tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13847976169260915622024-03-18T18:05:21.509-07:00People and PlacesAll over the world in different countries, cultures, tongues, and colors are people who have the same basic desire for happiness and respect from his fellow men. We are the same all over as members of the human race. If we honor each other's boundaries with propriety and consideration our voyage thru life can be rich in knowledge and friendship..........AMOR PATRIAEUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger2039125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-68266060706954402532023-10-12T11:59:00.177-07:002024-03-11T13:49:18.157-07:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 950px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="950"><h6 align="left"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/UPPrep"><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="7">University of the Philippines Prep High School</font></a><font color="#ff8000" size="6"> </font></h6></td></tr></tbody></table><p><img height="1083" src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5160/5869673467_486e7b0170_b.jpg" width="1619" /><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=69fbea623c8ce8b102b50a10351fd312&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F24688313%40N04%2F5869673467%2F&fl_ev=0&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></p><p><br /></p><p><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2450" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LlVwcBTXwmo" width="2946" youtube-src-id="LlVwcBTXwmo"></iframe></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>THE SONGS AND MEMORIES OF MY HIGH SCHOOL YEARS UPDATE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This is my High School group pictures: Founding of our beloved University of the Philippines IN 1908</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The University of the Philippines was established in 1908 as the American University of the Philippines by an act of the First Philippine Legislature Act No. 1870, otherwise known as the University Charter, specified the function of the University, which is to provide advanced instruction in literature, philosophy, the sciences, and arts, and to give professional and technical training.UP Prep was a unique high school created in 1954, when the UP Board of Regents authorized then UP President Vidal Tan to open a first class high school in Manila. The school’s high standard curriculum was designed for secondary school graduates with the aptitudes and intellectual talents for university level education. The faculty was carefully selected for these advanced subjects. Only by passing a battery of rigorous examinations could a student get in, and once accepted, he or she had to hurdle to pass each of the four tough years of the highest standard of education ever given to high school students in the Philippines before one could graduate. In 1973, after graduating 20 classes — comprised altogether of 1500 graduates — UP Prep was merged with UP High School to later become what is now known as UP Integrated High School.</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaPymSvsUEH7p_bWGs61IdTbU1TyCjvvmrgdUpR41pDie9rxFpeZ2hoR4sSXiKGohIk3zGJA07fl-kNSjnH16d3t0dWCsTyA2iGxboAAHuZ9Ob7JZO_wzgGfwDvmgi64j4nJgT4ZiLZbdM/s1600/DSCF4034.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="986" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaPymSvsUEH7p_bWGs61IdTbU1TyCjvvmrgdUpR41pDie9rxFpeZ2hoR4sSXiKGohIk3zGJA07fl-kNSjnH16d3t0dWCsTyA2iGxboAAHuZ9Ob7JZO_wzgGfwDvmgi64j4nJgT4ZiLZbdM/s1600/DSCF4034.jpg" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>For me, U.P. Prep High, was another passage to adulthood. I was exposed early to student politics and activism, when a strike by college seniors closed classes in 1957 and sent us home for a week during my yearling year. I was puzzled why the strike, but it was a transition of presidency of the University, and there was no sitting president. </b></span></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>Later, I learned more about classmates from the best among the best, chosen from different walks of life. You apply yourself to a diverse bunch of kids, invariably they were not from the same parish, like back in the elementary. My little world expanded by the distant location (two jeepney rides) to Padre Faura. Fascination in the field of Sciences and Mathematics from Liberal mentors instead of Religion gave me a glimpse of my future career. Disallowed text by the catholic church, accessed freely in High School, and devoured voraciously, led to the knowledge of my heritage, and our true history. My sensibility changed and it became more acute in the unequal treatment of less influential classmates by superiors. </b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2sA5DwvpsHo-8vUIdjn_C7-qjOBmNQDqfuB-j8OVJ9q0Pto__FdVT4T8rNSr5XHilwVq3vwUqh4a_izFMAKbKremHJQOm8mn7NVjW4IVH2hrJIie-GqdAPtK1vMQk2AqjEa2aXnfXk1zh/s1600/UP_mla_oblation.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1043" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2sA5DwvpsHo-8vUIdjn_C7-qjOBmNQDqfuB-j8OVJ9q0Pto__FdVT4T8rNSr5XHilwVq3vwUqh4a_izFMAKbKremHJQOm8mn7NVjW4IVH2hrJIie-GqdAPtK1vMQk2AqjEa2aXnfXk1zh/s1600/UP_mla_oblation.jpg" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>RIZAL HALL: My High School: UP Prep was a unique high school created in 1954, when the UP Board of Regents authorized then UP President Vidal Tan to open a first class high school in Manila. The school’s high standard curriculum was designed for secondary school graduates with the aptitudes and intellectual talents for university level education. The faculty was carefully selected for these advanced subjects. Only by passing a battery of rigorous examinations could a student get in, and once accepted, he or she had to hurdle to pass each of the four tough years of the highest standard of education ever given to high school students in the Philippines before one could graduate. In 1973, after graduating 20 classes — comprised altogether of 1500 graduates — UP Prep was merged with UP High School to later become what is now known as UP Integrated High School.</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdFNDBMcZr_FGjJ9gGeUU0qtdekELwiN1AqUp2EtEq6cWOCGQ6AlowuQS1Dm9he2RBprMUIEEPl5PLZymjCJM1w9tQFZJN9LjRHR-y6th8YO64EsjIFDSEl6vyXaA53z912XtT_OypO4LO/s1600/UPCampus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="983" data-original-width="1600" height="1804" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdFNDBMcZr_FGjJ9gGeUU0qtdekELwiN1AqUp2EtEq6cWOCGQ6AlowuQS1Dm9he2RBprMUIEEPl5PLZymjCJM1w9tQFZJN9LjRHR-y6th8YO64EsjIFDSEl6vyXaA53z912XtT_OypO4LO/w2937-h1804/UPCampus.jpg" width="2937" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>Our UP Diliman Campus early 1960</b></span></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>In 1939, the Board of Regents acquired a 493-hectare land in the Diliman District of the newly established Quezon City. Construction began on the area on the same year. The development of the area was then stalled by World War II, with invading Japanese troops occupying some of the buildings built. By 1942, the university was forced to close down some of its colleges, with only the Colleges of Medicine, Engineering, and Pharmacy maintaining their operations.</b></span></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>When the war ended in 1945, the buildings intended to be the homes of the College of Law and the College of Liberal Arts were left with extensive damages. The university administration led by UP President Bienvenido Gonzales sought a grant worth P13 million from the US-Philippines War Damage Commission to restore the damaged facilities and to construct new ones so that the transfer of the university from Manila to Diliman could be pushed through. Through a symbolic ceremony of transferring the Oblation from Manila to Diliman, the whole university's administration was relocated to the new campus. New buildings were constructed in response to the creation of more academic degrees.</b></span></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>Organization of the newly established institutes and the reformulation of programs followed with the establishment of programs such as the General Education Program, a delegated roster of core courses required to be taken by all students at the undergraduate level. Under the presidency of UP President Vicente Sinco, a University College was made to address the need of a much-organized college structure. The College of Arts and Sciences was created to offer major subjects in the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities.</b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Thank you Cap and Helen for hosting our little mini once again. Thank you for the sumptuous meal, the take home goodies and excellent company. Thank you Alex and Marissa for the wonderful gifts, excellent company and the delightful music. Marissa, our twins were especially enamoured with your piano renditions. We missed you Augie and Violet. Hope nothing serious caused you not to show up. We really had a most enjoyable evening. Salamat RC & Dudi</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU8TgEc8JD46O9Mp4gOmPhZ4w5dVLvtavT6qD-HT0g9f2-mwpasRI3ulHPgRXnO9V4TV6ibq6HlEZyYtCkYIGEjSOMJLMTC3ZDPNgOeJBEA7NIm-ahV2uwn4yGrRheTYj5u05hl4XEt4g_/s1600/oblation.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1277" data-original-width="1600" height="2210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU8TgEc8JD46O9Mp4gOmPhZ4w5dVLvtavT6qD-HT0g9f2-mwpasRI3ulHPgRXnO9V4TV6ibq6HlEZyYtCkYIGEjSOMJLMTC3ZDPNgOeJBEA7NIm-ahV2uwn4yGrRheTYj5u05hl4XEt4g_/w2771-h2210/oblation.jpg" width="2771" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>A poignant oblation photo. My interpretation of my last look and parting with "UPPHS". "Paalam" Prep High.</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>My political ideology agrees with the student activism during the Marcos administration. This is one reason why I left the Philippines, long before Martial Law. UP Diliman became the bastion of activism in the 1960s and 1970s, with various tumultuous events eventually contributing to the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. In this period, UP Diliman became a center of dissent towards the Marcos' administration. The year 1971 marked an important event in the Philippine history when the entire Diliman campus was declared the Diliman Commune, and became free from government control. Students and faculty members took over the campus in response to increasing military presence and the increase of oil prices. The students established full control of the campus for a month, barricading the streets with chairs and tables.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2320" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KD_1Z8iUDho" width="2791" youtube-src-id="KD_1Z8iUDho"></iframe></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><br /></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Don't Cry For Me Pilipinas</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></div><br /><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A Country, A Race, A Nation </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Hosts to heroes long since departed, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Mark the revolutions. </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The governments, who left dry tokens </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Of their sojourn there </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">On the pearl of the Orient Seas, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Any broad alarm of the hastening doom </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Is lost in the gloom of crimes against its people. </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">But today, the Country cries out to us, clearly, forcefully, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Come, you may stand upon my </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Side and face your distant destiny, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">But seek no haven in my shadow. </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">I will give you no retiring place up here. </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">You, created only a little lower than </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The guardians, have crouched too long in </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The bruising darkness, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></div><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b><br /><div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Have lain too long, Face down in feudal ignorance. </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Your minds spelling rancor </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Armed for slaughter. </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The country cries out today, you may stand by me, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">But don't hide behind false constitution. </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Across the hall of nations, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A poor people cries for justice, </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Come rest here by my side.................ASC </b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1762" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nsaQwcjRkAk" width="2122" youtube-src-id="nsaQwcjRkAk"></iframe></div><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1776" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6SFWNQ5M6Y4" width="2136" youtube-src-id="6SFWNQ5M6Y4"></iframe></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; text-align: left;">Marissa playing America the Beautiful, The Theme from the American Civil War, O'Sheanandoah, Ang Bayan Ko</b></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">As she plays these melodic patriotic songs, I begin to reminisce, my stay at Rizal Hall. I have passed nearly 80 years of my life, but I still have vivid memories of the halls, and classrooms at the University of the Philippines in Manila. I can not deny my deep feeling of warmth to this great school. Among the colleges that I have attended in the Philippines and in the USA during my academic life, my particular fondness is always with the University of the Philippines. I and like every alumni of the U. P. Preparatory High School should be so proud of this University and the rich traditions that it represents…ASC</b></div></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div></span></span></div><h2><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 921px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="549"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Reaching my destination in San Francisco, my dreams of more liberation of my ideology and thoughts were fulfilled. But we wanted more, to see life without violence, unlike the country I left. We wanted media that contained truth. Some of us risked our lives to find out what the government was doing and let the underground press know. We wanted to talk about things in print that we were not allowed to discuss in our culture of origin. We wanted to live without stupid, arbitrary rules, either for ourselves or for our children. Some of our children, as adults today, say they wish we had been more protective of them, or offered more structure.It was a moment in history when a mushroom explosion of consciousness began altering the life force. Through that explosion, we broke down the prison walls of "intellect as the ultimate". We focused on the heart, and by doing so, reopened our cookie jar of possibilities·politically, socially, sexually and spiritually. The effects of that explosion have permeated our culture. We, as a generation, have a responsibility to see that the 60's are remembered in the context in which they unfolded."</b></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></h2><h2><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 927px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="395"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></td><td valign="top" width="530"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img closure_uid_w6hozh="1012" height="2617" pageoffsetid="_off_0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqiFMgIZiqtgVptutnfdq6WGEC_F-bjilcfWtRnFzFHuzUDFwTmlnMnDfdGytucstdG-j53hm6p_NcKMa51jNcyd5nl1SAkyv5I5JQQ-m_MuZLPTnhg1kcViResWPr8JNcdBL04Fq2W63r/w2665-h2617/cable3.jpg" style="left: 242px; top: 4px;" width="2665" /><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><br /><br /><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"></span></span></span></span></b></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><b>Looking up Powell St. from Market St. The canteen at Woolworth on your right, served me well at lunch. During my job search, the hills of San Francisco was a hindrance. I think my overdeveloped legs were the outcome of the constant walking in SF. The Filipino community has grown remarkably since World War II and has spread to all areas of the city, especially the South of Market area. The affluent Castro district (technically Eureka Valley near Twin Peaks) has attracted gays and lesbians from throughout the country, becoming perhaps the most famous gay neighbourhood in the world. Its streets are adorned with elegantly restored Victorian homes and landmarks highlighting significant dates in the struggle for gay rights. It is said that no local politician can win an election without the gay community's vote.<br />Dropping down California St. Fabled hills, were the scourge of the handicap, nowhere in any city but San Francisco, where wheel chairs are absent...my own observation. I remember there were so many people coming in for the Peace March, we wondered around listening to the sounds of the bands warming up at the Union Square. The guitars faded in and out like the morning fog that drifted in and out on the breeze off the bay. Again, there was the thick smell of incense and marijuana, but there was something else in the atmosphere as well: the air was glowing electric with excitement and anticipation. Everyone felt that we were about to be part of something really big.</b></span></span><br /></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img height="2202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXzTgWvWFpMRdOL6v4j_1P2dZjHfyoBwslusVzT6SdaGZLup3iFuvvy2m0o1B8yMYjFuKjas1TnIEDnsm8CjRNJmAeQgfvtnll5O-13E-DzZVGxYoxuL_OOO3KP1i-NwmQbl6Xc8RcU44_/w2616-h2202/cable5.jpg" width="2616" /></b></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 798px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="377"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:95b49b36-e705-44dc-91f4-8ac40a6fe940" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="0fec3273-7dfe-44b1-8eb8-bd281ab7abd1" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ryF9p-nqsWw&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></b></span></div></div></div></td><td valign="top" width="419"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:799e1f61-6723-4673-b8ce-82a978c6c058" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="1542c2af-434e-408b-8de7-207b2994706a" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/b_-x2_hXC2g&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></b></span></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><img closure_uid_jsfjb7="3706" height="1812" pageoffsetid="_off_0" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/_iY1x0rYO7eE/TS90ga9s99I/AAAAAAAAyYk/3FcZ-qkhs3o/w2897-h1812/Custodio%20Heirloom1.jpg" style="left: 98px; top: 6px;" width="2897" /></b></div></span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The girls of St. Theresa, the innocence of the young ladies above, untouched by the sixties youth revolution remained in my mind. Why someday, one of them will be my partner in life.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2124" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uJK4r1p9d90" width="2553" youtube-src-id="uJK4r1p9d90"></iframe></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: orange; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1547" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_iY1x0rYO7eE/TMpDCfUMMZI/AAAAAAAApgo/5EB2QvFlEvU/w2792-h1547/Beatles.jpg" width="2792" /></span></div></b></span></span></h2><h2><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="800"><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">So much legend has been woven around the Sixties that it is very hard to see them for what they were, especially the ideas that sparked the Youth Revolution. It was a time when it was really something to be young.' I should mention that many of us whose youth had been pinched by post-war austerity did our best to have another one by joining the party.Sex, drugs and rock & roll are the staple ingredients of the legendary Permissive Society</strong></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">"That sense of freedom had a place and I don't think you can blame the Sixties for what we are like nowadays. "I think that is an excuse for the way things are now and you can't make excuses."Some things may have got out of hand, but it was a time when people became more liberated."It is not true to say it was a time of hedonism. It is excessive to say that."We were obvioulsy involved in photography and we had some innovative people working for us and we had ideas. The Sixties had a lot to offer."</strong></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div class="gphoto-photocaption" style="text-align: start;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 916px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="533"><img height="1760" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp1QDggswePDNEypXIelwi5XC6ojeSJNHwAcceN-TKxlPxSpkiGYAYw1uBy4zeCdfkrKRBn9-xjPIgnwMvkJ_XRq_ED2PPKvktxnW9rQJD9bIapgCNmXWSqYIjLehlT32RmpGA27fNFbIX/w1310-h1760/Marissa%20Sweet16.jpg" width="1310" /><img height="1762" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2FNtjGFJ0HGFbBtZydQc_pXHPpJNBnMV8LEBT9_QeQNH6se1F1fmMEoLNwUCD1EmzY3IwOClFns1ET2NL1-SKKdzy-W2fW6S4z2N85JQZvidIN2_MuAQewJEXvgtU1CEYu&t=1653150911&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc2-fc0005018700&sig=JsEOYrmRGuXaJKWdxpPoJQ--~D" width="1304" /><span><br /><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">Muse APO DELTA 1966 ST. THERESA GRADUATED CLASS 1967 BS BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION WITH TOP HONORS ........ SUMMA CUM LAUDE</span></span></b></span></span><br /></span><div align="justify"><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><strong><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">Dewey Blvd below: The jetty potruding to Manila Bay is the future Cultural Center, on the other side of Dewey is the Manila Naval Station (MNS) where we lived from 1965 to 1966. the headquarte<wbr></wbr>rs of the Philippine Navy was relegated to a small block of land south of the Manila Yacht Club. The original plan was to reclaim the site of the cultural center(CC) to replace the location of the MNS by the Central Bank. Imelda Marcos, saw this valuable real state and confiscate<wbr></wbr>d the plan for her project the now CC. The yacht club remained, the Navy base (MNS) was transferre<wbr></wbr>d to Fort Bonifacio. BELOW: GRADUATION CEREMONIES BLESSING OF THE RINGS</span></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><strong><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><strong><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtTI1p0RgvV_Qz8F-BMcA4jCJfrg1oM1CDTeb207qkVgqh3vStoTSPIVtQjLy-Eek9G0C7ttF_UBOpbRELKdIMO2Zef45n49a8M32RvDGNnLsaqxoNW1GlULXEfJj_AnqlDOrAUIeUh7E29IplgV2-Lf1-6vwBM3gu_1r_26r9GzlZGCfSJH9bK04b0qqO/s3297/PICT0084-1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1943" data-original-width="3297" height="1722" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtTI1p0RgvV_Qz8F-BMcA4jCJfrg1oM1CDTeb207qkVgqh3vStoTSPIVtQjLy-Eek9G0C7ttF_UBOpbRELKdIMO2Zef45n49a8M32RvDGNnLsaqxoNW1GlULXEfJj_AnqlDOrAUIeUh7E29IplgV2-Lf1-6vwBM3gu_1r_26r9GzlZGCfSJH9bK04b0qqO/w2914-h1722/PICT0084-1.JPG" width="2914" /></a></div><br /></span></strong><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2322" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/L6i5fTie20E" width="2795" youtube-src-id="L6i5fTie20E"></iframe></span></div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><span class="gphoto-photocaption-caption"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL-IqVnh2JNb-muB9y1ZJsPkaxHmkYS-4y7-s-9v450x-qwfCF6n4alndl98U3BoRUawKNfnmlKmXkEXN5W-Li0K7dVnHxKyPwJ1C-z5_fWfnTPNffUqh5WtqG9jtxnuEpVR8qzaWl4yD7/s1600/IMG_1458_2.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="2199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL-IqVnh2JNb-muB9y1ZJsPkaxHmkYS-4y7-s-9v450x-qwfCF6n4alndl98U3BoRUawKNfnmlKmXkEXN5W-Li0K7dVnHxKyPwJ1C-z5_fWfnTPNffUqh5WtqG9jtxnuEpVR8qzaWl4yD7/w2935-h2199/IMG_1458_2.jpeg" width="2935" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>FOJAS, MONTALBAN, CORPUS, ACEVEDO, RC</b></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjymN6wHNaVEnBTgxuRGUPGnfBoRD0gQXVzgFhlefnY7SJN8-utUwS0KzjxJYFYDbMU7N6O_iYrqVFP7xWpkb6aJDKAkg__Dt4Na7bi46RYkMHTO3fcCpA5whRvE-VoPZ6cmk_3DVDn4Ev/s1600/DSCN2166.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="557" data-original-width="799" height="2042" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjymN6wHNaVEnBTgxuRGUPGnfBoRD0gQXVzgFhlefnY7SJN8-utUwS0KzjxJYFYDbMU7N6O_iYrqVFP7xWpkb6aJDKAkg__Dt4Na7bi46RYkMHTO3fcCpA5whRvE-VoPZ6cmk_3DVDn4Ev/w2931-h2042/DSCN2166.jpg" width="2931" /></b></span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">VALENZUELA, MANALAC, ATOT TAN, DE GUZMAN, C PASCUAL, VIUS, FOJAS, BUENAVENTURA</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8Q10Y1YvhTR6izff9S1E6AZcFqMIb369WHdyzvj-Z3QfCQSOzVY2aZdjWxhyphenhyphenyBjwif-jzCn91TD5vicpcE4AnlqokABVSacdxc5_-TUtQG0td1A2ld0TXd4HWHOq4DCBGekbZxNf6cs6f/s1600/DSCN2180.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="493" data-original-width="800" height="1807" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8Q10Y1YvhTR6izff9S1E6AZcFqMIb369WHdyzvj-Z3QfCQSOzVY2aZdjWxhyphenhyphenyBjwif-jzCn91TD5vicpcE4AnlqokABVSacdxc5_-TUtQG0td1A2ld0TXd4HWHOq4DCBGekbZxNf6cs6f/w2931-h1807/DSCN2180.jpg" width="2931" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKy1LPh0TVceREFX406gvVs4-qJLXDjeJKAzRPKmPQfiIRTXEhXn0cr57F8oO0RFh62hu2oeZrvmH9fnBpP6lRfG9yqFW1te_eAhDTWf4xclnWBnZBDks7wec7nKUW4tm5KGYv5QMnoWkO/s1600/photo%252B20.