in 1928. It carried passengers and cargo in perfect safety for one million miles, and seemed to represent the future of long-distance air travel. Just as with Concorde after it, the Zeppelin's reputation was destroyed by one tragic accident. It had been, like Concorde, the zenith in luxury travel. But it was doomed  -  the fate of the Hindenburg ensured the floating airship would always be synonymous with disaster. But even before the Hindenburg, question marks were being raised. Helium was non-flammable, yes, but helium-fuelled airships were also fragile and had a chequered history. Of four American-built airships, two ditched in the sea and one was wrecked in violent winds. The British used rigid airships for passenger mail, but our airship programme came to an end after the appalling tragedy of R-101. France and Italy had similar experiences. Yet somehow the airship is too seductive a vision for people to give up on it. It floats like a butterfly as it travels quickly and silently to its destination. Helium-filled airships such as the Stella Artois Star over London have yet to prove themselves in bad conditions. But the new generation of Zeppelins, built in the city of Friedrichshafen, where the only truly successful giant airships have been made, may have put together that broken mould and given back travel's ultimate luxury. EXPLODING DARTS: HOW BRAVE BRITISH PILOTS DESTROYED THE ZEPPELINS One of the explosive darts which form part of David Kirch's memorabilia It was the logical way to take out targets that were essentially massive balloons filled with flammable gas. When British First World War pilots were asked to destroy German Zeppelins, they did not turn to guns - but a giant exploding dart. British biplane pilots would fly above the giant airships - filled with highly flammable hydrogen - lean over the side of the cockpit and drop the darts on top of them. The projectile was designed to puncture the canvas skin of the balloon, drop inside and then explode, igniting the hydrogen. Zeppelins successfully targeted would explode in a ball flames - similar to the Hindenburg disaster in 1937 - meaning the pilots had to make a quick escape if they were to avoid going down with the airship. The Aerial Anti Zeppelin Ranken Exploding Dart was invented by Commander Francis Ranken of the Royal Navy in 1915 and was dropped from a height of up to 700ft, but between 300ft and 400ft was the optimum altitude to attack the low-flying German airships. In the First World War, planes were initially not seen as a weapon, but increasingly became so as their potential destructive power was realised. Dropping bombs was quickly seen to be an effective way to inflict damage on the enemy - and the method of destroying Zeppelins was a refinement. They were either dropped individually or in clusters. Expert Steven Bosley said: 'You had to be extremely brave to use these things. 'To bring down Zeppelins... it was designed to ignite the gas inside, and if you've seen pictures of these things go up you know that the person dropping it would have had to make a quick getaway. 'The plane would have flown above the Zeppelin and the dart was dropped on to the Zeppelin from above. 'The sharp point would pierce the material and then a small charge behind it would explode, igniting the gas. 'They did work apparently, and they showed how quickly air warfare became part of the overall conflict.'