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="799" height="2191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKy1LPh0TVceREFX406gvVs4-qJLXDjeJKAzRPKmPQfiIRTXEhXn0cr57F8oO0RFh62hu2oeZrvmH9fnBpP6lRfG9yqFW1te_eAhDTWf4xclnWBnZBDks7wec7nKUW4tm5KGYv5QMnoWkO/w2933-h2191/photo%252B20.jpg" width="2933" /></b></span></a></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>NEL MENDOZA, HEDY SAGUIL, EVA FAROLAN</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2312" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sSlLNSWAXpo" width="2781" youtube-src-id="sSlLNSWAXpo"></iframe></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2493" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IjBzPMfQ3n0" width="3001" youtube-src-id="IjBzPMfQ3n0"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div></b></span></div></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></td><td valign="top" width="381"><span style="background-color: black;"></span><br /><br /><br /><div style="font-family: "times new roman", "new york", times, serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div class="ydp7d3c0968yiv8487838585ydp32b99760signature" style="font-family: "times new roman", "new york", times, serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:da2ea1a2-a697-47f5-81c3-a287aab6cc18" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="546a8358-206c-4db9-829f-416f16e7a48a" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span></span></div></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span></span><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2321" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6AicG_iHAkA" width="2791" youtube-src-id="6AicG_iHAkA"></iframe></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifHeieqDRWDdWu2UsNOz4T10VQRaUn7iSCBY6q1fQx9pMZAMiO0JHNq7pQMwwNrwydaaaEr8Hk6ZaM0axm-lfL7-qm4gf-o5F4bB2DxA4gCXjr5l8AZa4mqlIRfkuE9wWTOxHEW3fcinIS/s1600/pol%252Cnilda%252Cdodie%252Cbabe.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1064" data-original-width="1600" height="1399" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifHeieqDRWDdWu2UsNOz4T10VQRaUn7iSCBY6q1fQx9pMZAMiO0JHNq7pQMwwNrwydaaaEr8Hk6ZaM0axm-lfL7-qm4gf-o5F4bB2DxA4gCXjr5l8AZa4mqlIRfkuE9wWTOxHEW3fcinIS/w2104-h1399/pol%252Cnilda%252Cdodie%252Cbabe.JPG" width="2104" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>University of the Philippines Prep Class'61....sitting from left Doddie, M.D.,PhD, Nilda, Assoc.Principal Scientist</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>standing...Babes, Paul,ret.</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioO9TWErFQBBzEe1dNBweMnA1Sb_m2l0JaU4UEjo_DhrKMVNxr7_1-hB2tvCMZM2UYyMPYrpmJBUd3kywzzZl4hystgCSCK3rWKI6xH7WR_r1GZDs-aF8mUVjWSKd2n-Kad4fLnWDgVkpe/s1600/DSC01220+NILDA.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="1614" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioO9TWErFQBBzEe1dNBweMnA1Sb_m2l0JaU4UEjo_DhrKMVNxr7_1-hB2tvCMZM2UYyMPYrpmJBUd3kywzzZl4hystgCSCK3rWKI6xH7WR_r1GZDs-aF8mUVjWSKd2n-Kad4fLnWDgVkpe/w2153-h1614/DSC01220+NILDA.JPG" width="2153" /></b></span></a></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">Don't know if you remember me. Nilda Fulgencio. I enjoy reading your e-mails and I couldn't help but feel the longing you feel for </b><b style="background-color: black;">our country while singning the song. You see I have not gone home since 1972. Anyway, I have suddenly been reading more about you</b></div><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">from the MIT CHECHEM website and this. Keep communicating and regards to you and the family</b></div></b></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Nilds.</b></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><p><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT1hvsmfKemn9bYcyidzY3NhK5rMgf5dPV4Np075TZENAacKp5nNTxxkaKpu4WWerFA5BuANnsJJHBGdfGSjyf1O3GOg6_6McBaFeCHd5yvcefE8ciKr_6pEvN_lR6axEH9quXIzK4qcg5/s1600/DSC01225+HERBOSA.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="1606" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT1hvsmfKemn9bYcyidzY3NhK5rMgf5dPV4Np075TZENAacKp5nNTxxkaKpu4WWerFA5BuANnsJJHBGdfGSjyf1O3GOg6_6McBaFeCHd5yvcefE8ciKr_6pEvN_lR6axEH9quXIzK4qcg5/w2141-h1606/DSC01225+HERBOSA.JPG" width="2141" /></b></span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>RENE HERBOSA</b></span><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2401" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JKLHQTShAoc" width="2889" youtube-src-id="JKLHQTShAoc"></iframe></div></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;">After lunch, you can buy santol or hilaw na mangga con bagoong at the driveway entrance to Rizal Hall. That's where I first saw Nora Borja, then third year, and crush ng bayan. The late Eulogio Tablante, Babe Acevedo's brother in law( elder brother ni Eva) was the James Dean of UP Prep. The Fourth year gangs were Cronvar and Dixie; Noel Alejo, Oyen Alejo, Rudy Gumba, Jun Gregorio, Rene Santiago+, Nides Belgado, Cesar Ledda, Taddy Palma, Silvino Guzman, and Ed Coronel were Cronvar. Jojo Binay, Angel Reano, Vic Guiang, Rey Aguilar, and others whose names I can't recall at the moment were Dixie.</span></div><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhheBO3eI25VkiIRCDay_ifNnR5LfSwLYnfk-UfyhvO0ApRmEmOM0resgg5itt7Hp-pwObbF3MqgLrxtP17JysqaT-5JLhPsWQiQFltT82fAqslHa1fsJx6MSg5FRiXWU0AKIl7j1YEv5bJ/s1600/DSC01250IVASELO.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhheBO3eI25VkiIRCDay_ifNnR5LfSwLYnfk-UfyhvO0ApRmEmOM0resgg5itt7Hp-pwObbF3MqgLrxtP17JysqaT-5JLhPsWQiQFltT82fAqslHa1fsJx6MSg5FRiXWU0AKIl7j1YEv5bJ/s1600/DSC01250IVASELO.JPG" /></b></span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>RIP NESTOR RIVADELO</b></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM1R7YPLTV_D5ieI-kksRKgVkKPF7BFPP2C0tBSKpWPxPMLakelQpEEcyaRwKi2AH-O0Yp27786Oys1_5SwSEkqH5RPFSa_mbwOKGMGmLwGlVhjnglCxEQHCxYWUUbCL55qwpd5SbMw8-A/s1600/UP50reunion.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="711" data-original-width="1600" height="1867" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM1R7YPLTV_D5ieI-kksRKgVkKPF7BFPP2C0tBSKpWPxPMLakelQpEEcyaRwKi2AH-O0Yp27786Oys1_5SwSEkqH5RPFSa_mbwOKGMGmLwGlVhjnglCxEQHCxYWUUbCL55qwpd5SbMw8-A/w4202-h1867/UP50reunion.JPG" width="4202" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2RIQ7gqof_ACPAJ7tECRG1c0TVTDobjHLRug_Dpd9NGym_h1OIRQUZ5YDwOz-9rYLh4MUSHrf-Xj6cC8i-a7cYe6U7Qc1qzGrQQekjYcQLxXwSbNBjX7Fzxi5En08himKe79Xms2Jy4sW/s1600/DSC01300.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2RIQ7gqof_ACPAJ7tECRG1c0TVTDobjHLRug_Dpd9NGym_h1OIRQUZ5YDwOz-9rYLh4MUSHrf-Xj6cC8i-a7cYe6U7Qc1qzGrQQekjYcQLxXwSbNBjX7Fzxi5En08himKe79Xms2Jy4sW/w2809-h2106/DSC01300.JPG" width="2809" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">CESAR PASCUAL, PASCUAL VERON CRUZ</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibGqSfFOogoKbs60i0g6TP88wdqMyeR9COMYNyqsPKVk7Fxlma6ETlhHlAyZXqM6_lL1n4A6Jk-BShJR_vYWDrUlTTxJBRqP3Bgsa4TIgLGo6G_m4rdcrQYbtid86uFAykWiaiZkbVz9JL/s1600/DSC01301.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="1987" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibGqSfFOogoKbs60i0g6TP88wdqMyeR9COMYNyqsPKVk7Fxlma6ETlhHlAyZXqM6_lL1n4A6Jk-BShJR_vYWDrUlTTxJBRqP3Bgsa4TIgLGo6G_m4rdcrQYbtid86uFAykWiaiZkbVz9JL/w2649-h1987/DSC01301.JPG" width="2649" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">E. ACEVEDO, AMADO SANTOS, WIFE JOSIE SANTOS</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRyUyolSN4FZYuc2f1fopdZy1kDpMH9kPBfJY7NQySfLKcRq9nn1hkeRHV5vFSHC3JOlknoTEZoPEu43TliWHOlT29lNUtx3D-6YmmdhNuRIGoMGr5ySPPX_p0MXDlC2lab5Ebk7o0xsvY/s1600/DSC01308.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRyUyolSN4FZYuc2f1fopdZy1kDpMH9kPBfJY7NQySfLKcRq9nn1hkeRHV5vFSHC3JOlknoTEZoPEu43TliWHOlT29lNUtx3D-6YmmdhNuRIGoMGr5ySPPX_p0MXDlC2lab5Ebk7o0xsvY/s1600/DSC01308.JPG" /></b></span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">CARMELO MADRID</b></span><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: left;">Carmelo is not a relative, not even a distant one, </span><span style="text-align: left;">although he shares my Madrid relatives' wry sense of </span><span style="text-align: left;">humor. To wit: While walking down Escolta Carmelo </span><span style="text-align: left;">blurted that the man we just passed by was a </span><span style="text-align: left;">hypocrite. When I asked how he knew. He said the man </span><span style="text-align: left;">snarled when he tried to "hipo" his car! Also, he </span><span style="text-align: left;">figured the man walking ahead of us at Padre Faura was</span><br style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;" /><span style="text-align: left;">good at short hand. Kasi daw maigsi yong kanang kamay!</span><span style="text-align: left;">I am sure the Korean Airline crew he fies with are </span><span style="text-align: left;">getting a dose of the Madrid humor!</span><br style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;" /><br style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;" /><span style="text-align: left;">Summer is a slow period for getting piano gigs, like </span><span style="text-align: left;">once a month instead of the every other weekend during </span><span style="text-align: left;">the fall and winter. My latest was at a cocktail </span><span style="text-align: left;">hosted by the president of a local bank at his </span><span style="text-align: left;">Chapaqua mansion, two blocks away from the Clintons. </span><span style="text-align: left;">My eyes bulged when they showed me the piano - it was </span><span style="text-align: left;">an 1890 Bosendorfer! Maski Chopstick maganda ang </span><span style="text-align: left;">tunog sa Bosendorfer. </span><br style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;" /><br style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;" /><span style="text-align: left;">Am sure you are enjoying retirement, like most of our </span><span style="text-align: left;">batchmates who opted for the same thing!</span><br style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;" /><br style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;" /><span style="text-align: left;">Doddie</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqEpe494Ou-hQ_gU_I2ImJS8KOui7XioBy2E8q8lXezfN1Pet2ajALhrZ5M58o47pFqZU94qMJDFWjtUqLJ35enPTps0PqOtHa4SNlY4-Py8bQdW-9BYtujL1vA-jy3JqcCqMhTGVwp2KH/s1600/DSC01330.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqEpe494Ou-hQ_gU_I2ImJS8KOui7XioBy2E8q8lXezfN1Pet2ajALhrZ5M58o47pFqZU94qMJDFWjtUqLJ35enPTps0PqOtHa4SNlY4-Py8bQdW-9BYtujL1vA-jy3JqcCqMhTGVwp2KH/w2829-h2122/DSC01330.JPG" width="2829" /></b></span></a></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">THERESA </b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">AND ED MANALAC, POL MORAL</b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0BZ09LaTGKv09-6tEqkBvo9WKlKjjT1v0-8f7VWdHVQ8xWmr4_va7McRfmuY-fXi54wM6dkxb_F7FrpzbER2h1xqCXg4f21IXbTVFcaQDxCy7cgLIyhdXxBXa2Wp0Jqnlz2poAY_IPdBMhuzIq1JvL9vqLwK40_oHO8pZdzZw5BCKu71qxxSDDqM0ukCE/s798/DSCN2162-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="798" height="1726" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0BZ09LaTGKv09-6tEqkBvo9WKlKjjT1v0-8f7VWdHVQ8xWmr4_va7McRfmuY-fXi54wM6dkxb_F7FrpzbER2h1xqCXg4f21IXbTVFcaQDxCy7cgLIyhdXxBXa2Wp0Jqnlz2poAY_IPdBMhuzIq1JvL9vqLwK40_oHO8pZdzZw5BCKu71qxxSDDqM0ukCE/w3036-h1726/DSCN2162-ANIMATION.gif" width="3036" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /></span></span></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Doddie Bautista</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Gerry Bautista</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Manny Bustamante</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Vic Calulut</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Nanding Casanova</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Rellie Cifra</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Manny (Duck) Clamor</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Boy Dalao</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Walter del Rosario - Prepian</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Bobby Galias - our GC when I joined APO</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Dr. Joel Ganaban</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Elpi Pada</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Ed Pastoral</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Florendo Rabago - UP Faculty</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Guillermo Lazaro - UP Faculty</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Ben Roa - Prepian (elder brother ni Boots ) (husband ni Nora Borja - Prepian)</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Jose Sason - Prepian</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Jay Pecache - Prepian</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Omar Sayoc</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Dr. Art Taca</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Boni Tamayo</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Tristan Villareal - husband of Marlene Clemente ( Marlene, also a Prepian, sister of our Prep teacher Ms. Clemente)</span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Ernie Vizconde - youngerbrother ni Its</span></span></span><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span><br /></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">16 sa listahan mo ang kakilala ko. I didn't realize na si Relly ""Ciper" Cifra at si Walter del Rosario ay sumakabilang buhay na. I used to play chess with Relly sa Vinzons...lagi siyang panalo. Art Taca was easygoing, anak ng Director ng Manila Zoo. Dodie was black belter sa Judo; worked at United Labs. That's how we met again after college. I was with Richardson-Merrell. Di ba sina Yani at Jun Veron Cruz and kabatch mo sana...pero nagpa-defer ka dahil inatake ka ng asthma during a session?</span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Alam mo, nasaang landas kaya ang Pilipinas ngayon kung sina Jesus Lava ay nabigyan ng pagkakataong mamuno? Nasilip mo ba kung ano ang kasulatan na lumabas sa makinilya? 1959...aba may muwang na tayo noon. Naituro na ni Mrs. Rosario Cortes sa atin ang kasaysayan ng Pilipinas noon. Isa si M'am sa mga naunang gumamit ng mga kasulatan ni Dr. Agoncillo sa pagtuturo ng Kasaysayan.</span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Ping, di ko na alam contactin si Ed Labadia. Kay Maggie ko tanungin? Baka magalit si Higgy.</span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">O, ingat. 40 pounds ang limit mo kargahin? Pag nagka-apo ka, kaya mo pang kargahin. Bilis , Tres Marias.</span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Always,</span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Pol&M</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><img height="1652" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_xPRmgMFtT_4/TWLqreAWK9I/AAAAAAAAAhw/LCp02pBqp88/w2478-h1652/IMG_0376.JPG" width="2478" /></span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">:</span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">Finally, it was time for us to depart. Tight handshakes and hugs were exchanged. Brother Oca couldn’t help getting misty eyed, he has to wear his Ray Bans to hide it. Sadness and happiness both can be seen on each other’s faces as we bade goodbye to the brothers at Jonah’s place. I can’t forget the tight hug that Brother Tito made – reluctantly letting you go, his eyes reddened with tears. Thanks so much to Brother Jojo Lobusta for teaching Brother Tito the “APO whistle”. It was fun watching Brother Tito sound that whistle with a nod and a wink! I miss you all my dear brothers. Brothers Cesar Frias, Alex Custodio, and Oliver Vergara, I am really honored to meet you all and I hope to see you again and let the experience remind you of what we are. It was one of the most memorable event and I felt sorry for all who missed it. Manang Linda, Brother Norie’s wife said: “This is the most alive and joyous Valentine Party that they had attended.” Lastly let us remind ourselves what brother Cesar Frias stressed in his word of wisdom – “Let unity be the main reason to keep the fraternity alive!”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><br /><div style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small; font-weight: 400;"></span></span></span></div></div><br /><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px;"><br /></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxznizA2ZbpJuQfiFBLwXBQ0N7Ohto175Zqn-yJfh0f3L1St5nTR5Lx_5Yoj7bxiWGw2uMSfl2BEpipwn99bJH6fFi0U074LZCz1ZYogZfca7JRj6H5QITZ308JqEZdNCMAwkl4KxNZFiJ/s1600/DSC01344.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxznizA2ZbpJuQfiFBLwXBQ0N7Ohto175Zqn-yJfh0f3L1St5nTR5Lx_5Yoj7bxiWGw2uMSfl2BEpipwn99bJH6fFi0U074LZCz1ZYogZfca7JRj6H5QITZ308JqEZdNCMAwkl4KxNZFiJ/w3043-h2282/DSC01344.JPG" width="3043" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnb3MWNIv1k1oDqhGw8nVZjsHuKjkaPPVBWvZ0C1KnolLLD43cji_03UXpjRzpeKJ7WLXq8I4f0cKQhpcJanyHfZYynpPKmMAwRxDrQ3i1BLS4TePwFn3wStEBVoCBHcjmBxRyL-zHcxts/s1600/DSCN0151.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="864" data-original-width="1600" height="1617" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnb3MWNIv1k1oDqhGw8nVZjsHuKjkaPPVBWvZ0C1KnolLLD43cji_03UXpjRzpeKJ7WLXq8I4f0cKQhpcJanyHfZYynpPKmMAwRxDrQ3i1BLS4TePwFn3wStEBVoCBHcjmBxRyL-zHcxts/w2995-h1617/DSCN0151.jpg" width="2995" /></b></span></a></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTBEdwfkI0w3R5BxCxqf2_qknhuuPp52F-oEoe5nAGs3cKPkdHNTncPRC4VngTvZj5zxlivieXLzoZX9b3_YL7m3-KI7MG2_tnOQg51Fq5LUas3elwHG_0j7QTmiAk9iza1_B4jI8Ucdgo/s1600/IMG_5757.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1148" data-original-width="1600" height="2008" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTBEdwfkI0w3R5BxCxqf2_qknhuuPp52F-oEoe5nAGs3cKPkdHNTncPRC4VngTvZj5zxlivieXLzoZX9b3_YL7m3-KI7MG2_tnOQg51Fq5LUas3elwHG_0j7QTmiAk9iza1_B4jI8Ucdgo/w2799-h2008/IMG_5757.JPG" width="2799" /></a></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEkpPSndkZqvc9vrPkxDMb0xtkI_cf1C1Nye8Gc5RhNPUTotd7yFNXVWNyF0ebOewm-rUVW199aJR0quXh0rxhnsWlyxjYx9LyxX5mIZVe99D6JPHa4aBvJTFxos_Jnp2HXNO4DPbNEn_7/s1600/IMG_5755.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1212" data-original-width="1600" height="2112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEkpPSndkZqvc9vrPkxDMb0xtkI_cf1C1Nye8Gc5RhNPUTotd7yFNXVWNyF0ebOewm-rUVW199aJR0quXh0rxhnsWlyxjYx9LyxX5mIZVe99D6JPHa4aBvJTFxos_Jnp2HXNO4DPbNEn_7/w2790-h2112/IMG_5755.JPG" width="2790" /></b></span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>HONORIO SAN PEDRO AND AUGIE CAPULONG, 48 YEARS LATER OUR BAY AREA </b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">CONTINGENT </b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">AT MELCHOR CAPILI' S WAKE </b></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>My uncle Melchor Martinez Capili (UP Prep High School '61 / BSEE, UP College of Engineering '67) passed away in San Francisco days ago. </b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>His high school friends include Renato Constantino Jr (cc: Marika B. Constantino) and Eddie Manalac. Kindly ask your friends to pray for the eternal repose of his soul.</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqvMxsc0KINfItOliFfYMwi-bxLsaOzeV-qOOWyG-4EBtg1fiNELxASzGczsJjgWtT17XmQC3zxlh02S1ig-qC-9_ZsZg1OZsY1MfXmR9sbKlaNodv_kM8dnh20b1lQq_UCpzx2Mb41V3k/s1600/IMG_5757.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1600" height="1662" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqvMxsc0KINfItOliFfYMwi-bxLsaOzeV-qOOWyG-4EBtg1fiNELxASzGczsJjgWtT17XmQC3zxlh02S1ig-qC-9_ZsZg1OZsY1MfXmR9sbKlaNodv_kM8dnh20b1lQq_UCpzx2Mb41V3k/w2863-h1662/IMG_5757.JPG" width="2863" /></b></span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES PREP 61 AT THE WAKE OF MELCHOR</b></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Destination San Francisco. "If you're going to San Francisco, be sure to wear some flowers in your hair...If you're going to San Francisco, Summertime will be a love-in there" We first arrived in San Francisco in the late 60's, enamored about the City, loved it and never left the place. I remember my first walk/day here in the US. The new country was a treat the culture did not surprise me as I was aware of the scenes from readings before, but then, mostly involved in search of a job. Funny, when we look back, we think, we squandered the times of our life when our hormones were in tune with our desires. I was single then, going to school in San Francisco and also at the California State University in Sacramento, during those days really experienced the happening, although a little bit subdued due to work in the day time. That song forever imprinted in my mind "San Francisco" it became an instant hit and quickly transcended its original purpose by popularizing an idealized image of San Francisco. As the memories flicker down the memory lane, I wish to live back in the sixties with the images of the hills over the bay frozen in time....</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJNjagahQg-aVPfqv8Y84R7D-TC7iApJnbj6_Nd38Gds8IeySh4MxuHdu-0KVhkO203d0cVoTjgCXvcn80zO0ro2SBiXjsKMY4FCO5D9P6UEjQUIfNaefzLPZ4ofmKuvZ6aCcwa3dLc1c-/s1600/Andrew%252Bfeb2013%252B032.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="902" data-original-width="1600" height="1593" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJNjagahQg-aVPfqv8Y84R7D-TC7iApJnbj6_Nd38Gds8IeySh4MxuHdu-0KVhkO203d0cVoTjgCXvcn80zO0ro2SBiXjsKMY4FCO5D9P6UEjQUIfNaefzLPZ4ofmKuvZ6aCcwa3dLc1c-/w2826-h1593/Andrew%252Bfeb2013%252B032.jpg" width="2826" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>ATOT TAN, DEO REYES, CARMELO MADRID, VALENZUELA COUPLE, ITS TAN, BELLA, ANDREW ANG, RC, TING & ED MANALAC, FRONT STANDING DUDI CONSTANTINO, LULU PABLO, ANGELITA PASAMBA , POL MORAL , VIUS, SEATED QUENTIN PASTRANA</b></span></div><p><br /></p><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: #539bcd; color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></b></span><br /><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black;"><img height="1662" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/_mQKFTqt6V64/SC9blBxOb4I/AAAAAAAAER8/CMJ4MnY-HOE/w2921-h1662/DSC00010%5B1%5D.JPG" width="2921" /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>J. GUZMAN, A. CAPULONG, CAP, RC, AC</b></span></div><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>FROM RC ANCIENT MEMORIES</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><br /><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Panciteria Moderna was the place to go for pancit miki and miki bihon</b></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"> already wrapped in their version of "tetra pak". Pancit bihon was the</span></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"></span></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"> specialty of Panciteria Wa Nam.</span></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"></span></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><span></span></span></b></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> <span style="background-color: black;">At Ma Mon Luk siopao was at 30 centavos; mami was at 70 centavos or 2</span></b></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span><span></span><span></span></span></b></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> pcs of siomai (large) with unlimited soup was at 30 centavos. So with</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><span></span><span></span></span></b></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2425" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ztc7Y6-WvMc" width="2918" youtube-src-id="Ztc7Y6-WvMc"></iframe></div> one peso busog ka na.</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"> </span></div><br /><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">The Shangri-la in the basement of Shelborne Hotel (at the back) was</div></span><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> the place to go for dates if you wanted a dark and cozy atmosphere.</div></span><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> The Embers (in Cubao) of Bert Nievera was also popular. The Black</div></span><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> Angel along Shaw Blvd near the corner of Kalentong in Mandaluyong was</div></span><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> a very good place to listen to soft music (e.g. Fleetwoods, etc) and</div></span><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> the lights were also quite low. With Php 30- 50 in your pocket you</div></span><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> were in pretty good shape for a date.</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> "Bakuran" was the in-thing at parties with "screening" from a friend</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> to assist you in getting a dance with a girl who was very sought</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> after.</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Wack-Wack, the Sky Room in Jai-Alai, the penthouse of the Rufino</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Bldg. as well as the penthouse of the Sarmiento Bldg right opposite it</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> were the favorite places for proms and balls. Sikat ang event if the</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Hi-Jacks; the Electromaniacs or the Technicolors was the "combo"</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> playing. Alta Vista along Roxas Blvd. was the favorite place for</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> wedding receptions at Php8.50 per cover!</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> PLDT telephone numbers were five digits and you used your index finger</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> to dial a number one at a time.</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> If you remember all these things, you're history in great company and</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> I dare say, happy to be.</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Since the writer was fleeting between two generations (60's-70"s), you</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> party goers surely remember the Dyna Souls (dubbed the Beatles of the</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Philippines) , The Tilt Down Men (The Sotto brothers, Tito & Val,</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> favored the Dave Clark 5) Jaime Jose & the Deltas* (remember Maggie</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Dela Riva?) What about gate crashing a "Tipar" (for party) and the</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> ensuing rumble between feuding barkadas: The Havocs, Combat, &</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Exotics, meron pang kanya-kanyang busina (car honking IDs).</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Remember BMI (Baguio Military Institute)? That school was a dumping</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> ground for kicked out students from Manila and kids that needed</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> discipline. Let us not forget ang mga taga "Baste" (San Sebastian).</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Ang daming siga noong araw.</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Sure you remember playing Pelota... And drag racing along Ortigas and</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> behind Meralco..</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2541" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_91hU6LDjoA" width="3056" youtube-src-id="_91hU6LDjoA"></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Sikat ka sa barkada kung may "syota" (girl friend) kang "Colegiala"</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> (Assumption, STC, St. Scho, Maryknoll, Holy Spirit; and the other</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> schools - St. Paul's, St. Joseph, Centro Escolar ). As proof, you</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> should be wearing her high school ring in your pinkie finger...And</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> dapat karta 9 ...You probably took her out to the Butterfly (at UP) to</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> listen to folk songs and sip Butterfly Iced Tea.</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> Did you get to date a "chick" from Brent (Baguio) and IS (Makati)?</div></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Of course you should have enough cash for the gaso (gas), tsibog</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> (food/dinner) , cover charge/drinks at the Flame or Rino's, konting</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> damo, and for the finale, enough datong (cash) para sa "biglang liko".</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Or kung gipit for cash, park at the huge lot of Folk Arts and just do</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> it in the car...Kaya lang dapat may "Tapwe" (Singkuwenta pesos) pang</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> lagay sa parak (police), and a handy calling card of a military</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> officer with a hand written note in the back that "you should be</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> given utmost courtesy"... .jeesh...</div></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Then in the late 70's early 80's came the CB radio phenomenon.. Tibs</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> on Makati Ave. for beer and happy hour at the Manila Garden; always</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> overflowing with beer and chicken wings...Tapos masahe sa Imperial</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Palace or Maalikaya... To cap the night, a stop at Birds of the Same</div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"> Feather for smooth jazz courtesy of Eddie Katindig.</div></span></span><div style="background-color: black;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> Tapos you get to do it all over again the following day.</div></span></b></span></div><p><img border="0" height="2258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-JnJHgi4AyTHf3LT_JEG738BryYgFl8n1mdv6dMpwOdcVqdtyDwOEW_mkpz2pL61XfTpSgrKVG4cMYY5ZLtRpiz0TFId8Yf-59eNmJTsDkyv3TIsrjFx1hX3OtFubwpIZkxjQ6bENYUJi/w3010-h2258/Image+1.jpeg" width="3010" /> </p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">MONTALBAN, FOJAS, CAROL CORPUS, JOSE ACEVEDO , RC</b></span></p><p><img border="0" height="1394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguBhtY-6Ig-c6NQ_htseR5dySiVCu0S9TIv4eCuDA2AyO2Bu3p2FaI30VadS1k8WCQDJErnaxyV5F3PWZ2ZrFn4WwfohvH1F7JN4daF0fnaOjWFyiKp8zVbkj3sJIHdZUa6Cjjzn2Wk-lO/w1858-h1394/IMG_0295+TRIO+PONG.JPG" width="1858" /></p><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGMCaWuXj2Ko9wqEq10FhakWGmabgkBVrRWP4tl4C8dTl3il7CiCO4pVdf9hEYM9Ju6ftGV4UfrybuzqFsOZ0isNlRf9c5m8hS5Xauozb7vr2GbQb3Zya609zpWbcJhAa_ghWcMMOzX8F3/s1600/UP+Prep+Diamond+Anniversary.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="1490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGMCaWuXj2Ko9wqEq10FhakWGmabgkBVrRWP4tl4C8dTl3il7CiCO4pVdf9hEYM9Ju6ftGV4UfrybuzqFsOZ0isNlRf9c5m8hS5Xauozb7vr2GbQb3Zya609zpWbcJhAa_ghWcMMOzX8F3/w2648-h1490/UP+Prep+Diamond+Anniversary.jpg" width="2648" /></a></div></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /></span></div></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">When we were young, we were in a hurry to grow up</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The future a dream and now the reality</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">These were icons of our mind as kids</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Now we know and we have learned</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Tomorrow, the tomorrow is uncertain</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">With unknown script</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">You don't know how</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Life can bring it</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Because everything is passing</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">And what will happen tomorrow</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Nobody knows.</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Now that our wish came true</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">To become adults, our life is complete</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Time is not enough for our dreams anymore</b></span><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Our childhood is gone…</b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_kktRzrjIqynps3RTfIB5Lglq65ej-76DlmDpK6WIuWH1C5_4Y_-kj6S1WN4YoNCQ5823ywI4CAmeTO9c8zz8hl1Fk9WMn4koo8nHSsd8OvCOXscbu_aRAB7Aogoc7GBKHuDdd5jtsYBr/s1600/IMG_9482.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1082" data-original-width="1600" height="1873" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_kktRzrjIqynps3RTfIB5Lglq65ej-76DlmDpK6WIuWH1C5_4Y_-kj6S1WN4YoNCQ5823ywI4CAmeTO9c8zz8hl1Fk9WMn4koo8nHSsd8OvCOXscbu_aRAB7Aogoc7GBKHuDdd5jtsYBr/w2770-h1873/IMG_9482.JPG" width="2770" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Captain's Table, opposite us Judith and Wayne my warm immediate friends</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><br /></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><br /></div></span></div><div><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR39MgXdcgo3jZui0bhdck3vaDQ6RzhRxl4ycgU_80oRjTLhCqWThFbgQjpOXSCPzRM8oKx20kUUDh63tpbWk-qYbePW9PtAfw7W2ySTduheIDLPYxuUpr_79JqnYwp8lJvxDq9o5M9eI/w2854-h2142/IMG_1350.JPG" style="color: #0000ee; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: center;" width="2854" /></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBxG2xdO31dk61E2V9c8gZFKq0oySVXhwzbAIM7N5NZ47hCAK9pv9xjIXqdjHl1wZAzS2yIkwrnAs_S5XaJCJxRuaHzZCwDdvBz57hgyqQY8DtwLbyJ_HE6WG9kh_UIS_oV3W3VzafA22G/s1600/DSC01353.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBxG2xdO31dk61E2V9c8gZFKq0oySVXhwzbAIM7N5NZ47hCAK9pv9xjIXqdjHl1wZAzS2yIkwrnAs_S5XaJCJxRuaHzZCwDdvBz57hgyqQY8DtwLbyJ_HE6WG9kh_UIS_oV3W3VzafA22G/w2844-h2133/DSC01353.JPG" width="2844" /></a></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWIukRuoUDUsZYWQ-P9P0SOAgffrn5xq8J_EV3NJFwxKdJkVYFQt3zgeuL3XsB3ZZjKws080JHKcOQQiw63uJYite9dXfOA6tjGH7hps5JcD8BVbgy4HtgqFIouzINZKR7dkLvqWDnHzS8/s1600/DSC_7833.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1064" data-original-width="1600" height="1892" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWIukRuoUDUsZYWQ-P9P0SOAgffrn5xq8J_EV3NJFwxKdJkVYFQt3zgeuL3XsB3ZZjKws080JHKcOQQiw63uJYite9dXfOA6tjGH7hps5JcD8BVbgy4HtgqFIouzINZKR7dkLvqWDnHzS8/w2845-h1892/DSC_7833.JPG" width="2845" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>RIP AMADO SANTOS</b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2403" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lSUag8iobcA" width="2888" youtube-src-id="lSUag8iobcA"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCE-3dwnkT_2fEqx60dHU0mEEKm4Hx3yvnXZITIjIL8ZwUrT2QpGBm40bRNpnAgEzi6XWOIZnxqAUKkUjFTRDPXiLwe4CVH-JPrH_aiJsec9mfclJ9ehArfAz-Ks-Ws3hsH88DAt6EjKba/s1600/Joey+Dodie+Paul+Babe.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1600" height="1930" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCE-3dwnkT_2fEqx60dHU0mEEKm4Hx3yvnXZITIjIL8ZwUrT2QpGBm40bRNpnAgEzi6XWOIZnxqAUKkUjFTRDPXiLwe4CVH-JPrH_aiJsec9mfclJ9ehArfAz-Ks-Ws3hsH88DAt6EjKba/w2891-h1930/Joey+Dodie+Paul+Babe.JPG" width="2891" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Amado Punzalang is the virtuoso on the piano. He resides in New Jersey. He plays sa simbahan. Paul Montalban and Vivian are musicians as well. Did you know that Paolo Montalban (Cinderella actor, partner of Brandy) is the son of Paul? A handful of our 61 classmates live in the West Coast as listed: Jose Guzman, Honorio San Pedro, Erlinda Ramos, Victoria Tolentino, Jose Buenaventura, Amado Santos, Ernesto Tan Gatue, Edgardo Silverio, Milagros Suva, Lilac Umali, Evelyn Fontanilla, Sister Elsa Sevilla, Josefino Quiambao, Dolores Vergara, Melchor Capili, Augusto Capulong etc. Carol Corpus, Paul M., Amado Punzalang, Nilda Fulgencio reside in the East Coast. Vilma Bala, Ping Fargas, Macrina de Leon etc. nasa Toronto. naman. Nelia Gonzales nasa Richmond, BC, Canada naman. George Olivar passed away three months ago. Jose Sason & Jose Pecache passed on too.....a few years back</span></b></span></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Dear Amado,</b></span></span></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Since you are the piano virtuoso among the classmates, here is a collection of concert grands including the Bosendorfer that you admire and wish to play. Take care and Click below......</b></div></b></span></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></span></div><ul class="posts" style="border-width: 0px; line-height: 1.2; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -15px;"><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-width: 0px; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://eramusic.blogspot.com/2017/02/the-concert-grand-pianos.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">THE CONCERT GRAND PIANOS</a></b></span></li><li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-width: 0px; list-style: outside none none; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding: 0.25em 0px 0.25em 1.3em; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>God Bless, ASC</b></span></li></ul><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRoGIz4WJ7xSlFGUnGjyVh2_LyFwsGkqo-LA-eGBwIeTiDOc8-EfakS7g9N7cY5cd3roACl5oMh0YFNuIZtYFmf-m0zhxoyNi12n_tRk0y7HjrErJ98vb18_S7Jektd6G8CevoGDPo6ay7/s1600/tn5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1600" height="1914" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRoGIz4WJ7xSlFGUnGjyVh2_LyFwsGkqo-LA-eGBwIeTiDOc8-EfakS7g9N7cY5cd3roACl5oMh0YFNuIZtYFmf-m0zhxoyNi12n_tRk0y7HjrErJ98vb18_S7Jektd6G8CevoGDPo6ay7/w2867-h1914/tn5.jpg" width="2867" /></a></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em; word-break: break-word;"><tbody style="line-height: 1.22em;"><tr style="line-height: 1.22em;"><td style="font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit;" valign="top"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-E8I5eYIdhRAmZh6Q61PsKU8nQFisiPiAetSHiHAY959lUAK8yDGqo205tmoKOiTlcyuZAvUD9jOINWbciisPU3_9_dhNCEfAZR_rMYL6ewhHVYTuVgPN1X9HSJd8tB36E77PCXP_RcxE/s1600/UP+mini.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-E8I5eYIdhRAmZh6Q61PsKU8nQFisiPiAetSHiHAY959lUAK8yDGqo205tmoKOiTlcyuZAvUD9jOINWbciisPU3_9_dhNCEfAZR_rMYL6ewhHVYTuVgPN1X9HSJd8tB36E77PCXP_RcxE/w2939-h2203/UP+mini.JPG" width="2939" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; 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color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO7rk8fv9KVEcaJFhnHVexk1Ia8YUxvtkWtWLjriOTRzoyT2Y6PamnU5qlH2_PAPIEAKt3QLoeJUUl1Gls9N9kBYOXhfq5RFGnD59hDiF-uyR4tk_HSt8VK2ihN4h3asXUqWI5zH2m1mTH/s1600/DSCN1290.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2536" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO7rk8fv9KVEcaJFhnHVexk1Ia8YUxvtkWtWLjriOTRzoyT2Y6PamnU5qlH2_PAPIEAKt3QLoeJUUl1Gls9N9kBYOXhfq5RFGnD59hDiF-uyR4tk_HSt8VK2ihN4h3asXUqWI5zH2m1mTH/w3381-h2536/DSCN1290.JPG" width="3381" /></b></span></a></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBX1351uki5ZwzyWp4gqfA3tsP4xNT7shGTgm0RymDukz5kK2N49Meu0UGQsFU5R_DqVlMqDW3tMXtqyl1MafAL3OvrKI-o7V8UPbiblMBU_4pQXZ54HJ9WEZc6kr6pnlAPMYPcZEl0rJf/s1600/III-Champaca.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="893" data-original-width="1600" height="1888" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBX1351uki5ZwzyWp4gqfA3tsP4xNT7shGTgm0RymDukz5kK2N49Meu0UGQsFU5R_DqVlMqDW3tMXtqyl1MafAL3OvrKI-o7V8UPbiblMBU_4pQXZ54HJ9WEZc6kr6pnlAPMYPcZEl0rJf/w3386-h1888/III-Champaca.jpg" width="3386" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKCn67XDClGgXAQt5BomuvKayt8WHOlXAgrzgK0f2KkcQztBIDyR99YcyQZMMOR18zf285U-1FcSd5cIgzZw4LtzBX2x-mGt_kk0x905-sdayzppeJTc01Na1uPjxRzvGoqZOvl0pNH3bU/s1600/Baguio%252BTour%252B1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1172" data-original-width="1600" height="2143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKCn67XDClGgXAQt5BomuvKayt8WHOlXAgrzgK0f2KkcQztBIDyR99YcyQZMMOR18zf285U-1FcSd5cIgzZw4LtzBX2x-mGt_kk0x905-sdayzppeJTc01Na1uPjxRzvGoqZOvl0pNH3bU/w2925-h2143/Baguio%252BTour%252B1.jpg" width="2925" /></a></div><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Our Field trips to Bagiuo: The University of the Philippines made this field trips available to the student body under the supervision of Mr. Rubio. I remember our trips to Bagiuo and Bicol by train. The later, I was not able to avail. students start the term with a trip to various High Schools, either to a resort, an American base, or towns in Luzon. School life is also enriched by additional field trips to such places important to the nation’s infrastructure, like dams, markets, military base and institutions like PMA. BURNHAM PARK Bagiuo below photos</span></strong><br /><br /><br /><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Burnham Park, where we rented roller skates, and then, shared one of these tricycles with an upper class junior. I held both her hands, no names please, a boyish romantic encounter. Surely an unforgettable Chance Encounter for a boy of 13, as she shifted towards me. We cuddled and continued to ride in the cool afternoon fog.</b></span></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><br /></div></b></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinC-3NYE_MbMCmZzy-oqqN6U-7PHbjB28kkhM__vFM9aU_ttsy_J6utUgVh2n7eMjoeNjxuL_iH6IpNhN16EX18aumo5XatbwaE2bavGSOMz1rRkM4tDQ3VYP25UVBSibSgjTYA3_VDrXE/s1600/I-Everlasting.jpg" style="background-color: black; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="956" data-original-width="1600" height="1896" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinC-3NYE_MbMCmZzy-oqqN6U-7PHbjB28kkhM__vFM9aU_ttsy_J6utUgVh2n7eMjoeNjxuL_iH6IpNhN16EX18aumo5XatbwaE2bavGSOMz1rRkM4tDQ3VYP25UVBSibSgjTYA3_VDrXE/w3175-h1896/I-Everlasting.jpg" width="3175" /></span></a></div><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">1st row: Manuel Edralin,Wilfredo de Leon,Cynthia Cuevas,Eldora Bella,Nilda Fulgencio, Araceli Cruz (?),Lourdes Gacad,Rosalita Vizconde,Melanie Villanueva,Lilia Laqui,Frine Bautista, Rosalinda Roa Edgardo Cruz</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">2nd row: Roma Clemente,Roberto San Juan, Oscar Recto, Milagros Suva, Lilac Umali, Elizabeth Stuart, Melind Caparas, Erlinda Ramos, Lourdes Balderrama,Bilma Bala,Roberto Roa,Romeo Fojas</b></span><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">3rd row:Romeo Miclat,Paul Montalban,Virgilio Vergara,Jose Acevedo,Jose Fargas,Amado Santos,Philip Kastner,Jesus Ching, Melchor Capili, Pascual Veron Cruz, Eduardo Maglaque and Rodnel Javier</b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtaaBol_Hhv86MVlplqQ0gtrdt4QKKUi_0G0F3P-OEXYKHfcBqrcJUMi5rTyByC_EAJ2mzfrzlJx6scf3P5LqR76LX8cuSfcHRofeeK9j6V9mNVcSGKV73UPuXnOugjIXMgZdTeTTBb9cfRqk3sMdAQulc0v2x4lJtXIyYjADH1CzzZYQsMDq8he_yHMc/s4032/Class%2061%20IMG_2328.JPG" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="2192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtaaBol_Hhv86MVlplqQ0gtrdt4QKKUi_0G0F3P-OEXYKHfcBqrcJUMi5rTyByC_EAJ2mzfrzlJx6scf3P5LqR76LX8cuSfcHRofeeK9j6V9mNVcSGKV73UPuXnOugjIXMgZdTeTTBb9cfRqk3sMdAQulc0v2x4lJtXIyYjADH1CzzZYQsMDq8he_yHMc/w2921-h2192/Class%2061%20IMG_2328.JPG" width="2921" /></a></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-b-t5F7oEpuz1Q0pYKDikREIBt7HIpRx3lOkWJp5fMZVyw1o6BHrLeyuLhtSZUJGaVkb5kj0tesOC7CtNy-1Jpw7-jJ54lGl0nj_ZDbeptJpam2p6RDxte_WkaDMp7sXaS-3vSca1m1Sg/s1600/mje-01.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="814" data-original-width="1600" height="1593" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-b-t5F7oEpuz1Q0pYKDikREIBt7HIpRx3lOkWJp5fMZVyw1o6BHrLeyuLhtSZUJGaVkb5kj0tesOC7CtNy-1Jpw7-jJ54lGl0nj_ZDbeptJpam2p6RDxte_WkaDMp7sXaS-3vSca1m1Sg/w3135-h1593/mje-01.jpg" width="3135" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWmkic1h3mmoqTJAfKq-qVY-bAZkgJ8YHxa3kY_etBe4_ghxCY0vwhwHf1A2j8oE8J8twTq7xj9U4EK7i4t5o94Bfz-aXIaQ42AI2FAxN7vpP5EGP3cvBkqomD0YByPbapz1CgczQq3W7h/s1600/mje-01.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="655" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWmkic1h3mmoqTJAfKq-qVY-bAZkgJ8YHxa3kY_etBe4_ghxCY0vwhwHf1A2j8oE8J8twTq7xj9U4EK7i4t5o94Bfz-aXIaQ42AI2FAxN7vpP5EGP3cvBkqomD0YByPbapz1CgczQq3W7h/s1600/mje-01.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyeyTpiFdDB_NV-rRKRnN77ZGIw4jjZFPlotAjmencbwg8mbxK7y6GRXpBXL21ZU_2AKTA0_qCkQhWxvNVTC5ubaC6tBkm92rDrCgjeHBFG44zhPi2aGwUgsOMp_-ABAwCksTE-m7Qh6E0/s1600/II-Camia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="983" data-original-width="1600" height="1794" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyeyTpiFdDB_NV-rRKRnN77ZGIw4jjZFPlotAjmencbwg8mbxK7y6GRXpBXL21ZU_2AKTA0_qCkQhWxvNVTC5ubaC6tBkm92rDrCgjeHBFG44zhPi2aGwUgsOMp_-ABAwCksTE-m7Qh6E0/w2922-h1794/II-Camia.jpg" width="2922" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeh3CbkcPJnKbsOAGkkPdN3sEV8s-as5csrw1Tcyc_Jb3hbJQrALwS_jGY2XwP86G1vEJsydlBrPyoPUsPcu3Bk8tcoVg1SkO1jF6TWiwvLsoF_OBN385723pjxrJzU8Up_7m1OfYU-JVj/s1600/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="910" data-original-width="1600" height="1663" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeh3CbkcPJnKbsOAGkkPdN3sEV8s-as5csrw1Tcyc_Jb3hbJQrALwS_jGY2XwP86G1vEJsydlBrPyoPUsPcu3Bk8tcoVg1SkO1jF6TWiwvLsoF_OBN385723pjxrJzU8Up_7m1OfYU-JVj/w2927-h1663/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" width="2927" /></a></div><br /><br /><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">1960: I became aware of my heritage in my junior year at UP Prep and began preparation for my appointment as a cadet of the PMA at Fort Del Pilar. This was a period in my teen years that I remember fondly, memories in my High School, of the hectic days, dashing thru the corridors catching my schedule of classes at Rizal Hall. I recall my bag loaded with books, eager, wide eyed, and quick to learn the tenets of math, the arts and sciences. I remember past friends and stormy situations that most teenagers weathered through. As in life surviving the unspoken pecking order among bigger classmates and the so called in crowd was the rule. That lone wolf streak that kept me apart, which peers seemed to see as a weakness was a measure of heritage that set me off from the current teenage precepts of the day. Later, when of age and after further studies, having ever spurred curiosity, whetted my appetite for a life of adventure, of soldiering and foreign lands. </b></span></span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHl2IXihmdu622ksZfWEEbTCboqo8cGqOeocP-suvpCCu4awaYe4WlWuBEu92-_Iem-8kXxzGe0HlIEezXcGGeJ1W76TC2dIkwgw9c8JpteQseyEqDdoD4WLycx_em-Hgb-rW2a_Lp2n_0/s1600/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="906" data-original-width="1600" height="1627" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHl2IXihmdu622ksZfWEEbTCboqo8cGqOeocP-suvpCCu4awaYe4WlWuBEu92-_Iem-8kXxzGe0HlIEezXcGGeJ1W76TC2dIkwgw9c8JpteQseyEqDdoD4WLycx_em-Hgb-rW2a_Lp2n_0/w2873-h1627/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" width="2873" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzE83YUSfLeQfDK9BR0Vay1CxyJFoJFSJWKEHuTwo1tbErpEBT63gtikDs5MO9jlZU3otqzRaxz5LFLmxM8iS80w-ArignE10Jm6G3FYfdRYtwRIXr43NVvsYguNb6CjzSVgU3xOD-iqOb/s1600/Class%25252061%252520-%2525202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="956" data-original-width="1600" height="1701" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzE83YUSfLeQfDK9BR0Vay1CxyJFoJFSJWKEHuTwo1tbErpEBT63gtikDs5MO9jlZU3otqzRaxz5LFLmxM8iS80w-ArignE10Jm6G3FYfdRYtwRIXr43NVvsYguNb6CjzSVgU3xOD-iqOb/w2851-h1701/Class%25252061%252520-%2525202.jpg" width="2851" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">BOTH OF THIS PHOTO ONE THIRD (13) DEPARTED TO ANOTHER DIMENSION BEGINNING WITH MISS GALANG, NICK PELAEZ, JOSE QUIAMBAO..MELCHOR CAPILI..MAMERTO MADELA...NESTOR RIVADELO...EVANGELINE GABRIEL...</span></b></div><b style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">MANUEL EDRALIN....CARLOS GARCIA...ERNESTO VILLAREAL, HECTOR LUMBERIO</span></b></div></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL08SqZrizp7RdzIQMshMF4rsP0sPaeVtCPuqWXw6Kc_rJHSdD2bSjTSwfZpJsp1bh7awDQpzwC3r3AkIyjOSrsNusjzh3jAt8QjLJfBhRnF2yYzhHaec45MhmdVOcTzaQUXNbzpdsyEC0/s1600/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1038" data-original-width="1600" height="1851" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL08SqZrizp7RdzIQMshMF4rsP0sPaeVtCPuqWXw6Kc_rJHSdD2bSjTSwfZpJsp1bh7awDQpzwC3r3AkIyjOSrsNusjzh3jAt8QjLJfBhRnF2yYzhHaec45MhmdVOcTzaQUXNbzpdsyEC0/w2853-h1851/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" width="2853" /></span></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs9hAKUcZZxNOVSktrLktSga2U1g3w2rJQyQWv8Dbzau22FJ5BpWajjL03W2j3rle5JoCLX69WAJghTVGIsX1EKtXHLHoTFrd1BpxFcywWXS38RJsP6qAcsonVdr_4Z90e5-2gFvfHATmw/s1600/IMG_1487.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1505" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs9hAKUcZZxNOVSktrLktSga2U1g3w2rJQyQWv8Dbzau22FJ5BpWajjL03W2j3rle5JoCLX69WAJghTVGIsX1EKtXHLHoTFrd1BpxFcywWXS38RJsP6qAcsonVdr_4Z90e5-2gFvfHATmw/s1600/IMG_1487.JPG" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><div><b style="color: orange;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Hello Cap and Helen, Alex and Marissa,</span></b></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Maraming salamat! Kahit aanim lang tayo, (Si Augie and Violet missing-in-action and much missed) masaya at busog na busog kami sa</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span><br /><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">ating salu-salo. Pati ang mga anak namin, sina Karmina at Noel, walang katapusang rave sa ginisang munggo ni Helen at yung broiled</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span><br /><div style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">catfish niya (to die for talaga ang sarap!!!).</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Thanks Alex for the many tips o various matters and MARISSA! for the beautiful music. Ang galing-galing mo palang mag-piano. And Helen, your shopping tips are invaluable. I will really take you up on your offer na sa next</span></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">tagpuan natin, e, sa city na tayo magkita. PERO, kailangan pagdating ninyo sa Pilipinas, (sa Marso, alam ko,nandito kayo) bigyan naman ninyo kami ng isang araw para kami naman ang mag-host ng mini sa inyo.</span></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Pasusundo namin kayo sa Morong. Ayan, wala na kayong excuse. Let us know when you are back in the Pilipinas Islands so we can schedule it.</span></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Again, our thanks to all of you. Helen, mamaya ko na ipadadala ko yung galing kay Karmina. Mag lalast day labas muna kami nila RC, Noel</span></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">and Karmina. Of course, kaladkad namin ang mga bata.</span></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;">Dudi and RC</span></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><p><img border="0" height="2095" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv60YOj9PcUzD68khu5PvUj_uirCfkY1kafsRQ9vVa5OjLzBO-6jGnNVxYxfY7Lv-PJWKsociMugbzFO2dLcBh50Lld32fhheJ8dG4g-4B-zoE25RT8pmV9-OYsm5hbRBE5QD4q7Q5Q7H0/w2796-h2095/DSC00007+dudi+and+me.JPG" width="2796" /><br /><img border="0" height="2099" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8aI42KB7v5CibgprA3J-R0wnY8_AsdGB5PbfLI8CqimPc7YYMVVif_WjRIp1uY4nQaIQRNHB0TpbeYxMQxHzkcfxWBMdsiRoI9zb1vdDS3N0zKDKBZgP4MQeCTNXZFg_gqYMEuBPqPzTa/w2798-h2099/DSC00009+the+class+in+vallejo.JPG" width="2798" /></p><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>After a terrific night in Vallejo, Dudi and I just got up after lazing </b></span></span></span><div style="display: inline;"><span><span><b style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">away in bed practically the whole morning recollecting accounts of the </b></span></span></div></span><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">night.</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Thanks to Cap and his gracious wife Helen for organizing and hosting <b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>the mini. It was great to see you guys once again. It was fun!!</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b></b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>After 47 years we finally meet up with Alex and his lovely wife <b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Marissa. And to think they were living only three blocks away from </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b></b><b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Cap up to about 3 years ago! It really takes a mini to reconnect.</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b></b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Pol: Alex should be your friend (now!) he has just lost some 20 <b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><b>pounds and is now a slimmer 204 pounds! Not the same size as in Prep!</b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><b></b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Hehehe.</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Thanks to Joe for driving all the way from Dublin. Missed Mayette.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Thanks to Augie and Violet for finally finding Cap's house while <b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>avoiding launching divorce proceedings on the way.</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b></b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The food and the wine AND the company makes me fully support the plan <b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b><b></b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b><b>to organize a reunion as soon as possible. A cruise would be an </b></b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b><b></b></b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b></b><b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>excellent opportunity to bond once more. Remember we're all in the </b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b></b><b></b></b></span><br /><div style="display: inline;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>"pre-departure lounge."</b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b></b></b></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr6Z3_Kbw-wVFH5WbYGdShEuffYwdrsYUSMpybEfpekl3oJZ5j9KBP0F4B9WPBOC714GNa8gMdjbxFAksJC0PyBJ7dlBWYf8PNHzN2nLs6J4hqBwPCjszlQ1PIytFMXZ5NLE8w2nUYW_KQ/s1600/Jose.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1064" data-original-width="1600" height="2081" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr6Z3_Kbw-wVFH5WbYGdShEuffYwdrsYUSMpybEfpekl3oJZ5j9KBP0F4B9WPBOC714GNa8gMdjbxFAksJC0PyBJ7dlBWYf8PNHzN2nLs6J4hqBwPCjszlQ1PIytFMXZ5NLE8w2nUYW_KQ/w3130-h2081/Jose.jpg" width="3130" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm27xjkITpdIs223JRpHFxcXC3V-TW-XsNfvazUjyO-SDnEXl0SeBbL5LRUIf4E1pMXF_lTupS8bc5ZxamigdpRsfNZBj9sCBLfLb0qWn6MmnR2HenDeEIR9qdHPACr-lPQY0c8V4nW9vp/s1600/Class%25252061%252520-%2525202.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="883" data-original-width="1600" height="1728" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm27xjkITpdIs223JRpHFxcXC3V-TW-XsNfvazUjyO-SDnEXl0SeBbL5LRUIf4E1pMXF_lTupS8bc5ZxamigdpRsfNZBj9sCBLfLb0qWn6MmnR2HenDeEIR9qdHPACr-lPQY0c8V4nW9vp/w3134-h1728/Class%25252061%252520-%2525202.jpg" width="3134" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">LEFT TO RIGHT, FRONT ROW: FRINE BAUTISTA, LILIA LAQUI, EVA FAROLAN, SEVILLA, FONTANILLA, N. GALANG, 2ND ROW, NICK PELAEZ, ALEX C, JOSE QUIAMBAO, J. GUZMAN, SALVADOR, MELCHOR CAPILI, 3RD ROW: P. VILLAVICENCIO, GODOFREDO ALARAS, ROGELIO CUEVAS, MANUEL MEDINA, MAMERTO MADELA, NESTOR RIVADELO</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><img border="0" height="2627" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrTCERS9F4-8Ayg6OiVr1_3Ixj-pARXY_cAc_pSeJOfkVJ2TYqR-CAPUK3NznPfBB4iEuxEWKLgscSuYBalQCbUwrJ9geDINtEeFf6c3JXoVUBj5WXHdBd9-YlGLwRCMyXI2k0j8HHqlC1/w2627-h2627/photo%252B10.jpg" width="2627" /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>STANDING: EVA FAROLAN, MACRINA DE LEON, SITTING: NEL MENDOZA, HEDY, 50 YEARS LATER BELOW</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigZ_0DXeoWFm-jcFudIAg1YZkh-0ye5xao1SGWNPQKKkM3cSGjDObxARNdB_3efa7urba4YoAI4e6K8pDnqErgv2EQTPJDntZ9wxPt2yD5yXPY4Bs66OOQ1RCNaXxaSsdfFTS2RyPMmdrcUccyi4qi9BZ-VYSLtMaDaoAbshGBTaSu9g9jPxzxEVEcrNc/s799/photo+1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="799" height="2320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigZ_0DXeoWFm-jcFudIAg1YZkh-0ye5xao1SGWNPQKKkM3cSGjDObxARNdB_3efa7urba4YoAI4e6K8pDnqErgv2EQTPJDntZ9wxPt2yD5yXPY4Bs66OOQ1RCNaXxaSsdfFTS2RyPMmdrcUccyi4qi9BZ-VYSLtMaDaoAbshGBTaSu9g9jPxzxEVEcrNc/w2946-h2320/photo+1.jpg" width="2946" /></a></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKy1LPh0TVceREFX406gvVs4-qJLXDjeJKAzRPKmPQfiIRTXEhXn0cr57F8oO0RFh62hu2oeZrvmH9fnBpP6lRfG9yqFW1te_eAhDTWf4xclnWBnZBDks7wec7nKUW4tm5KGYv5QMnoWkO/s1600/photo%252B20.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="799" height="1941" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKy1LPh0TVceREFX406gvVs4-qJLXDjeJKAzRPKmPQfiIRTXEhXn0cr57F8oO0RFh62hu2oeZrvmH9fnBpP6lRfG9yqFW1te_eAhDTWf4xclnWBnZBDks7wec7nKUW4tm5KGYv5QMnoWkO/w2599-h1941/photo%252B20.jpg" width="2599" /></b></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Wc-fviUsFsmNlPe2_ARnUZq55nHGrLXDjiNr-wfeMtnUqnH5rDZHE0KWyer96l-FRFWWs3oAwQJr_7pkt3lFCTYuZ8EgnN066NX8iGRLCL9DJ25qeVD3hbOZ5d8r9IAfqAHpNQxMo0ZS/s1600/scan0003.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1120" data-original-width="1600" height="1909" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Wc-fviUsFsmNlPe2_ARnUZq55nHGrLXDjiNr-wfeMtnUqnH5rDZHE0KWyer96l-FRFWWs3oAwQJr_7pkt3lFCTYuZ8EgnN066NX8iGRLCL9DJ25qeVD3hbOZ5d8r9IAfqAHpNQxMo0ZS/w2727-h1909/scan0003.jpg" width="2727" /></a></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>LEFT TO RIGHT: FARGAS, HERBOSA, DE LEON, VERON CRUZ, SILVERIO, RIVADELO, TANGATUE, CAPULONG</b></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br />The University of the Philippines made this field trips available to the student body under the supervision of Mr. Rubio. I remember our trips to Bagiuo and Bicol by train. The later, I was not able to avail. students start the term with a trip to various High Schools, either to a resort, an American base, or towns in Luzon. School life is also enriched by additional field trips to such places important to the nation’s infrastructure, like dams, markets, military base and institutions like PMA. </b></div></span></div></span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="color: black; text-align: justify; width: 939px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="599"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 600px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="289"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 699px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="699"> <br /><a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo/69745275"></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Baguio Market</strong></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td valign="top" width="311"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 499px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div><div><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><img alt="photo" height="1705" src="http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5229/5653227260_902a60f964_z.jpg" width="2749" /></b></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="color: #ff8000;"><h3 style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">Market place, Baguio, <strong>Pines Hotel where we</strong></span></h3><h3 style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong> stayed for two nights</strong></span></h3><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></span><br style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;" /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a></b></span></span><br style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;" /><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">View of the Bagiuo Cathedral from my PATRIA hotel room located adjacent to Pines Hotel.<strong><img height="2067" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3660/3394066934_c15376fd81_z.jpg" width="2839" /></strong></span></span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: center;"></div></span></b></span></span></div><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:7ad15fdb-0015-41dc-9564-15b29edd0d49" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="a72baa72-37c6-4d08-809a-07f45892b248" style="display: inline; 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margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="690" data-original-width="1024" height="2018" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrMQpItwl2CFP-kMIH7JDdmKI0rTJZ-E76zwwAPK0gBwSE7y3hppYbd3ElkJTAUBqBigduY3gRVmfL5-NfaycQ4gIdvD_xTF06f0K6Xk6ZWgOQTIjZUlisPNJVJSc0B-KisjmekmmLZ20FJpEfVPHWH9vqoTH00hC-zDjaYsrx9K0sYrFfBeVjWs_yoZ0/w2987-h2018/PICT0003-ANIMATION.gif" width="2987" /></a></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><br />MY ARTS TEACHER MS Viduya_Marita</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 22.5px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 22.5px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br />.</span></div></b></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /><span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br style="background-color: #539bcd; font-size: 13px; text-align: center;" /><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:f24428fc-f6c2-4c2e-8962-2b3486e4afb5" style="background-color: #539bcd; display: inline; float: none; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"></span></span></div></span></span><span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></span></b><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 713px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="479"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span><span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span><br /><span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></span></b></td><td valign="top" width="232"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /><br /><br /><img alt="No photo description available." class="x1bwycvy x193iq5w x4fas0m x19kjcj4" data-visualcompletion="media-vc-image" height="731" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://scontent-iad3-2.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.18169-9/427975_236287033124512_594827921_n.jpg?_nc_cat=103&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=cdbe9c&_nc_ohc=pWGmgMwWU8AAX8aMAwX&_nc_ht=scontent-iad3-2.xx&oh=00_AfCVofmSgsHdwH7X2yWSUf6VQnf5gSBryCRXiphB85BZ6Q&oe=64A9B07A" style="background-color: black; border: 0px; font-size: 12px; max-height: 100vh; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain;" width="1142" /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2460" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4FHpmn-KYec" width="2958" youtube-src-id="4FHpmn-KYec"></iframe></div><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br />MY SCIENCE TEACHER MISS JULLIETA DAYAP<br /></span><br /></span></b><strong style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd83tbWRNQ7CXfkwW-nhUjYq99pTUf9XOZ-hcq7Cub_eH20sT3X-VEapPbVslnzBEBTE0hktwG1PDtNtkiZ1OLs18WUrJEPNO1m1Mo1iJ1z-HgljErdUzqwdF3kbbzXk0vmL5JZLY1nyry/s1600/TheHarmonauts.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1101" data-original-width="1497" height="2141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd83tbWRNQ7CXfkwW-nhUjYq99pTUf9XOZ-hcq7Cub_eH20sT3X-VEapPbVslnzBEBTE0hktwG1PDtNtkiZ1OLs18WUrJEPNO1m1Mo1iJ1z-HgljErdUzqwdF3kbbzXk0vmL5JZLY1nyry/w2911-h2141/TheHarmonauts.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2911" /></b></span></a></span></strong></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td><td valign="top" width="232"></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="700"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="350"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 337px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="335"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 411px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="299"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Just want to share this photo with you classmates. Sent this photo to RC, </span></b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Its, Vads and Augie earlier. Sent also a copy to Tom Banguis, Jr. ...</b></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">he </b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">retouched and enhanced it at his Ad firm and sent it back to me. </b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Photo taken at the old Aristocrat restaurant at Cubao. I booked this gig</b></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> </b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">for my cousin, Letty Sunico, the celebrant (debutant).. . elder sister of </b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Raul Sunico - the concert pianist. Raul Sunico's late Dad and my late</b></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> Mom </b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">are 1st cousins. Can't remember the year... still remember what I was</b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> playing when this photo was taken, Perfidia by the Ventures.</b></span></div><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"></span></span><br style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;" /><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Left to right:</b></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"></span></span><br style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;" /></span><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b>Augie Capulong - bass; Tom Banguis, Jr. - drums; cousin of Tom - lead </b><b>guitar; Ping Fargas - lead guitar; RC Constantino - manager; </b></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b>Arthur </b><b>Tan - rhythm ; Pong Villareal drums </b>Lanie...can still play a lot of '60's instrumental pieces by The Ventures and The Shadows. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Have 2 Fender electric guitars and 2 acoustic nylon guitars and a huge Fender ampli here in Toronto. Do you know that Vads joined</span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> the band after Augie and Atot left. Vads can play the keyboards, bass and piano ... ang galing niya. And we added, Chito Bacani, </span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">cousin of Vius as our lead guitarist, matinik sa lead guitar kaysa sa amin. My younger brother took over the drums from Tom </span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Banguis when he left. Was the only original member that joined the new group ( The Extremes) after Atot found a new manager. </span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Left the band after graduating 1966 ..so did Vads and the cousin of Vius. My brother formed a new band ( The Nitwits ) all from </span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">San Beda. Do you know that one of the classmates of my brother, Danny, is the son of Lino Bocalan (famous smuggler then) </span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">he also formed a band called, The Tilt Down Men ...lead vocalist si </span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: center;">Tito Sotto . .. those were the days......</span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></div><b><br /><br /></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjymN6wHNaVEnBTgxuRGUPGnfBoRD0gQXVzgFhlefnY7SJN8-utUwS0KzjxJYFYDbMU7N6O_iYrqVFP7xWpkb6aJDKAkg__Dt4Na7bi46RYkMHTO3fcCpA5whRvE-VoPZ6cmk_3DVDn4Ev/s1600/DSCN2166.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="557" data-original-width="799" height="2034" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjymN6wHNaVEnBTgxuRGUPGnfBoRD0gQXVzgFhlefnY7SJN8-utUwS0KzjxJYFYDbMU7N6O_iYrqVFP7xWpkb6aJDKAkg__Dt4Na7bi46RYkMHTO3fcCpA5whRvE-VoPZ6cmk_3DVDn4Ev/w2921-h2034/DSCN2166.jpg" width="2921" /></b></span></a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">VALENZUELA, MANALAC, ATOT TAN, DE GUZMAN, C PASCUAL, VIUS, FOJAS, BUENAVENTURA</b></span></div><b><br /><br /></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8Q10Y1YvhTR6izff9S1E6AZcFqMIb369WHdyzvj-Z3QfCQSOzVY2aZdjWxhyphenhyphenyBjwif-jzCn91TD5vicpcE4AnlqokABVSacdxc5_-TUtQG0td1A2ld0TXd4HWHOq4DCBGekbZxNf6cs6f/s1600/DSCN2180.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; 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color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="799" height="2184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKy1LPh0TVceREFX406gvVs4-qJLXDjeJKAzRPKmPQfiIRTXEhXn0cr57F8oO0RFh62hu2oeZrvmH9fnBpP6lRfG9yqFW1te_eAhDTWf4xclnWBnZBDks7wec7nKUW4tm5KGYv5QMnoWkO/w2924-h2184/photo%252B20.jpg" width="2924" /></b></span></a></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>NEL MENDOZA, HEDY SAGUIL, EVA FAROLAN</b></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwqcwJ5OPoiXok1VTjLFYkIAsBJFtOU7V-_Q97hF407OOzaiWCGX4c5uaHQ9e4aKr-xqDmBxpb9IyLWmaELWo1el-2iqM12B5oiDpeSBAYPF0D96HqwQlWY8jmfiOqRuXfdE5rI-8BpjHXnnliPM1K5b6lNo_ap6w9rokOTzjvvIEHh-lZSYnAth15Ali3/s1600/UPgirls50reunion.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; 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font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: 700; text-align: center;" width="2912" /><b><br /></b></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="111"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 12px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="10"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="font-family: times;"><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467488868299490" style="text-decoration-line: none;"></a></span><br /><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467488868299490" style="background-color: black; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a><br /></span></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2479" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Zk0e58Pd0LA" width="2982" youtube-src-id="Zk0e58Pd0LA"></iframe></div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2436" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PaVUwmboo80" width="2930" youtube-src-id="PaVUwmboo80"></iframe><b><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467504654432114" style="text-decoration-line: none;"></a></span><br /><br /><br /></span></b><b><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></b><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: #539bcd; color: #bbbbbb; font-size: 13px; width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="333"><br /><br /></td><td valign="top" width="333"></td><td valign="top" width="333"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"><br /></div><b><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467519196547538" style="background-color: black; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="837" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-HPESVtS3OnE/TVjvLeDjSdI/AAAAAAAABO4/YxCQtyD6pMs/w1123-h837/DSC01233.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="1123" /></span></a><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467635930814530" style="background-color: black; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="1148" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-8tmR4piR7cA/TVjvSQ7K2EI/AAAAAAAABPU/VO_Z1ygkdBE/w1540-h1148/DSC01240.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="1540" /></span></a><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467635930814530" style="background-color: black; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a><br /><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467710987365154" style="background-color: black; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467733562667778" style="text-decoration-line: none;"></a></span><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467749123219314" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-size: large;"><img height="1877" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-zkWU-GZvCTk/TVjvY2mV33I/AAAAAAAABPs/8MVzzHqZ8XE/w2518-h1877/DSC01246.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2518" /></span></a><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467749123219314" style="background-color: black; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a><br /></span></b><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify; width: 499px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="249"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 700px;"><tbody></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="background-color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: times;">Charmaine is our school song, and it begins like this… I wonder if you will remember? Prep High, Prep High</span></b></div></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: center; width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="700"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="350"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><br /></td><td valign="top" width="111"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 12px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="10"><strong><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></strong></strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td valign="top" width="111"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br style="font-size: 13px; text-align: start;" /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: black; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; width: 499px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="249"></td><td valign="top" width="249"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="111"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 12px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="10"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 499px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="249"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><img height="677" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-m_KpMm9vApM/TVjvNcpy6PI/AAAAAAAABPA/JUHlmv99bGE/w909-h677/DSC01235.JPG" width="909" /><br /><br /><img height="682" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-m1aWZVRFYLE/TVjvPnTzZCI/AAAAAAAABPI/wCXVVE4LzeM/w915-h682/DSC01237.JPG" width="915" /><br /><br /><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify; width: 499px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="249"></td><td valign="top" width="249"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="111"><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="765" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fGZkxp_nDOk" width="920" youtube-src-id="fGZkxp_nDOk"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: justify;">I wonder if you will remember? </b><b style="text-align: justify;">Prep High, Prep High. </b></div></b><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b>I wonder when Prep High is calling, </b></span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;">Will you come back again?</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>I wonder if you'll keep on striving </b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b>For the welfare of our land? </b></span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;">I hope you will keep e'er alight </b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b> The bright flames </b></span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;">Of leadership learned at Prep High</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b>You'll go away graduation day </b></span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><b>We know you have to go </b></span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><b>'Mid tears and cheers we'll let you go </b></span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;">Prep High must let you go.</b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b>When old leaves turn to new </b></span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;">Prep High will call on you.</b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><br /><img height="669" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-S5DZxd_dcL0/TVjvRY4vpaI/AAAAAAAABPQ/xk0xkbfQI8U/w898-h669/DSC01239.JPG" width="898" /><br /><img height="668" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-wCcR0s7FVME/TVjviFbU5mI/AAAAAAAABQQ/osM1zi6QXyo/w896-h668/DSC01255.JPG" width="896" /><br /><img height="683" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-3irQr3mSdHk/TVjvQbMA2BI/AAAAAAAABPM/n5wD7KB2H4E/w916-h683/DSC01238.JPG" width="916" /><br /></span><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></div><span><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: xx-large;"><img height="689" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-NWdWQbbBPbA/TVju30gIXdI/AAAAAAAABNw/jxdryffwv6Q/w926-h689/DSC01215.JPG" width="926" /><img height="683" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-BJL1Ocz_eng/TVju6ci3xMI/AAAAAAAABN4/pY_2n_zREzE/w916-h683/DSC01217.JPG" width="916" /></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: xx-large;"><img height="682" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-_A-tyruJyaQ/TVjvOY0QLgI/AAAAAAAABPE/Ppu27rf2l5o/w915-h682/DSC01236.JPG" width="915" /><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-large;">RTIP RIP</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk-YiBnOihM35gaKdV_FHamYX_BlM7k_UT4_O5sggMJdMLXoC-IrEf7vBC4wjVqfhw8o1QO5TAKp3n7IDKvX9pQJDXx6o1JQQUl0k5MucWXjiVkAFzD1Me1RAHl80jjH2vhqPM7vMcFBaC/s1600/49305_1224528016_6360378_n.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1265" data-original-width="1218" height="928" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk-YiBnOihM35gaKdV_FHamYX_BlM7k_UT4_O5sggMJdMLXoC-IrEf7vBC4wjVqfhw8o1QO5TAKp3n7IDKvX9pQJDXx6o1JQQUl0k5MucWXjiVkAFzD1Me1RAHl80jjH2vhqPM7vMcFBaC/w895-h928/49305_1224528016_6360378_n.jpg" width="895" /></b></span></a><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="text-align: center;"> RIP Dr. Imelda Ocampo Andres</b></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="765" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/v1mQT1u_45I" width="920" youtube-src-id="v1mQT1u_45I"></iframe></b></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; width: 713px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="479"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="700"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="350"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 337px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="335"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 411px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="299"><h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138;">RIP CLASSMATES</span></span></span></span></h1><h1></h1></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td valign="top" width="232"></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="700"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="350"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 337px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="335"><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 411px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="299"><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify; white-space-collapse: preserve;">I shall not see the shadows,</b></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>I shall not feel the rain;</b></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>I shall not hear the nightingale</b></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Sing on, as if in pain:</b></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>And dreaming through the twilight</b></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>That doth not rise nor set,</b></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Haply I may remember,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span id="docs-internal-guid-1b1832a6-132c-6233-639d-32b68c4c7d87" style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"></span></b></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>And haply may forget.</b></span></span></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Arlene Aquino</span></b></li><li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Evangeline Gabriel</span></b></li><li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Hector Lumberio</span></b></li></ol></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><b><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xxx-large; text-align: left;">Purita Resurreccion</span></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Alipio Baluyot</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">George Olivar</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Emanuel Manalac</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Mamerto Madella </span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Nicolas Pelaez</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Jose Sason</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Jose S. Pecache</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Oscar Recto</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Amado Santos</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Carlos Garcia</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Ernesto Villareal</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Manuel Edralin</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Melchor Capili</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Nestor Rivadelo</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Dr. Imelda Andres</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Nilda Fulgencio</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Rodnel Javier</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><span>Lulu Pablo</span></span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Josefino Quiambao</span></li></ol></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="790" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/hVDlm6ZbDo8" width="950" youtube-src-id="hVDlm6ZbDo8"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div>My High School: UP Prep was a unique high school created in 1954, when the UP Board of Regents authorized then UP President Vidal Tan to open a first class high school in Manila. The school’s high standard curriculum was designed for secondary school graduates with the aptitudes and intellectual talents for university level education. The faculty was carefully selected for these advanced subjects. Only by passing a battery of rigorous examinations could a student get in, and once accepted, he or she had to hurdle to pass each of the four tough years of the highest standard of education ever given to high school students in the Philippines before one could graduate. In 1973, after graduating 20 classes — comprised altogether of 1500 graduates — UP Prep was merged with UP High School to later become what is now known as UP Integrated High School.</b></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="743" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mrqKqHtq_hU" width="894" youtube-src-id="mrqKqHtq_hU"></iframe></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;">Ooops!... ayoko pang maging # </span></div></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Doddie Bautista</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Gerry Bautista</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Manny Bustamante</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Vic Calulut</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Nanding Casanova</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Rellie Cifra</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Manny (Duck) Clamor</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Boy Dalao</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Walter del Rosario - Prepian</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Bobby Galias - our GC when I joined APO</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dr. Joel Ganaban</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Elpi Pada</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ed Pastoral</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Florendo Rabago - UP Faculty</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Guillermo Lazaro - UP Faculty</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ben Roa - Prepian (elder brother ni Boots ) (husband ni Nora Borja - Prepian)</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Jose Sason - Prepian</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Jay Pecache - Prepian</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Omar Sayoc</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dr. Art Taca</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Boni Tamayo</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Tristan Villareal - husband of Marlene Clemente ( Marlene, also a Prepian, sister of our Prep teacher Ms. Clemente)</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ernie Vizconde - youngerbrother ni Its</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="787" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7UFmwArST-I" width="946" youtube-src-id="7UFmwArST-I"></iframe></div>16 sa listahan mo ang kakilala ko. I didn't realize na si Relly ""Ciper" Cifra at si Walter del Rosario ay sumakabilang buhay na. I used to play chess with Relly sa Vinzons...lagi siyang panalo. Art Taca was easygoing, anak ng Director ng Manila Zoo. Dodie was black belter sa Judo; worked at United Labs. That's how we met again after college. I was with Richardson-Merrell. Di ba sina Yani at Jun Veron Cruz and kabatch mo sana...pero nagpa-defer ka dahil inatake ka ng asthma during a session?</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="779" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vLNHi27ec58" width="937" youtube-src-id="vLNHi27ec58"></iframe></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-family: times;"><b><div><span>REFER TO 2 RIGHT PHOTOS</span></div><div><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitWzkskNoHNJ4BaM6kM4VWFH66FyDq2pWH01DiK0V75Swr8d2o3eJoHQj4lpj6iFeo3184mp3GwoqbIG7fQNJWYnMvA042ewEV4vNVO4ny6taaCzI335CS4CuFd8Sq3dkDX7dNi1TIZyNosHea-HfH3BUPQ73hz4_WGmB9fIKigOjTT_yVnp5v6U_ZkBQ6/s2970/Class%252061%2520-%25201.jpg" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2970" data-original-width="2583" height="1073" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitWzkskNoHNJ4BaM6kM4VWFH66FyDq2pWH01DiK0V75Swr8d2o3eJoHQj4lpj6iFeo3184mp3GwoqbIG7fQNJWYnMvA042ewEV4vNVO4ny6taaCzI335CS4CuFd8Sq3dkDX7dNi1TIZyNosHea-HfH3BUPQ73hz4_WGmB9fIKigOjTT_yVnp5v6U_ZkBQ6/w930-h1073/Class%252061%2520-%25201.jpg" width="930" /></span></b></a></span></div><div><span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">1</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">960: I became aware of my heritage in my junior year at UP Prep and began preparation for my appointment at the PMA in Fort Del Pilar. This was a period in my teen years that I remember fondly, memories in my High School, of the hectic days, dashing thru the corridors catching my schedule of classes at Rizal Hall. I recall my bag loaded with books, eager, wide eyed, and quick to learn the tenets of math, the arts and sciences. I remember past friends and stormy situations that most teenagers weathered through. As in life surviving the unspoken pecking order among bigger classmates and the so called in crowd was the rule. That lone wolf streak that kept me apart, which peers seemed to see as a weakness was a measure of heritage that set me off from the current teenage precepts of the day. Later, when of age and after further studies, having ever spurred curiosity, whetted my appetite for a life of adventure, of soldiering and foreign lands.</span></b></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>When you are old and gray and full of sleep,</span></div><div><span>And nodding by the fire, take down this book,</span></div><div><span>And slowly read, and dream of the soft look</span></div><div><span>Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;</span></div><div><span>How many loved your moments of glad grace,</span></div><div><span>And loved your beauty with love false or true;</span></div><div><span>But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,</span></div><div><span>And loved the sorrows of your changing face.</span></div><div><span>And bending down beside the flowing bars</span></div><div><span>Murmur, a little sadly, how love fled</span></div><div><span>And paced upon the mountains overhead</span></div><div><span>And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.</span></div><div><span><br /></span></div></b><b><div><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg42a45ROhKTPBDw_GTmlhs7goGIFJpXKGNSaI7RiHN_eCoI78Ou-bZhWMN6ThvwcjDTVDIpbUwVhYhDVZm_m_m5i49UZEBU4EocE-qYkBT3EfhkmAR-2FzpNDnrGmWlrI6YZgd1LnznvR7/s1600/ANIMATION+Mama+2.gif" style="background-color: #539bcd; clear: left; color: #ff9900; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="937" height="1016" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg42a45ROhKTPBDw_GTmlhs7goGIFJpXKGNSaI7RiHN_eCoI78Ou-bZhWMN6ThvwcjDTVDIpbUwVhYhDVZm_m_m5i49UZEBU4EocE-qYkBT3EfhkmAR-2FzpNDnrGmWlrI6YZgd1LnznvR7/w930-h1016/ANIMATION+Mama+2.gif" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="930" /></a></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>MAMA AND PAPA</span></div><div><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo4a3nr0TAd2AffGgpP-LCp0ZSW_e49nRx9Ir9tVQCjfBTFtBHfZc-3vOOCTJVXPeWiNMuoxG81RfFx9Itd7lfSVOkz0yjTNmPQopSEC9VH5fT1fchpeLgLZC-dAdiGouKvwywK2WRGs2nxm-gN1cQprwUQPPXUO0Yowp8LdpzeTozZNo5speKwcoMPKEb/s2529/PICT0240.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2529" data-original-width="1762" height="1261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo4a3nr0TAd2AffGgpP-LCp0ZSW_e49nRx9Ir9tVQCjfBTFtBHfZc-3vOOCTJVXPeWiNMuoxG81RfFx9Itd7lfSVOkz0yjTNmPQopSEC9VH5fT1fchpeLgLZC-dAdiGouKvwywK2WRGs2nxm-gN1cQprwUQPPXUO0Yowp8LdpzeTozZNo5speKwcoMPKEb/w878-h1261/PICT0240.JPG" width="878" /></a></div><br />Quand vous serez bien vieille</span></div><div>par</div><div>Pierre de Ronsard</div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>Quand vous serez bien vieille, au soir, à la chandelle,</span></div><div>Assise auprès du feu, dévidant et filant,</div><div>Direz, chantant mes vers, en vous émerveillant:</div><div>"Ronsard me célébrait du temps que j’étais belle!"</div><div>Lors, vous n’aurez servante oyant telle nouvelle,</div><div>Déjà sous le labeur à demi sommeillant,</div><div>Qui au bruit de Ronsard ne s’aille réveillant,</div><div>Bénissant votre nom de louange immortelle.</div><div>Je serai sous la terre, et, fantôme sans os,</div><div>Par les ombres myrteux je prendrai mon repos:</div><div>Vous serez au foyer une vieille accroupie,</div><div>Regrettant mon amour et votre fier dédain.</div><div>Vivez, si m’en croyez, n’attendez à demain:</div><div><span><br /></span></div><div><span>Cueillez dès aujourd’hui les roses de la vie.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span>The summer sun is sinking low;</span></div><div><span>Only the tree-tops redden and glow:</span></div><div><span>Only the weathercock on the spire</span></div><div><span>Of the neighboring church is a flame of fire;</span></div><div><span> All is in shadow below.</span></div><div><span>O beautiful, awful summer day,</span></div><div><span>What hast thou given, what taken away?</span></div><div><span>Life and death, and love and hate,</span></div><div><span>Homes made happy or desolate,</span></div><div><span> Hearts made sad or gay!</span></div><div><span>On the road of life one mile-stone more!</span></div><div><span>In the book of life one leaf turned o'er!</span></div><div><span>Like a red seal is the setting sun</span></div><div><span>On the good and the evil men have done,--</span></div><div><span> Naught can to-day restore!..HWL</span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="774" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7MUYlVZwdhU" width="932" youtube-src-id="7MUYlVZwdhU"></iframe></div><br /><span><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="766" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8ZOG4gSU9YY" width="922" youtube-src-id="8ZOG4gSU9YY"></iframe></div></b></span></span></div></span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="767" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JzcsBVMNLbw" width="924" youtube-src-id="JzcsBVMNLbw"></iframe></div><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">I WAS READING SOME OLD 61 EMAILS AND CAME ACROSS THE NICKNAMES. I WOULD SAY IT WAS HILARIOUS TO READ THIS AND HOW CLASSMATES REMEMBER EACH AND EVERY ONE. YOU WERE VERY KIND, SOME NAMES ARE X-RATED AS I RECALL, BUT YOU DID A GOOD JOB RECALLING THE SANITIZED MONICKER....</span></span></strong><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">ASC</span></span></strong></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">After 38 years, not an easy task. Kaya pala si Kardinal ang na-assign na </strong></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">mag-recall: mahirap na medyo delikado pa.Mahirap dahil hindi ako saksi sa </strong><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">lahat ng pangyayari sa lahat ng sections. Delikado dahil baka may sugat na</strong><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">manariwa. Pero katuwaan lang ito. Sana lahat matuwa at walang mapikon--after</strong><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">all trabaho lang ito at " recaller" lang ako hindi "namer" o "baptizer". </strong></span><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em;">Bato-bato sa langit, ang matamaan mag-email agad.</strong></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></strong></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467843518929970" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="681" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-EvTpuMSco8M/TVjveWQCHDI/AAAAAAAABQA/yYia4hFJPHo/w911-h681/DSC01251.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="911" /></span></a></b></strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 1.Jose Acevedo. Babe, Baba, Ali Baba.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 2.Godofredo Alaras. Godofredo.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 3.Corazon Amante. Cora. Pipit( from Joey)</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 4.Andrew Ang.Ang. Undress Ang</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 5.Arlene Aquino+. Arlene, Stitch, Stitch.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em;">6.Vilma Bala. Vilma. Bambi.</strong></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 7.Lourdes Balderrama. Dudi......(aka. ..Balde shortened version of Balderama)</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 8.Alipio Baluyut+. Alip.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 9.Frine Bautista. Frine.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 10.Eldora Bella. Dhoree.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><h4 style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium; margin: 0px; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467504654432114" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="689" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-kfugklAUVsk/TVjvKn4cN3I/AAAAAAAABO0/vis0OIx7m1Y/w924-h689/DSC01232.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="924" /></span></a></span></b></h4><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">11.Jose Buenaventura. Joey. Yat.</strong></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 12.Melinda Caparas. Melinda. It.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0-lTLItja5Wyz-96Wwv0Znksykm8tksZ66uGZtZagoXt9qdPzIQNlMiBje3y9hZgZ_BN0mKfsBb16dd9J0y5FE2p2QF27aXd_szOCQMnLZd-nlMgxz_KrPzq3axZdaWqRPWLq4FqUa3Es-94O57vh8yXmLbbpD5AQaUkiWalJ-6_DPiDJz0PXWIfeL9Lg/s302/IMG_1486.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="302" data-original-width="248" height="1054" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0-lTLItja5Wyz-96Wwv0Znksykm8tksZ66uGZtZagoXt9qdPzIQNlMiBje3y9hZgZ_BN0mKfsBb16dd9J0y5FE2p2QF27aXd_szOCQMnLZd-nlMgxz_KrPzq3axZdaWqRPWLq4FqUa3Es-94O57vh8yXmLbbpD5AQaUkiWalJ-6_DPiDJz0PXWIfeL9Lg/w865-h1054/IMG_1486.JPG" width="865" /></a></div>13.Melchor Capili. Melchor. Cap. Ohab( from Ping)</strong></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">14.Augusto Capulong. Augie.</strong></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">15.Nemesio Ceralde. Jr. Boy. Boyd. Tenggoy Jr.</strong></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="796" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Bc9yPqHfOU0" width="958" youtube-src-id="Bc9yPqHfOU0"></iframe></div><br />16.Jesus Ching. Ching...(aka Foo Man Ching)</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="793" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ealtaJy1e2c" width="954" youtube-src-id="ealtaJy1e2c"></iframe></div><strong style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><br /></strong></div>17.Renato Constantino, Jr. RC. Yat. One Beer Kid. Wangbu.</strong></div></strong></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">18.Carol Corpus. Carol.Carole.</strong></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">19.Cynthia Cuevas. Cynthia. Cindy.</strong></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">20.Rogelio Cuevas. Cuevas. Roger.</strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="791" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_PM9dXyTOa4" width="950" youtube-src-id="_PM9dXyTOa4"></iframe>21.Alexander Custodio. Alex,Todio. Custodio.... Gen. "Bull" Tojo </strong></span><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em;">(Japanese mannerism of </strong><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em;">bowing) HERE IN THE US THEY CALL HIM "RAGTIME"</strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><strong style="color: #e69138;"><strong><b style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPbjAXF4TLq2YLglgzcunNR3UTQHxJeaA_L488AmV5JuMOON7f2tHYbds91zd63nN7D3x4kenHoUNY2f-nhdvNM3ZGiiayZpraI-8jv2LeU3U40MvN4l4qg1ri07tcjimqQ3GN7lap1dIHAZ7QvN1Y_tnk6_zLQg7l7jJ_l0Bpl45Q9rJZ49gyK0md4g/s2379/one%20day%20old%20in%20USA.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1999" data-original-width="2379" height="776" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPbjAXF4TLq2YLglgzcunNR3UTQHxJeaA_L488AmV5JuMOON7f2tHYbds91zd63nN7D3x4kenHoUNY2f-nhdvNM3ZGiiayZpraI-8jv2LeU3U40MvN4l4qg1ri07tcjimqQ3GN7lap1dIHAZ7QvN1Y_tnk6_zLQg7l7jJ_l0Bpl45Q9rJZ49gyK0md4g/w924-h776/one%20day%20old%20in%20USA.JPG" width="924" /></a></b></strong></strong></strong></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="789" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qAzpLJbEAvE" width="948" youtube-src-id="qAzpLJbEAvE"></iframe>> 22.Manuel Edralin. Manny. Edra. Antok.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 23.Jose Fargas. Ping.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 24.Evangeline Farolan. Eva.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 25.Wilhelmina Fernandez. Mimay. Curly Bangs.</strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="798" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/w-50dncLyBQ" width="960" youtube-src-id="w-50dncLyBQ"></iframe></div><br /><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="799" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/L6i5fTie20E" width="961" youtube-src-id="L6i5fTie20E"></iframe></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></strong></span></div>26.Romeo Fojas. Fojie.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="782" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PA2gTgXzXwE" width="941" youtube-src-id="PA2gTgXzXwE"></iframe></div><br />27.Evelyn Fontanilla. Evelyn.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">28.Nilda Fulgencio. Nilda. FT.French Twist.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">>29.Carlos Garcia. Itoy. Bukol...Elvis pompadour and then shortened, aka..Elpo Boy/Epoy.... last time I saw Epoy was at Mapua during my Junior year; he was registering for classes with his older brother.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 30.Nelia Gonzales. Nelia. Nel.</strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="776" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OvVqgzl95hQ" width="934" youtube-src-id="OvVqgzl95hQ"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="775" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WLv4c29M7GQ" width="932" youtube-src-id="WLv4c29M7GQ"></iframe></div><br /><strong style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><br /></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;">31.Jose Guzman. Guzman. Joe.</strong></div></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 32.Rene Herbosa. Rene. Pompoy.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 33.Romeo Imbuido.. Romy. Imbudo.</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 34.Marilyn Jamias. Marilyn...The Pianist</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span>> </span><span>35.Rodnel Javier. Rodnel....McKinley Boy...aka Medyas from Lilia</span></span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 36.Lilia Laqui. Lilia....(crush of Rodnel)</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 37.Macrina de Leon. Macrina. Macre.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 38.Wilfrido de Leon. Willy. Daga. Tenga.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 39.Hector Lumberio. Lumberio. Hec.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 40.Mamerto Madella+. Madella. (Saw him last at V-Luna Hospital for our Physical for PMA;he has hypertension and skin rash;I was myopic; he got in, at second try.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwfVjxlJcf4l4m5YAecQyHbQ8Hae1owY7KPvhcqHgPBY0X2pjHUW_ntHbjEjyy_SmUVu0ndMXRgNFlq0S5zM9BEE6r_NgFk8CKaSILhBUxweiu2joWgiax1QvbZ_x0SEwmRAEg08oMA1s3LFCiZC90iZWdKFm-pyHbAOUAs-rq5Fub-a-TqAZ72jVsABAg/s1433/DSC01278.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1433" data-original-width="1200" height="1039" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwfVjxlJcf4l4m5YAecQyHbQ8Hae1owY7KPvhcqHgPBY0X2pjHUW_ntHbjEjyy_SmUVu0ndMXRgNFlq0S5zM9BEE6r_NgFk8CKaSILhBUxweiu2joWgiax1QvbZ_x0SEwmRAEg08oMA1s3LFCiZC90iZWdKFm-pyHbAOUAs-rq5Fub-a-TqAZ72jVsABAg/w871-h1039/DSC01278.JPG" width="871" /></a></div><br />41.Carmelo Madrid. Madrid.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 42.Eduardo Maglaque. Ed.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ZPUocJyqBHbIwj9PQ3DVdpUDIVIUQ8u2-oqLnIw1i_VO6iHJAhXP7kBzibTw_hwVXZwKk_q3rOhgrJ4sR7l8ysHWFPI0xtgMhZo7rjEOn2EC8sscqlK4bGMTc-9NcCy_Vx8XHTLMmztKAmgw_F76ZuQ9RkLXn0dNkcrnnKigSjBiQ_FllI8yYE9r6CrN/s2051/Class%252061%2520-%25201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1313" data-original-width="2051" height="558" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6ZPUocJyqBHbIwj9PQ3DVdpUDIVIUQ8u2-oqLnIw1i_VO6iHJAhXP7kBzibTw_hwVXZwKk_q3rOhgrJ4sR7l8ysHWFPI0xtgMhZo7rjEOn2EC8sscqlK4bGMTc-9NcCy_Vx8XHTLMmztKAmgw_F76ZuQ9RkLXn0dNkcrnnKigSjBiQ_FllI8yYE9r6CrN/w871-h558/Class%252061%2520-%25201.jpg" width="871" /></a></div><br />43.Bayani Mandanas. Yani. Bondy. Bondat.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 44.Emmanuel Manalac+. Emmy. Emong.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 45.Eduardo Manalac. Ed. Eddie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 46.Manuel Medina. Medy. Manny.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 47.Bonita de Mesa. Bonita. Bonnie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 48.Paul Montalban. Paul.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 49.Leopoldo Moral, Jr. Pol. Moral.Neggy. Cardinal.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 50.Juliana Nable. Juliana. Julie...aka Noble</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 51.Teresita Narciso. Tessie. Kumbinto.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 52.Edgar Navarro. Ed</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 53.Imelda Ocampo. Imelda.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 54.George Olivar, Jr. George. Diyords.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 55.Marcelita Ordonez. Marce.</span></span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="802" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/85D8CNVA5yg" width="965" youtube-src-id="85D8CNVA5yg"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">56.Lualhati Pablo. Lulu. Usec Pablo.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 57.Angelita Pasamba.Angelita. Lita. Angge.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 58.Cesar Pascual. Cesar. Sandok. Sandy.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 59.Quintin Pastrana. Quintin. Bakya. Q.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 60.Mildred Patino. Mildred.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 61.Jose Pecache+. Pec. Jay...aka Pecs he likes to flex his "muscles"</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 62.Nicolas Pelaez+. Pelaez. Nic.Negro... .Nick can be persistent in his quest for a girlfriend. We once followed a certain sophomore named Kathleen.... . all the way home thru busses and jeepneys with her, and managed to egged a smile; all the while serenading her the Irish ditty Kathleen in front of passengers. </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 63.Amado Punsalang, Jr. Amado. Dodie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">64.Josefino Quiambao. Quiambao. Pepe.....aka Yodel King</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="781" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WBFvdnP5fPU" width="939" youtube-src-id="WBFvdnP5fPU"></iframe></div><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 65.Barbara Ramirez. Babs.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 66.Corazon Ramirez. Cora. Corkie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 67.Erlinda Ramos. Erlinda...</span></span></strong></div></span></strong></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><strong style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 68.Helen Reantaso. Helen.</span></span></strong></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange;">></span><span><span style="color: #e69138;"> 69.Oscar Recto+. Oca. Torecs.</span></span></span></strong></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 70.Irma Remo. Irma.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">> 71.Deo Reyes. Deo.</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 72.Nestor Rivadelo. Vads.Sleeping Vads.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 73.Roberto Roa. Boots...He is in LA according to relatives I met aboard ship.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 74.Rosalinda Roa. Rosalinda.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 75.Romeo Salvador. Romy....aka Anita Eckberg</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">76.Alberto San Agustin. Bert.</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 77.Roberto San Juan. Johnny. Bot. San Juan.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 78.Honorio San Pedro. Nori. Honorio.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 79.Amado Santos, Jr. Dong. Jun.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 80.Jose Sason. Sax. Negro. Kulot. Nonoy. Saxon. Saxophone.</span></span></div><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"> 81.Zenaida Seva. Zeny.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="798" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jeCV7JVj6Bw" width="960" youtube-src-id="jeCV7JVj6Bw"></iframe></div><br /></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;">> 82.Ma. Lourdes Saguil. Hedy....last time I saw her was during the end of our sophomore year; Loved to dance with her slow (that is the only dance I know) even if I was only her shoulder height ...sorry Lani, that was before the prom.</span></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 83.Elsa Cristina Sevilla. Elsa. Sister. MS...No nonsense Elsa</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 84.Edgardo Silverio. Ed. Silver. Kabayo.</span></span></div><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 85.Milagros Suva. Mila. </span></span></div><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: large;">> 86.Arthur Tan. Atot.</span></div><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 87.Ernesto Tan-Gatue.Boy. ..Beat up Hannibal Manikan mano a mano</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 88.Victoria Tolentino. Vicky. Toyang.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 89.Lilac Umali. Lilac.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 90.Oscar Valenzuela. Oscar. Oca.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">91.Dolores Vergara. Dolores. Dolly.</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 92.Virgilio Vergara. Vius. Ilyong. Ronnie.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 93.Pascual Veron-Cruz Jr. Pascual. Kalbo. Pasky. Jun...aka Math Wiz Veron</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 94.Melanie Villanueva. Melanie. Lani.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 95.Ernesto Villareal. Pong. Ponga.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">96.Pablo Villavicencio. Pablo.Bing.</span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 97.Rosalita Vizconde. Rosalita. Its.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 98.Cynthia Catindig. Cynthia.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 99.Evangeline Gabriel. Evangeline.. ...aka..Smiling Vangie..always with a smile</span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;">> 100.Lourdes Gacad. Lourdes.</span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size: medium; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"></span></strong></span></div></div></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times;"><b><div><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b>2002 Somewhere in the Pacific Atoll of Kwajalein. Of the 29 atolls, 27 are accessible by small plane (Air Marshall Islands). Majuro and Kwajalein atolls, the two population centres are serviced by both Air Marshall Islands and Continental Air Micronesia Jet Aircraft. Kwajalein Atoll is in the heart of the Marshall Islands. It lies in the Ralik Chain, 2,100 nmi (2,400 mi; 3,900 km) southwest of Honolulu, Hawaii at 8°43′N 167°44′E. Kwajalein is the world's largest coral atoll and comprises 93 islands and islets, it has a land area of 1,560 acres (6.33 km²),[1]:12 and surrounds one of the largest lagoons in the world, measuring 324 mi² (839 km²) in size.</b></span></strong></div></b></span></span></div></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="775" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SZ13nDVw8eE" width="932" youtube-src-id="SZ13nDVw8eE"></iframe><strong style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b>The two most significant land masses are Kwajalein Island in the south, and the linked islands of Roi-Namur in the north. By the start of World War II, the Marshalls (South Pacific Mandate) were already an integral part of the Japanese perimeter of defense. Its facilities were being utilized as outlying bases for submarines and surface warships, as well as for air staging for future advances being planned against Ellice, the Fiji Islands, and Samoa.</b></span></strong></div></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b>The Battle of Kwajalein was fought as part of the Pacific campaign of World War II. It took place from 31 January-3 February 1944, on Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Employing the hard-learned lessons of the battle of Tarawa, the United States launched a successful twin assault on the main islands of Kwajalein in the south and Roi-Namur in the north. The Japanese defenders put up stiff resistance, although outnumbered and under-prepared. The determined defense of Roi-Namur left only 51 survivors of an original garrison of 3,500.</b></span></strong></span></span></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></span></strong></span></span></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b>For the US, the battle represented both the next step in its island-hopping march to Japan and a significant moral victory because it was the first time the Americans had penetrated the "outer ring" of the Japanese Pacific sphere. For the Japanese, the battle represented the failure of the beach-line defense. Japanese defenses became prepared in depth, and the battles of Peleliu, Guam, and the Marianas proved far more costly to the US.</b></span></strong></span></span></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="773" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3ITFN6p24Jw" width="930" youtube-src-id="3ITFN6p24Jw"></iframe></div><br /></span></strong></span></span></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtFAFkq5I_WO5u6kaQIMjbNM4ol3-iF1X5DME4S_UtHZ_Hk5r3PAxd4cOVt_c5liyXndVMvxld646LnI5jAtafXak9NUNMEqLlCEqvofXJULv4_kSDiXJZxwvoridnSmuIHKHtFjRVNCvp/s1600/ygp7561+PAUL+AND+PONG.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="768" height="653" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtFAFkq5I_WO5u6kaQIMjbNM4ol3-iF1X5DME4S_UtHZ_Hk5r3PAxd4cOVt_c5liyXndVMvxld646LnI5jAtafXak9NUNMEqLlCEqvofXJULv4_kSDiXJZxwvoridnSmuIHKHtFjRVNCvp/w871-h653/ygp7561+PAUL+AND+PONG.jpg" width="871" /></b></span></a></span></strong></span></span></div><div style="color: #e69138; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></span></strong></span></span></div><br /></span><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span face=""Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif" style="color: #e69138; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467654182675682" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="664" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-r8kk8aksO0g/TVjvTU6wJOI/AAAAAAAABPY/jJ4asJLq6rY/w891-h664/DSC01241.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="891" /></span></a><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467654182675682" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a><br /><span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467671852260450" style="text-decoration-line: none;"></a></span><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467688400911538" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="682" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/--VB57Hxv5C8/TVjvVUZA_LI/AAAAAAAABPg/6cakn8E16hM/w915-h682/DSC01243.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="915" /></span></a><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467688400911538" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a><br /><span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467710987365154" style="text-decoration-line: none;"></a></span></span></span><div style="font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="762" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2XR34gwnFMI" width="917" youtube-src-id="2XR34gwnFMI"></iframe></div><div style="font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="760" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/idQRKg5wdJs" width="914" youtube-src-id="idQRKg5wdJs"></iframe></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="767" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UDYDpeNpMIM" width="922" youtube-src-id="UDYDpeNpMIM"></iframe><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;">Trivia: The places to go to for lunch were: BY RC</span></b></div></b></div><div style="font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span><b><span>1. Cherry Pink on Taft Ave.</span></b></span><b><span>Patronized mainly by girls. Sosyal.</span></b></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><b><span>2. Green Valley, adjacent to Rizal Hall. </span></b></span></span><span>Only Prep boys go there...to eat and smoke. </span><span>For P.40, you get rice, beef steak. For p .10 more, you get Coke.</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><span>3. Rizal Hall canteen. Pag-aari nina Auring, George, and siblings. </span></span></span><span>Helper,s name: Agustin. Nakaaway yata ni RC. </span><span>Here you have choices of rice meals, palabok, sandwiches.</span></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><span><span></span></span></span><br style="text-align: center;" /></span><div style="font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><span>4. Justice Canteen. Behind the Dept. of Foreign Affairs. </span></span></span><span>This is the place where you want to be seen dining. Minimum cost of lunch </span><span>is P.60. The place is really for DOJ officials and justices; patrons smoke blue </span><span>seal Chesterfields or Salems. It's best to be there on a Monday, when your </span><span>allowance for the week is still intact.</span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div></b></span></strong></span></span></span><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br />Special ringside seats for performances at the Araneta Coliseum were<br />at Php 5.00 per. So with Php 20.00 you could safely invite someone and still have enough for a snack afterwards or a game of "putt and putt" at t he mini-golf place located at the back of Araneta.<br /><br /><br />During early 60's, 5 centavos and 10 centavos ang bayad sa jeep. Manila and Suburbs ang lahat ng biyahe ng jeep noon na 3 seater lang<br />at pitpit ka pagbata ka pag sumakay ka.<br />Sa Avenida at Sta. Cruz, Blumentritt, Tayuman, San Roque Church, Espiritu Santo Church, Grace Park at Monumento ang mga sikat na lugar.<br /><br /><br />Yung Good Earth Emporium pwede ring idagdag sa mga magagandang shopping mall noong araw. Yung Manila Grand Opera house, Odeon, Hollywood, Cinerama, Ideal, State, Lyric, Capitol ang mga sikat na sinehan noon. Sa Q.C ay sikat yung Max's Chicken at Dayrit. Ang dollar<br />rate noon ay 3.70Php sa 1$ ang palitan. Ang Sarsi ay cinco centavos (5 centavos) 10 Centavos ang Coke.<br /><br /><br />Pero sikat yung Canada Dry, Uva at orange ang paborito namin noon. Pag pasko madalas kami sa Sta Cruz para manood ng palabas sa Manila COD para sa Xmas season. Noon walang chippy at potato chips, ang merienda ay banana cue, camote cue, palitaw, biko, pinipig, halo-halo,carioca, pilipit, butsi, hopiang hapon, hopiang munggo, hopiang baboy, bibingka, puto, cassava, cake o budin, suman at mani.<br /><br /><br />Ang apple ay apat-piso ang benta sa Lawton Bus terminal. Mas mahal pa yung local na chico na pineras. Ang grapes, pear, at apple ang karaniwang binebenta sa mga bus terminal na papuntang south (BLTB). Ang bus noon ay bukas lahat yung isang side kaya doon dumadaan ang mga pasahero. Ang sikat na mga Plaza noon ay Plaza Goiti, Plaza Miranda at Plaza Sta. Cruz. Sa mga bakery sa Manila ay sikat yung machacao na tinapay.<br /><br /><br />May I add: Hallili Beer (sold to the Sorianos), Tody chocolate drink in cans, Julep, Pancho Pantero, Horlicks malted milk tablets; Hallili bus, Super (dog logo) Transit, Yujuico, JD & MD buses; ShoeMart Carriedo (the first SM) followed by 2nd ShoeMart beside Ideal Theater and fourth was SM Echague with a revolving restaurant at the top floor. Safari Club beside Manila Zoo at the height of the "Twist" craze, Dance-O-Rama with Pete Roa & Baby O'Brien, Jam Session every 6PM on<br />television.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="767" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7sIm18KQv4o" width="923" youtube-src-id="7sIm18KQv4o"></iframe></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">Now anyone who missed those days can't really claim they've seen and tasted the best. Every generation has its own set of "Aces". Do you recall when: You tasted Fres Gusto, Cosmos "Sarsi" Sarsaparilla, RC Cola, Yes Cola, Teem, Darigold Evap, Liberty Condensada, Choco Vim,</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">Sunkist Orange (in tetra packs), Magnolia Chocolait, (pronounced chocolight), Klim (the word "milk" spelled backwards), Big 20</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">Hamburgers, Foot-long hotdog, Tweet & Jiggs Candies (by Mr. Krieger), Sugus Candies, Choco Nut, Tootsie Roll, Blenda Margarine, Serg's Chocolate, kerosene-flavored popcorn and kropeck along Dewey Blvd, dirty ice cream, Magnolia Ice Cream sandwich, Selecta ice cream (now Arce Dairy) and their fresh carabao's milk, Magnolia popsicles in orange, chocolate and langka flavors, Sison Ice Drops in monggo, and buko flavors, Milky Way's buko sherbet, Acme Supermarket' s sundaes and Coney Island's 32 flavors?</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">You went to: Syvel's, Assandas, Arcegas at the Maranaw Arcade, Funhouse at Bricktown, Aguinaldo, Erehwon Bookstore, Alemars Bookstore, Bookmark, Botica Boie, Makati Supermarket (in Makati!), Rizal Theater (with its spacious lobby) with D'Bankers Barbershop and Leila's Coffee Shop, Tropical Hut (and its hamburger), Acme Supermarket, Cherry Foodarama, The Regent of Manila, Hotel Mabuhay, Manila Hilton, Christmas carnival (where Dusit Hotel now stands), Villa Pansol and Lido Beach?</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">Rizal what?" "Who would be crazy to build a cinema in the middle ofnowhere?" It turned out to be the best theater in the city of Makati (at the same site now occupied by Shangri-La Hotel).</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">And ate at: The original A&W along UN Avenue in Manila, Aristocrat across Malate Church, Italian Village, cafÃ(c) Valenzuela, Bonanza</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">Restaurant, Brown Derby, Little Quiapo, Country Bake Shop, Selecta Restaurants (owned by the Arce family), Taza de Oro; New Europe, Madrid, Cucina Italiana, La Cibeles at A. Mabini, The Plaza, Jade Garden Restaurant, Luau, The Makati Automat, Sulo Restaurant (in Makati), Makati Fastfood Center (the first ever), Bulakena, Casa Marcos, Au Bon Vivant, Salambao Restaurant, Dairy Queen along Buendia, Di Mark's Pizza, the elegant dining room of the old Army & Navy Club. Botica Boie in Escolta, Albas in Florida, Malate Brown Derby and their signature foot-long hotdog came with its special, extra tarty mustard sauce and a hot, crispy bun. We used to park at their drive-in bays after we were exhausted from all-night partying but with enough energy to gobble down sausages and soft drinks.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Plaza was the favorite venue for all formal school and social functions. Food was not a big factor so long as cozy couples could</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">have their special table for two.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">You shopped at: Escolta, Harrison Plaza (when it was still clean and had the bump cars), Ali Mall, Rustan's in San Marcelino, Aguinaldo's</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">in Cubao, Quezon City; Shoemart in Makati was a small, split-level affair.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">The original Rustan's was the garage of the Tantoco's residential house which was eventually converted into a dazzling shop filled with</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">eclectic things and collectibles.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="797" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dIDwrH4ukV4" width="959" youtube-src-id="dIDwrH4ukV4"></iframe><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">Blockbuster movies were: Love Story, Mahogany, Saturday Night Fever, Grease, Planet of the Apes, Star Wars, Logan's Run, Battlestar Galactica, Paper Chase, Enter The Dragon, Jaws, Towering Inferno, Poseidon Adventure, Carrie, Willard (theme song was Ben sang by a young Michael Jackson), Exorcist, Love Bug, Tinimbang Ka Nguni't Kulang.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">You wore, carried or used Denman brush tucked in your back pants pocket, Jordache and Sassoon jeans, Bata rubber shoes, Botak running</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;">shoes, Ace flexible comb, Ace clutchbag, Carrera shades, Ray-Ban, </span><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Photochromic and Ambermatic shades, Foster Grant sunglasses, Alaskin, </span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">tie-dye shirts and pants, double-knit pants, Sergio Valente, Vidal </span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">Sassoon, Fiorucci, Banlon, Ye-ye Vonnel shirts, Nik-Nik, Bang-Bang, </span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">Faded Glory, Jazzie, Puma Topfit, Tiger Onitsuka</span></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">, Happy Feet, clogs,</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: large;">Wet look shoes, Pierre Card</span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">in, Brut, Jovan musk oil and grass oil, Aramis, platform shoes with bell-bottom pants and wide-buckled belts.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0uyO6vFbwdIHfDniR_RvHiwDAYi1cGgI7KGE2Qz3gcvy96PB3MNnZdohBrysYnyYv7xHZFbxnk3W5cfm9BRMtIGWsMORx1Em09eTKKh2rD7Fi8WIToFWMaNZlfnYvRax3dcRTMOIlI606YNP-ceNhidjS8cPivJyJh_iIVSOnsFA7nO-rmz3jeuVKi-1Z/s2975/PICT0123.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2975" data-original-width="2163" height="1263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0uyO6vFbwdIHfDniR_RvHiwDAYi1cGgI7KGE2Qz3gcvy96PB3MNnZdohBrysYnyYv7xHZFbxnk3W5cfm9BRMtIGWsMORx1Em09eTKKh2rD7Fi8WIToFWMaNZlfnYvRax3dcRTMOIlI606YNP-ceNhidjS8cPivJyJh_iIVSOnsFA7nO-rmz3jeuVKi-1Z/w919-h1263/PICT0123.JPG" width="919" /></a></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="785" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/D_Hbn-bWoZw" width="945" youtube-src-id="D_Hbn-bWoZw"></iframe></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">You had your hair styled or permed by: Flavio and Carmen, Nomer's, Lita Rio, Grace Lagman, Dick & Lucy, and Kayumanggi. That was the time of Aqua Net stiff, foot-high beehives, French twist and Kiss Me liquid eye liners and Pretty Quik instant facial blotters.<br /><br />You sang: Bobby, Bobby, Bobby by Jo Ann Campbell, Someday by Ricky<br />Nelson, And I Love Her by the Beatles, Cherish by the Association, Because by Dave Clark Five, Distant Shores by Chad and Jeremy, Rainy Days & Mondays by the Carpenters, You've Got a Friend by Carol King, Hundred Miles by Peter, Paul and Mary, Evergreen by Paul Williams.<br /><br /><br />Saved whole month's allowance P50 to watch the Beatles perform live at Rizal Memorial Coliseum in 1965.<br /><br /><br />It was hip to listen to: Bingo Lacson and Jo San Diego (past midnight) of DZMT, the singing sensations from Ateneo de Manila? RJ and the Riots, The Loonilarks, Joe Mari Chan and the APO Hiking Society and dance to live combo music garbed in cocktail dresses and dark suits.<br /><br /><br />DZMT was affiliated with the Manila Times and was the only broadcast station that stayed on the air past midnight. Jo San Diego was their<br />anchor woman (she with the velvety bedroom voice).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">And danced at: Manila Hotel's Jungle Bar, Stargazer, Bayside Night </span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: bold;">Club (with live music by the Carding Cruz band), and the Nile (and the Italian singing group Five n' Fives), Queue Disco, Circuit Disco, Where Else? Altitude 49, Delirium (in Greenbelt) D'Flame, Rino's, andVelvet Slum, Wells Fargo, and Coco Banana.</span></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br />After graduation, jam sessions were replaced by night clubs and Bayside was the place to go for live bands and non-stop dancing.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB9txj2EXRaoafFMRDpfFjx1Sqp8dYfc0QFMmTHPjcXqjNGZDJHTLMPPzdXGs0QtkgiYv5AW0OCokj-a1nT2fswNXST0hatBRnTl2Q6cx8m44IJGLMrosudhMu6NOxOHwrUAyk_kXFo0c88nqBKcEiec74Kyhauulg-UpvAdmrbnDnVj7gba5qWpJTWcTm/s3264/IMG_9529.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3264" data-original-width="2448" height="1222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB9txj2EXRaoafFMRDpfFjx1Sqp8dYfc0QFMmTHPjcXqjNGZDJHTLMPPzdXGs0QtkgiYv5AW0OCokj-a1nT2fswNXST0hatBRnTl2Q6cx8m44IJGLMrosudhMu6NOxOHwrUAyk_kXFo0c88nqBKcEiec74Kyhauulg-UpvAdmrbnDnVj7gba5qWpJTWcTm/w917-h1222/IMG_9529.JPG" width="917" /></span></a></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Do you remember when: Dollar to peso exchange rate was $1 = P7,Walang Tindigan buses charged a flat rate of P1, Love Bus fare was<br />P1.50, family size Shakey's Pizza cost less than P40, Malate streets were named after US States (Pennsylvania, Colorado, etc.); Paranaque,<br />San Juan, Makati, Pasig, Las Pinas, Taguig, Pateros and Muntinlupa were municipalities of Rizal province; DLSU was De La Salle College, Poveda was Institucion Teresiana, Adamson University was the original St. Theresa's campus, Robinsons mall was the Assumption Convent campus, Petron was Esso, Villamor Air Base was then known as Nichols Air Base, bancas were plenty in the Baclaran side of Dewey Blvd. (now Roxas Blvd.) and traffic was non-existent in Tagaytay.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="794" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kqSbgGfcHl4" width="955" youtube-src-id="kqSbgGfcHl4"></iframe></span></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj965KEE8R2SjshJicDdcdwGF_-YwbLt6YHO7suuXAx37CWDlbefeJi6GJwxO83T-bLFCKAIg1MOxHtluks2xxX3ld2Ey3jem5XbR10AdqkuN2b_nNQllxfHXQorvuE2RvXdjXy95zdKe8eGycHdOm5Ydkp_tPEg4IGbH9gEKqlU9LztCo2Eou_ccoIRmQf/s1024/EFFECTS-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="695" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj965KEE8R2SjshJicDdcdwGF_-YwbLt6YHO7suuXAx37CWDlbefeJi6GJwxO83T-bLFCKAIg1MOxHtluks2xxX3ld2Ey3jem5XbR10AdqkuN2b_nNQllxfHXQorvuE2RvXdjXy95zdKe8eGycHdOm5Ydkp_tPEg4IGbH9gEKqlU9LztCo2Eou_ccoIRmQf/w926-h695/EFFECTS-ANIMATION.gif" width="926" /></a></div><br /></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="788" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SbqZ94QvxJs" width="948" youtube-src-id="SbqZ94QvxJs"></iframe></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span><span></span></span></b></span></b></span></strong></span></span></span></div></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><br /></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><img height="689" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-aWlxma75C9M/TVjvHANAPFI/AAAAAAAABOo/qiqADiiVeGY/w925-h689/DSC01229.JPG" style="border: none; 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margin: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></h4><h4 style="font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The next morning we had tamales for breakfast hosted by Mrs. Roa who incidentally cut her finger preparing the tamales. Then lechon for lunch and a series of songs from Mrs. Pangilinan, in appreciation for hosting us, the location this time is hazy.The next billet is at Urdaneta High School below. The same as the last </span>night, boys will be boys as Mr. Toralba and Lazaro kept the peace.</span></h4><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467869753071922" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;"><img height="688" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-j3s_WdMUtmY/TVjvf3-vWTI/AAAAAAAABQI/32PB4rBytyk/w924-h688/DSC01253.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="924" /></span></a></b></span></div><h4 style="font-family: "times new roman"; margin: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"></span></h4><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><strong>Burnham Park above, where we rented </strong></span></span><b style="font-family: times; font-size: xx-large; text-align: start;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467860257032786" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="687" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-kFXytonJJ1U/TVjvfUmtSlI/AAAAAAAABQE/oMzp5dqjQ4U/w922-h687/DSC01252.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="922" /></span></a></b></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;"><strong><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="766" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6clQtZXhznM" width="922" youtube-src-id="6clQtZXhznM"></iframe></div>roller skates, and then, shared one of these tricycles with a junior, held both her hands, no names please, a boyish romantic encounter. Surely an unforgettable Chance Encounter for a boy of 13, as she shifted towards me. We cuddled and continued to ride in the cool afternoon fog. </strong></span><strong style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;">Ambuklao Dam, newly constructed then, Photo of Bay Area Prep 61 and songs of 1957 TO THE RIGHT.</strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="792" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OFtNVEbasOo" width="953" youtube-src-id="OFtNVEbasOo"></iframe></div><br /><strong style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><br /></strong></div></span></span></div></strong></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #e69138;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="794" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MlA0PJyl0Eg" width="955" youtube-src-id="MlA0PJyl0Eg"></iframe></div></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></strong></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: left;"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDW8m2bzGLorCuGD4a-nDMVvSgcrKuxyMXwy4sHXaNYwlRb3HJcbQ8HXK9N9lstyTqvi4DRoX2iTzLSFiW0dNdEVH_t8OY05iqSFF68DkJbkGllWmiSCwia22pO4LxeHVrXZRxM2L-cEcO/s1600/II-Camia.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1391" data-original-width="1194" height="1050" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDW8m2bzGLorCuGD4a-nDMVvSgcrKuxyMXwy4sHXaNYwlRb3HJcbQ8HXK9N9lstyTqvi4DRoX2iTzLSFiW0dNdEVH_t8OY05iqSFF68DkJbkGllWmiSCwia22pO4LxeHVrXZRxM2L-cEcO/w901-h1050/II-Camia.jpg" width="901" /></span></a></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="740" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WcpifAffvXU" width="891" youtube-src-id="WcpifAffvXU"></iframe></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu2Oo293aD_-k9p3ZG9PBUPyHcqKUHkucD-kuGWsWdxjpL_BJmIqK7XBXEV7wGMskIrahmgCzhlo3UtUebEL03zon0G52q3-vx07qZ16xgLeXjPkpusBoczUXPaSOc9vdbUVd2U1_yV0dQ/s1600/I-Everlasting.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; 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text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="770" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GzRWwQK5OQ0" width="925" youtube-src-id="GzRWwQK5OQ0"></iframe></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="780" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-rgcsnRc4vU" width="940" youtube-src-id="-rgcsnRc4vU"></iframe></div><br /></span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="788" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yXBJqxwG0oE" width="948" youtube-src-id="yXBJqxwG0oE"></iframe></div><br /></span></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><strong><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong>Memories of our field trip to Bagiuo in 1957. First stop was Angeles, Pampanga, where we toured Clark with Dr. Roa. I remember the doctor riding in a brand new 1957 yellow Chrysler with all the high fins typical of the cars of the late 50’s. The day was not over yet, a jam session in the moonlight at a basket ball court at the school grounds. The seniors and teachers alike did enjoy the ball hosted by the Pampanga High School. I remember the single Ms. Roma Clemente, photo above, talking about her repertoire of dances and how she enjoyed it. Me, I stayed behind, as I do not dance yet, but was busy talking to local high school girls. I found out the beddings belong to them. Thinking this time, how UP Prep can reciprocate. <strong>Billets were in a gymnasium with rows of cots and mosquito nets. I do not know where the girls were, but the energy was ever flowing from the boys…as shoes were flying everywhere in the dark, landing safely at the mosquito nets. Above Pictures of the boys in a later field trip (1960) to Bagiuo and Pampanga High School</strong></strong></span></strong></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="785" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GtCqCVqTks0" width="944" youtube-src-id="GtCqCVqTks0"></iframe></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><strong><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="782" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tEgu0c_i8zY" width="941" youtube-src-id="tEgu0c_i8zY"></iframe></div><br /></strong></span></strong></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; 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font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467270007578978"><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img height="697" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-tlo9qDNlGm8/TVju89wRYWI/AAAAAAAABOA/S6xxhNNMUzE/w934-h697/DSC01219.JPG" width="934" /></font></a></strong></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;">OSCAR VALENZUELA VALEDICTORIAN</span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><b style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467472002672274" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;"><img height="690" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-IsmAYDGU1Xo/TVjvIuPp5pI/AAAAAAAABOs/h1jbVZZcJCE/w926-h690/DSC01230.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="926" /></span></a></span></b></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="763" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Cdkqb9pCae4" width="919" youtube-src-id="Cdkqb9pCae4"></iframe></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="763" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/imA0OQzDrFE" width="918" youtube-src-id="imA0OQzDrFE"></iframe></div><br /><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="777" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IynwpdUcDR8" width="935" youtube-src-id="IynwpdUcDR8"></iframe><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;"><span>ROAD TO BAGIUO ABOVE, THE K</span><span>ENNON </span></b><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;"><span>ZIGZAG ROAD</span></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"><div style="font-size: medium;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="786" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wnhiMWlzVFc" width="946" youtube-src-id="wnhiMWlzVFc"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="792" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Fnzn-3oXEUI" width="952" youtube-src-id="Fnzn-3oXEUI"></iframe></div><br /></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="793" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/50WDY0AtuXs" width="953" youtube-src-id="50WDY0AtuXs"></iframe></div></span></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="793" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/56_b--SJ-6A" width="955" youtube-src-id="56_b--SJ-6A"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="792" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/twRr3ygK3TM" width="952" youtube-src-id="twRr3ygK3TM"></iframe></div></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span><strong style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><br /></strong></span></b></span></span></div><div style="font-size: medium;"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="773" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mP3eC6v3SGI" width="932" youtube-src-id="mP3eC6v3SGI"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></b></span></span></div></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="808" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CcyJwioi6Vg" width="971" youtube-src-id="CcyJwioi6Vg"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></b></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="809" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FfsbCBTAnAg" width="974" youtube-src-id="FfsbCBTAnAg"></iframe></div><br />This song is dedicated to all my lady professors and Mr. Rubio, my sincere appreciation for your kindness and knowledge imparted that helped me for </span></span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: 700;">the </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold;">rest of my life.</span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold;">Ms. Celeste Botor my English & Compo teacher. </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold;">Ms Rosario Cortez my History mentor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="785" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ixdvm8-MdUs" width="943" youtube-src-id="Ixdvm8-MdUs"></iframe></div><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></div></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="249"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;">At Prep High, Charmaine is our school song, and it begins like this… I wonder if you will remember? Prep High, P</span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;">rep High</span></b></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1787" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/haqV8TykfZ8" style="display: inline;" width="2150" youtube-src-id="haqV8TykfZ8"></iframe></div><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1792" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/s9PQ7qPkluM" style="display: inline;" width="2148" youtube-src-id="s9PQ7qPkluM"></iframe></div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic66iB5wt-6NBgJJT1rQtrQOc6skQkHthJbWDnbZKhjsWz62IUXcvJHp6HzBEb679tfNy8NgPAJj8J453VI-ENi52nvgJ_GhPDRepmHoddraPXP5DxJ7cV8uLBoc1xVFhhZOqlxu22az4L/s1600/-ANIMATION+TAHITI.gif" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1024" height="2043" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic66iB5wt-6NBgJJT1rQtrQOc6skQkHthJbWDnbZKhjsWz62IUXcvJHp6HzBEb679tfNy8NgPAJj8J453VI-ENi52nvgJ_GhPDRepmHoddraPXP5DxJ7cV8uLBoc1xVFhhZOqlxu22az4L/w2043-h2043/-ANIMATION+TAHITI.gif" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2043" /></a><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">RIP LULU </span></b></div><div><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> RIP LULU PABLO</span></b></div></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1782" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vjC15aK53ig" width="2144" youtube-src-id="vjC15aK53ig"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1783" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/X8AOVm2UILE" width="2145" youtube-src-id="X8AOVm2UILE"></iframe></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc_iDm0ai7DZmuLr9CT_w74hr-2-KR8bR2OhnvGAydb3y4I1hiFUwJcBHwN6rIzvhpT8Qu6zhA_kuLN6GtJkzJhoWbMiWGXibzpwJ0KSQFVI4ixvTHnrXluEu9oZrMgryEsj6p4Gm6KPXMDIGaXjOs2FvddfmUxmftmt6qHh7pEtwo3Yti0arZjHFMRqfb/s766/IMG_7947-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><img border="0" data-original-height="390" data-original-width="766" height="1082" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc_iDm0ai7DZmuLr9CT_w74hr-2-KR8bR2OhnvGAydb3y4I1hiFUwJcBHwN6rIzvhpT8Qu6zhA_kuLN6GtJkzJhoWbMiWGXibzpwJ0KSQFVI4ixvTHnrXluEu9oZrMgryEsj6p4Gm6KPXMDIGaXjOs2FvddfmUxmftmt6qHh7pEtwo3Yti0arZjHFMRqfb/w2124-h1082/IMG_7947-ANIMATION.gif" width="2124" /></span></a></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVWVnHvOpHeHQvqCNe82yeh6j3CbhcL4w6ACJDBJ4uUgxpINkoAj5n8jWk8HNCe-JICAfVpUAjW9TVtg7EYbhZJTjRNFTBw6RMQRe4I9JwSAsKL8af3uSaqbQQTDJoMMgLVZdrsC7BmeX1xHaUDqJOQ6HK1WqDRf05fpJdKwHVRv0XeF-9Lo6N_2ZfNKx6/s1600/PICT0092.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1104" data-original-width="1600" height="1413" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVWVnHvOpHeHQvqCNe82yeh6j3CbhcL4w6ACJDBJ4uUgxpINkoAj5n8jWk8HNCe-JICAfVpUAjW9TVtg7EYbhZJTjRNFTBw6RMQRe4I9JwSAsKL8af3uSaqbQQTDJoMMgLVZdrsC7BmeX1xHaUDqJOQ6HK1WqDRf05fpJdKwHVRv0XeF-9Lo6N_2ZfNKx6/w2049-h1413/PICT0092.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2049" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;">OUR FOREVER FRIENDS TO THE RIGHT JEFF AND JENNIFER</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1794" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CTsB-llTzyc" width="2157" youtube-src-id="CTsB-llTzyc"></iframe></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><b style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span><br /></span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1757" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SPexRiQbsNE" width="2112" youtube-src-id="SPexRiQbsNE"></iframe><span><br /><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></div></span><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRcahmsowJSdZOGPvk65VyDR2B08sDkFiK0YgAMqVzFkhdx08WDL1OMEJKBKJV7PNtcWpEm7Opl642lIrzq0d2gbpyXTKdWLvABRz4awrz87KBKogy6cfz-P5XRN38RIgNnq32TO48nWOVhXXTZIQNmwmfZiJDJ_9CABlfaSU1vomL9qXeNzNy4BNV1Wbq/s1024/PICT0090-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="1024" height="1460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRcahmsowJSdZOGPvk65VyDR2B08sDkFiK0YgAMqVzFkhdx08WDL1OMEJKBKJV7PNtcWpEm7Opl642lIrzq0d2gbpyXTKdWLvABRz4awrz87KBKogy6cfz-P5XRN38RIgNnq32TO48nWOVhXXTZIQNmwmfZiJDJ_9CABlfaSU1vomL9qXeNzNy4BNV1Wbq/w2007-h1460/PICT0090-ANIMATION.gif" width="2007" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></div></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">1</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">960: I became aware of my heritage in my junior year at UP Prep........READ LEFT STATEMENTS</span></span></b></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: justify; width: 499px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="249"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="111"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4O1irjskO9EndAi64coPBS15QHffwVA_1KFn4VVgGP7fnmWlYV4v8GZg552oqGjodSbWBhfNd3QpWt0iNLucrSEoBAUe8cZorKT9EwWta_bhaGAs-yKHn6BvmhpxGTg7mJpe5L1JlwIswniWkOnrU9eMlzbZHperhz8MWGVxOOs29VOgw5OrTGYlrnrc/s3264/IMG_1362.JPG" style="font-size: xx-large; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2448" data-original-width="3264" height="1512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4O1irjskO9EndAi64coPBS15QHffwVA_1KFn4VVgGP7fnmWlYV4v8GZg552oqGjodSbWBhfNd3QpWt0iNLucrSEoBAUe8cZorKT9EwWta_bhaGAs-yKHn6BvmhpxGTg7mJpe5L1JlwIswniWkOnrU9eMlzbZHperhz8MWGVxOOs29VOgw5OrTGYlrnrc/w2017-h1512/IMG_1362.JPG" width="2017" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">1</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">960: I became aware of my heritage in my junior year at UP Prep</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times; font-weight: 700;">SIXTY YEARS LATER, THE BOY IN HIS SENIOR YEARS ABOVE</span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnLbd5y1aHGzTPpruBvxLkoLRe1gIPe2tT3t5yZwO_n3wl3XYMo6bmJs38SRrSY0bkqlAwbD9TkGrU2wnJbbCOWsJSyGS9J5Eng6RtISgL2j1iKIl_lg_jm8cJR227_rfMRZybZod8j5-6hwFLPFDQy4jnm6zI7aV8vhLVMiKmKgMRYzWYq1qmpik62vah/s1024/PICT0255-ANIMATION.gif" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><img border="0" data-original-height="614" data-original-width="1024" height="1232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnLbd5y1aHGzTPpruBvxLkoLRe1gIPe2tT3t5yZwO_n3wl3XYMo6bmJs38SRrSY0bkqlAwbD9TkGrU2wnJbbCOWsJSyGS9J5Eng6RtISgL2j1iKIl_lg_jm8cJR227_rfMRZybZod8j5-6hwFLPFDQy4jnm6zI7aV8vhLVMiKmKgMRYzWYq1qmpik62vah/w2052-h1232/PICT0255-ANIMATION.gif" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2052" /></span></a></span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1786" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tcth3ccFHh0" width="2148" youtube-src-id="tcth3ccFHh0"></iframe></b></span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1793" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pmQcFbzhp_I" width="2158" youtube-src-id="pmQcFbzhp_I"></iframe></b></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: times;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1788" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rCF8d2Opbc8" width="2150" youtube-src-id="rCF8d2Opbc8"></iframe></div><div><br /></div></b><strong style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1810" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MhAE3lQ_FHg" width="2178" youtube-src-id="MhAE3lQ_FHg"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1805" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mtNlAOfITqs" width="2173" youtube-src-id="mtNlAOfITqs"></iframe></div><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><div><span><span style="font-family: times;"><strong style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><br /></strong></span></span></div></span></strong><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;">FIJI, AMERICAN SAMOA , NEW ZEALAND, AUSTRALIA. VENICE below, the sea meets the mountain</span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzSoBnDR14c-pdw_YcFJdKl0SEnN-Cug2lb80TpX5AbcUsPAVmNwucaKYVa1hQKd8venmHdS3niaCkieSEBNTPWcbh9xA6JBOcrYteVe7Grc_VaNlda7GjxSfC6twlKJj6tGDe4kxmseoFoNBxFYprtP0o3mIjLJnGD43Uti6kUE_C9nUIBkz6X_ms1Fg/s1024/IMG_4969-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="1633" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzSoBnDR14c-pdw_YcFJdKl0SEnN-Cug2lb80TpX5AbcUsPAVmNwucaKYVa1hQKd8venmHdS3niaCkieSEBNTPWcbh9xA6JBOcrYteVe7Grc_VaNlda7GjxSfC6twlKJj6tGDe4kxmseoFoNBxFYprtP0o3mIjLJnGD43Uti6kUE_C9nUIBkz6X_ms1Fg/w2179-h1633/IMG_4969-ANIMATION.gif" style="border: none; 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font-size: medium;"></strong><span style="font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><div><span><span style="font-family: times;"><span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnHl2r5sEizcLj1fz8XsaWzM5NFdgaBf6woRdpdhVFl0MAMTIOM0G_MvGbapeWRLAhGsNtbmLWqHBz9Y6MeuAQJJnic85jKqbtoB1bEYHho6PM45J6NnhTNQW3EbCHoTeV01ABz0TZhib7X6buZywUq_zz5aT3d7PR9AfD_pAKx0n5lHwlqBAO0BNYDWs/s720/PICT0374-ANIMATION.gif" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" height="1647" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnHl2r5sEizcLj1fz8XsaWzM5NFdgaBf6woRdpdhVFl0MAMTIOM0G_MvGbapeWRLAhGsNtbmLWqHBz9Y6MeuAQJJnic85jKqbtoB1bEYHho6PM45J6NnhTNQW3EbCHoTeV01ABz0TZhib7X6buZywUq_zz5aT3d7PR9AfD_pAKx0n5lHwlqBAO0BNYDWs/w2197-h1647/PICT0374-ANIMATION.gif" width="2197" /></a></span></span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: times;"><span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: times;"><span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></span></div>Mr Manuel Rubio my Tagalog teacher and also the Principal of UP Prep </b></span></span><b>At Prep High,</b></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1898" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/x2bd1zp_q6Y" style="display: inline;" width="2282" youtube-src-id="x2bd1zp_q6Y"></iframe></div></b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></span><br /></div></span></span></div></span></span></span></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1867" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NKFbgqhvtNc" width="2246" youtube-src-id="NKFbgqhvtNc"></iframe></div></span></span></div></span></span></span></div></div></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1798" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/brIGAFCqaIM" width="2162" youtube-src-id="brIGAFCqaIM"></iframe></div><div><b><span style="font-family: times;">Charmaine is our school song, and it begins like this… I wonder if you will remember? Prep High, Prep High</span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1797" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5c119LHL-pY" width="2162" youtube-src-id="5c119LHL-pY"></iframe></div></b><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1796" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Evemlf6QU44" width="2160" youtube-src-id="Evemlf6QU44"></iframe><br /><b style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467885842095874" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img height="1594" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-fJ7h2aHnudA/TVjvgz6qXwI/AAAAAAAABQM/YlCant2m0aA/w2136-h1594/DSC01254.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2136" /></span></a><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467885842095874" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467885842095874" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></a><span><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467907722372706" style="text-decoration-line: none;"></a></span></b><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1689" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VDSUUN4-fsk" width="2032" youtube-src-id="VDSUUN4-fsk"></iframe><b style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; text-align: start;"><br /></b></div></span></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1736" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/abUeDW_MqVs" width="2088" youtube-src-id="abUeDW_MqVs"></iframe><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: center; width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="700"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="350"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 337px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="335"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1861" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vvlCVxT9JZA" width="2239" youtube-src-id="vvlCVxT9JZA"></iframe></span></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1852" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IjBzPMfQ3n0" width="2230" youtube-src-id="IjBzPMfQ3n0"></iframe></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1856" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UkQ0KcTxGI8" width="2234" youtube-src-id="UkQ0KcTxGI8"></iframe></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1858" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1MCarkGd4Xk" width="2235" youtube-src-id="1MCarkGd4Xk"></iframe><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></td><td valign="top" width="111"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 12px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="10"><strong><strong><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></strong></strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td valign="top" width="111"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVacZQjtoSa8w5FqDVJf0dSjndTLgKNik6U98HPXhOKIYy9F7XRDv-vWtXAywrjor-8lDRUXnJn6XudIYbmbC3fo68Tbi_yOr9xIL3hd77OfOB336eCXx76pSQ2x9COylQ2_dablQVPcN-/s1600/Class%25252061%252520-%2525202.jpg" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><img border="0" data-original-height="816" data-original-width="1600" height="1144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVacZQjtoSa8w5FqDVJf0dSjndTLgKNik6U98HPXhOKIYy9F7XRDv-vWtXAywrjor-8lDRUXnJn6XudIYbmbC3fo68Tbi_yOr9xIL3hd77OfOB336eCXx76pSQ2x9COylQ2_dablQVPcN-/w2243-h1144/Class%25252061%252520-%2525202.jpg" width="2243" /></span></a></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><br style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;" /><div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>RIP NICK PELAEZ MY DEAR FRIEND</b></span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1870" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Eu9Oe7jpJHo" width="2252" youtube-src-id="Eu9Oe7jpJHo"></iframe></div><br style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;" /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Nick can be persistent in his quest for a girlfriend. We once followed a certain sophomore named </span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Kathleen.... . all the way home thru busses and jeepneys with her, and managed to egged a smile; </span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">all the while serenading her the Irish ditty Kathleen in front of passengers. </span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1876" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xc1QzMYiHuc" width="2258" youtube-src-id="xc1QzMYiHuc"></iframe></span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">ON </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">OUR 44TH ANNIVERSARY A MEDIEVAL 1000 YEARS OLD HOUSE IN A</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">TOWN IN FRANCE ESTABLISHED BY KING RICHARD THE LION HEARTED</span></div></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHHoPfVl4fvqc3QrJpa-z_vO7NqwbvSYckEqnMrqC9oeNsrrlXJEARyPfzU6abA1V0oPgAW92uW3Hlx7MJ-CVOUkqYVjK_JmnFIcML5nQ2z-pG3OeBefmgb3bQE6v18lBga0XTFaqmpMAA4RaZPZH5PgdQJcXZtMmt-GE9i7W6QeVMswhCBkFjrEIFpsg4/s1600/Collages1-001.jpg" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="1117" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHHoPfVl4fvqc3QrJpa-z_vO7NqwbvSYckEqnMrqC9oeNsrrlXJEARyPfzU6abA1V0oPgAW92uW3Hlx7MJ-CVOUkqYVjK_JmnFIcML5nQ2z-pG3OeBefmgb3bQE6v18lBga0XTFaqmpMAA4RaZPZH5PgdQJcXZtMmt-GE9i7W6QeVMswhCBkFjrEIFpsg4/w1983-h1117/Collages1-001.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="1983" /></span></a></span></strong> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">TO</span><b><a href="https://photos.google.com/share/AF1QipMNlTKHmoGSoQipkb8rL5jjeFPkNV3ed90dzubvPeIdBONX4ARq9PLGAwyBWfOdGA/photo/AF1QipN9p2OuRvwoiHOLzpAgsAAw50qiDoGW2-wgnrC_?key=aUZCTF9PUUoyalBmNXZLTG9JT3duWGNtUnlGSkZB" target="_blank">SEE INSIDE THE THOUSAND YEARS OLD HOUSE</a>W</b><span style="font-size: medium;">N</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: center; text-indent: -15px;"> <a href="https://photos.google.com/share/AF1QipNdMT91LxeIK2PQagK76kbfII2IlZ8WdyNjd-LqP9g0vN0zhXqIMd4Bxksx-w02VA?key=OHdfcW1JV3M2bkc5SV9HVU1jOTdCSHIxNXlHMjln" target="_blank">SEE FROM A MEDIEVAL HOME</a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: center; text-indent: -15px;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: center; text-indent: -15px;"> see..... <a href="http://eramusic.blogspot.com/2017/02/the-concert-grand-pianos.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;">THE CONCERT GRAND PIANOS</a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhK-oubqczdG3YDSXIwZvUOKT7rQiihXS7KcMNKy6p8Pc5gQC4h9LAtbqaLDSreGBjXgDFShvjRpskCEdfck0V9nBM4lZ7PYmtQL4tZtK5RqwHjz4pcvF1ui4TmGvuunehLMCRAyiLYclAM6ou2Jygy_qXmSAWVLQZwnpOzmIWNqe7ENIuRPluZIun3Tpr/s1024/IMG_1140-ANIMATION.gif" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="1603" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhK-oubqczdG3YDSXIwZvUOKT7rQiihXS7KcMNKy6p8Pc5gQC4h9LAtbqaLDSreGBjXgDFShvjRpskCEdfck0V9nBM4lZ7PYmtQL4tZtK5RqwHjz4pcvF1ui4TmGvuunehLMCRAyiLYclAM6ou2Jygy_qXmSAWVLQZwnpOzmIWNqe7ENIuRPluZIun3Tpr/w2137-h1603/IMG_1140-ANIMATION.gif" width="2137" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="color: #e69138; font-size: medium;"> </b><b style="color: #e69138;">THE CITY OF ROUEN THE CAPITAL OF NORMANDY WHERE JOAN OF ARC WAS BURNED </b><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">AT </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">THE STAKES. THE TALL SPIKE LIKE A FLAGPOLE WAS WHERE SHE WAS GRILLED ON </b><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">TOP </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">THEREBY DIED 0F ASPHYXIATION QUICKLY.</b><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">THE PYRAMID BEHIND THE STAKE IS </b><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">THE </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">CHURCH </b><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">OF ST. JAN D'ARC. THE HALF HIDDEN TURRET AT THE EDGE OF TOWN WAS WHERE </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">SHE WAS </b><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;">IMPRISONED.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1856" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Tt9lzIzF8gQ" width="2235" youtube-src-id="Tt9lzIzF8gQ"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left;"><b style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1754" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uirBWk-qd9A" width="2109" youtube-src-id="uirBWk-qd9A"></iframe></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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font-size: x-large; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="1573" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIO_k9wR2ADnevfn88th7jBXWk-VSbJ6ivsMZVQzFKol95mpRj_HU4oc_GT3vfURSNuIec-b2F6-96Uq7P6BmL-Yh2ghDwhcLNXf0QiOIuEY2EDoJW4DjV9wnAaWuUwNByZAArt5lssXR_PwkKVkYhC77FyfEyJGE3XjJ8kFN7Q1_anMI5Vfm3qprwehHD/w2096-h1573/IMG_0015-ANIMATION.gif" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2096" /></a></span></div></span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1805" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/AeXvaHZj5tw" width="2169" youtube-src-id="AeXvaHZj5tw"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1721" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WTCryF1J54Y" style="display: inline;" width="2071" youtube-src-id="WTCryF1J54Y"></iframe></span></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="background-color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="background-color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="background-color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2639" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/k4EbqEIeIZM" width="3175" youtube-src-id="k4EbqEIeIZM"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3_r8QghIcikOJHfdKca-2qtLWgpTZy3P5_H3g2u279j8lpT4Z4wYzlvjsjH4vEKeKI099w8k0MHctUy4Dn8wtD5kRN7D-AvRKP6RNsmUZlDmtXdgzwmDiyDOEt7HF55NtpjKD4vnclPn_B3YypgY0ek-twwL-J3ATGLA9rc99CSmX3A8Qa5PjRWouYpA/s1024/ALASKA-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="2382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3_r8QghIcikOJHfdKca-2qtLWgpTZy3P5_H3g2u279j8lpT4Z4wYzlvjsjH4vEKeKI099w8k0MHctUy4Dn8wtD5kRN7D-AvRKP6RNsmUZlDmtXdgzwmDiyDOEt7HF55NtpjKD4vnclPn_B3YypgY0ek-twwL-J3ATGLA9rc99CSmX3A8Qa5PjRWouYpA/w3175-h2382/ALASKA-ANIMATION.gif" width="3175" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2719" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/349z1z2q7mQ" width="3273" youtube-src-id="349z1z2q7mQ"></iframe><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div style="background-color: black;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;">The University of the Philippines made this field trips available to the student body under the supervision of Mr. Rubio. I remember our trips to Bagiuo</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;">and Bicol by train. The later, I was not able to avail. students start the term with a trip to various High Schools, either to a resort, an American base, or </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;">towns in Luzon. School life is also enriched by additional field trips to such places important to the nation’s infrastructure, like dams, markets, military </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="text-align: justify;">base and institutions like PMA. </b></div></span></div></span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="color: black; text-align: justify; width: 939px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="599"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 600px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="289"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 699px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="699"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td><td valign="top" width="110"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td valign="top" width="111"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdiRjcG5sW3ohLWKC9B1rbjU4-Gv8no0UpxOjMV9-Vv4pABG6Pxsh2MX1iavNSEvlNPwjvb93BwVaPp1zqlyIUyBTFq5lOgdaHeunJSE-JzjUTrTynyKazN9XfKMx8Wd7NUX3jmBC5YGTB/s1600/DSC_0918.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1600" height="1975" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdiRjcG5sW3ohLWKC9B1rbjU4-Gv8no0UpxOjMV9-Vv4pABG6Pxsh2MX1iavNSEvlNPwjvb93BwVaPp1zqlyIUyBTFq5lOgdaHeunJSE-JzjUTrTynyKazN9XfKMx8Wd7NUX3jmBC5YGTB/w2958-h1975/DSC_0918.JPG" width="2958" /></a></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"></span></span><br /><div><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbZ_JhYYAWvhxfGxj0s39yLWynb4_JjXf4mRPanqP8Q2bdMXzKEh5gZFdfq36-RYpT9_PVtC1mbXJKf0guakc3HbFcqVdivUEo6PKHR62C2drGTcBo5AbcNe58McX0pMNpZsPCh3eqUrCv/s1600/DSCN1292.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbZ_JhYYAWvhxfGxj0s39yLWynb4_JjXf4mRPanqP8Q2bdMXzKEh5gZFdfq36-RYpT9_PVtC1mbXJKf0guakc3HbFcqVdivUEo6PKHR62C2drGTcBo5AbcNe58McX0pMNpZsPCh3eqUrCv/w2959-h2220/DSCN1292.JPG" width="2959" /></b></span></a></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn9I6rZlTNTR2M_wsrO5AYegxaV_kBcxMu6SWFn9RYx7y4gC7GQGkAYwwYCcYDUhyHGdLUoMKGngVjPbbtvjZmB8mUeemnHKZSXdtznHVogqo54UtwkLM0nfc1yOKstRCcr6lNyMgo-9nt/s1600/DSCN1294.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn9I6rZlTNTR2M_wsrO5AYegxaV_kBcxMu6SWFn9RYx7y4gC7GQGkAYwwYCcYDUhyHGdLUoMKGngVjPbbtvjZmB8mUeemnHKZSXdtznHVogqo54UtwkLM0nfc1yOKstRCcr6lNyMgo-9nt/w2933-h2200/DSCN1294.JPG" width="2933" /></b></span></a></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">God bless my alumni association</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">In this our chosen Nation,</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Let it blossom forth in harmony and peace;</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">From east to west establish the brotherhood and friendship,</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">That all strife and loneliness may cease.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-1b1832a6-12dd-27de-b380-075573d3faf7" style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">In the busy offices and streets of cities,</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">In the mountains and quiet fields of farms,</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Raise each other's mind to greater vision,</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Shield my classmates' life from that which harms.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">We give thanks for precious friends and alliance;</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Help us cherish them as we should;</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">May we give ourselves in service to each other</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">for your praise and other's good.....</span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;">..AS</span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;">C</span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;"></div><ol><li style="text-align: left;"><br /></li></ol></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: x-large; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><b><br /></b></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><br /></div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">I WAS READING SOME OLD 61 EMAILS AND CAME ACROSS THE NICKNAMES. I WOULD SAY IT WAS HILARIOUS TO READ THIS AND HOW CLASSMATES REMEMBER EACH AND EVERY ONE. YOU WERE VERY KIND, SOME NAMES ARE X-RATED AS I RECALL, BUT YOU DID A GOOD JOB RECALLING THE SANITIZED MONICKER.</span></span></strong></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">ASC</span></span></strong></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"> After 38 years, not an easy task. Kaya pala si Kardinal ang na-assign na </strong></span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">mag-recall: mahirap na medyo delikado pa.Mahirap dahil hindi ako saksi sa </strong><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">lahat ng pangyayari sa lahat ng sections. Delikado dahil baka may sugat na</strong><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">manariwa. Pero katuwaan lang ito. Sana lahat matuwa at walang mapikon--after</strong><strong style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; line-height: 1.22em;">all trabaho lang ito at " recaller" lang ako hindi "namer" o "baptizer".</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">Bato-bato sa langit, ang matamaan mag-email agad.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 1.Jose Acevedo. Babe, Baba, Ali Baba.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 2.Godofredo Alaras. Godofredo.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 3.Corazon Amante. Cora. Pipit( from Joey)</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 4.Andrew Ang.Ang. Undress Ang( from Oca V.)</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 5.Arlene Aquino+. Arlene, Stitch, Stitch.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 6.Vilma Bala. Vilma. Bambi.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 7.Lourdes Balderrama. Dudi......(aka. ..Balde shortened version of Balderama)</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 8.Alipio Baluyut+. Alip.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 9.Frine Bautista. Frine.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 10.Eldora Bella. Dhoree.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 11.Jose Buenaventura. Joey. Yat.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 12.Melinda Caparas. Melinda. It.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 13.Melchor Capili. Melchor. Cap. Ohab( from Ping)</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 14.Augusto Capulong. Augie.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 15.Nemesio Ceralde. Jr. Boy. Boyd. Tenggoy Jr.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 16.Jesus Ching. Ching...(aka Foo Man Ching)</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 17.Renato Constantino, Jr. RC. Yat. One Beer Kid. Wangbu.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 18.Carol Corpus. Carol.Carole.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 19.Cynthia Cuevas. Cynthia. Cindy.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 20.Rogelio Cuevas. Cuevas. Roger.</strong></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2290" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WWKNZUjFJNo" width="2758" youtube-src-id="WWKNZUjFJNo"></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">21.Alexander Custodio. Alex. Todio. Custodio.... General "Bull" Tojo (mannerismm of bowing)</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 22.Manuel Edralin. Manny. Edra. Antok.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 23.Jose Fargas. Ping.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 24.Evangeline Farolan. Eva.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 25.Wilhelmina Fernandez. Mimay. Curly Bangs.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 26.Romeo Fojas. Fojie.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 27.Evelyn Fontanilla. Evelyn.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 28.Nilda Fulgencio. Nilda. FT.French Twist.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 29.Carlos Garcia. Itoy. Bukol...Elvis pompadour and then shortened, aka..Elpo Boy/Epoy.... last time I saw Epoy was at Mapua during my Junior year; he was registering for classes with his older brother.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 30.Nelia Gonzales. Nelia. Nel.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> </strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 31.Jose Guzman. Guzman. Joe.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 32.Rene Herbosa. Rene. Pompoy.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 33.Romeo Imbuido. Imbuido. Romy. Imbudo.</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></strong></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;">> 34.Marilyn Jamias. Marilyn...The Pianist</strong></span></div><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black;">> </span><span style="background-color: black;">35.Rodnel Javier. Rodnel....McKinley Boy...aka Medyas from Lilia</span></span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 36.Lilia Laqui. Lilia....(crush of Rodnel)</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 37.Macrina de Leon. Macrina. Macre.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 38.Wilfrido de Leon. Willy. Daga. Tenga.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 39.Hector Lumberio. Lumberio. Hec.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 40.Mamerto Madella+. Madella. (Saw him last at V-Luna Hospital for our Physical for PMA;he has hypertension and skin rash;I was myopic; he got in, at second try.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 41.Carmelo Madrid. Madrid.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 42.Eduardo Maglaque. Ed.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 43.Bayani Mandanas. Yani. Bondy. Bondat.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 44.Emmanuel Manalac+. Emmy. Emong.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 45.Eduardo Manalac. Ed. Eddie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 46.Manuel Medina. Medy. Manny.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 47.Bonita de Mesa. Bonita. Bonnie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 48.Paul Montalban. Paul.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 49.Leopoldo Moral, Jr. Pol. Moral.Neggy. Cardinal.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 50.Juliana Nable. Juliana. Julie...aka Noble</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 51.Teresita Narciso. Tessie. Kumbinto.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 52.Edgar Navarro. Ed</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 53.Imelda Ocampo. Imelda.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 54.George Olivar, Jr. George. Diyords.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 55.Marcelita Ordonez. Marce.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 56.Lualhati Pablo. Lulu. Usec Pablo.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 57.Angelita Pasamba.Angelita. Lita. Angge.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 58.Cesar Pascual. Cesar. Sandok. Sandy.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 59.Quintin Pastrana. Quintin. Bakya. Q.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 60.Mildred Patino. Mildred.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 61.Jose Pecache+. Pec. Jay...aka Pecs he likes to flex his "muscles"</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 62.Nicolas Pelaez+. Pelaez. Nic.Negro... .Nick can be persistent in his quest for a girlfriend. We once followed a certain sophomore named Kathleen.... . all the way home thru busses and jeepneys with her, and managed to egged a smile; all the while serenading her the Irish ditty Kathleen in front of passengers. </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 63.Amado Punsalang, Jr. Amado. Dodie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 64.Josefino Quiambao. Quiambao. Pepe.....aka Yodel King</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 65.Barbara Ramirez. Babs.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 66.Corazon Ramirez. Cora. Corkie.</span></span></strong></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 67.Erlinda Ramos. Erlinda...</span></span></strong></div></span></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">> 68.Helen Reantaso. Helen.</span></span></strong></div><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><br /><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><strong style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"> 69.Oscar Recto+. Oca. Torecs.</span></span></span></strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 70.Irma Remo. Irma.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 71.Deo Reyes. Deo.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 72.Nestor Rivadelo. Vads.Sleeping Vads.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 73.Roberto Roa. Boots...He is in LA according to relatives I met aboard ship.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 74.Rosalinda Roa. Rosalinda.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 75.Romeo Salvador. Romy....aka Anita Eckberg</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 76.Alberto San Agustin. Bert.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 77.Roberto San Juan. Johnny. Bot. San Juan.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 78.Honorio San Pedro. Nori. Honorio.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 79.Amado Santos, Jr. Dong. Jun.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 80.Jose Sason. Sax. Negro. Kulot. Nonoy. Saxon. Saxophone.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 81.Zenaida Seva. Zeny.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 82.Ma. Lourdes Saguil. Hedy....last time I saw her was during the end of our sophomore year; Loved to dance with her slow (that is the only dance I know) even if I was only her shoulder height ...sorry Lani, that was before the prom.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 83.Elsa Cristina Sevilla. Elsa. Sister. MS...No nonsense Elsa</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 84.Edgardo Silverio. Ed. Silver. Kabayo.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 85.Milagros Suva. Mila. </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 86.Arthur Tan. Atot.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 87.Ernesto Tan-Gatue.Boy. ..Beat up Hannibal Manikan mano a mano</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 88.Victoria Tolentino. Vicky. Toyang.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 89.Lilac Umali. Lilac.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 90.Oscar Valenzuela. Oscar. Oca.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 91.Dolores Vergara. Dolores. Dolly.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 92.Virgilio Vergara. Vius. Ilyong. Ronnie.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 93.Pascual Veron-Cruz Jr. Pascual. Kalbo. Pasky. Jun...aka Math Wiz Veron</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 94.Melanie Villanueva. Melanie. Lani.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 95.Ernesto Villareal. Pong. Ponga.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 96.Pablo Villavicencio. Pablo.Bing.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 97.Rosalita Vizconde. Rosalita. Its.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 98.Cynthia Catindig. Cynthia.</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;">> 99.Evangeline Gabriel. Evangeline.. ...aka..Smiling Vangie..always with a smile</span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-weight: bold;">> 100.Lourdes Gacad. Lourdes.</span></span></span></span></div><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYaopykgongRX-N4ZGaets_gcpTyaU8eHk7AY5tKxMZC-M1xJq-Y_m_4pj-wzdOc7vfSj6gkjIJL3OD2fU1S1SY2PM_kjOSBhmFjxVBERiE5uh6kdM43hzSUoVWodz644hfArc1UmqltaZ/s1600/05+%2528RIP+Dong%2529+UPPrepians61+with+++++++++++++++++Aida%252C+Kristine+%2526+Fred+Santos.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="2013" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYaopykgongRX-N4ZGaets_gcpTyaU8eHk7AY5tKxMZC-M1xJq-Y_m_4pj-wzdOc7vfSj6gkjIJL3OD2fU1S1SY2PM_kjOSBhmFjxVBERiE5uh6kdM43hzSUoVWodz644hfArc1UmqltaZ/w2685-h2013/05+%2528RIP+Dong%2529+UPPrepians61+with+++++++++++++++++Aida%252C+Kristine+%2526+Fred+Santos.jpg" width="2685" /></b></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><span><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="2183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg06nfArLm-5f-kMZF1zO7_SJBt4rTd5v4JOpSEzYfHz9U-hQcuyCYCt6h7B_u4I9TFVxLiFcT31NK8ROMG6uQe7dzdQf03-buc-xCpzH2cCRsVg-9qVhvCVfu8IiJHuUAc6c7p-oBM9A6n/w2912-h2183/IMG_7869-COLLAGE-ANIMATION.gif" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: center;" width="2912" /><br /><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2519" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Bc9yPqHfOU0" width="3029" youtube-src-id="Bc9yPqHfOU0"></iframe></div><br /><span>Ah me! the sixty years since last we met</span><br /><span>Seem to me sixty folios bound and set</span><br /><span>By Time, the great transcriber, on his shelves,</span><br /><span>Wherein are written the histories of ourselves.</span><br /><span>What tragedies, what comedies, are there;</span><br /><span>What joy and grief, what rapture and despair!</span><br /><span>What chronicles of triumph and defeat,</span><br /><span>Of struggle, and temptation, and retreat!</span><br /><span>What records of regrets, and doubts, and fears</span><br /><span>What pages blotted, blistered by our tears!</span><br /><span>What lovely landscapes on the margin shine,</span><br /><span>What sweet, angelic faces, what divine</span><br /><span>And holy images of love and trust,</span><br /><span>Undimmed by age, unsoiled by damp or dust!</span><br /><br /></span></strong></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2445" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dvVYksvBQZA" width="2938" youtube-src-id="dvVYksvBQZA"></iframe><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 900px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="450"><div align="center"><br /></div><br /></td><td valign="top" width="450"><div align="center"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-size: medium;"><strong><br /></strong></span><span style="color: #ff8000; font-size: medium;"><strong><br /></strong></span><span style="color: #ff8000; font-size: medium;"><strong><img height="1532" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3162/2854337639_08be66b98e_b.jpg" width="1149" /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><a href="http://docs.google.com/View?docID=dc78589n_37f8dgch&revision=_latest"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">U. P. Prep High School 1961 Rizal Hall...</strong></span></a></div><div align="center"><br /></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="333"><h5><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3619/3401326974_3c25b6fb9f_b.jpg" /></span></h5><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>View from Manila Naval Station Breakwater.......<a href="https://peopleus.blogspot.com/2014/01/a-boys-memories-of-manila-update.html">A BOY’S MEMORIES OF MANILA</a></b></span></span></td><td valign="top" width="333"></td><td valign="top" width="333"></td></tr></tbody></table><ol></ol><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=532f4dbca0f4a1fb1f04521239a0cd62&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F39544693%40N08%2F3631286900&fl_ev=0&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></b></span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=71e3ee13d641733cc4200f65179205ec&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F53046528%40N00%2F7691973282&fl_ev=0&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></b></span><br /><ul></ul><br /><h3><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"> </span></h3><div align="center"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=65c66593774ac4118f243ff86275f7c6&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F7940017%40N02%2F2854337639%2Fin%2Fphotostream%2F&fl_ev=1&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></strong></span></div><br /><br /><br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 998px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><div align="center"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img height="2180" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4040/4206676415_0a8e76423e_b.jpg" width="2904" /><br /><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">Environs U. P. Manila campus</span> </b></span></div><div align="center"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 998px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><div align="center"><img height="1011" src="http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6134/6023006996_4626ceeac4_b.jpg" width="1519" /></div></td><td valign="top" width="497"><br /><br /><img height="2300" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3334/3631286900_0308582b28_b.jpg" width="1534" /><br /><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><br /><div><br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="199"><div><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"><img alt="29" height="640" src="http://ikaunangpahina.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/29.jpg?w=450" title="29" width="431" /></span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> </b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Sarmiento Bldg, Makati, where I worked at Procter Gamble;</strong></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA6W0kTUceet83dJEDEzckBqqUtYDQV1TWGkqPOIcV1dMIdBwgh0l7L3u8USXsMo7vk2_uvUD4ItbAWgI8lrhkmY1dlGvTGMtdzzBrk0gx0o2AF_z56SsAPePKN8cp-ueqzqf0lsTkgh_Z/s1600/Aristocrat+Facade+Roxas+Blvd.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA6W0kTUceet83dJEDEzckBqqUtYDQV1TWGkqPOIcV1dMIdBwgh0l7L3u8USXsMo7vk2_uvUD4ItbAWgI8lrhkmY1dlGvTGMtdzzBrk0gx0o2AF_z56SsAPePKN8cp-ueqzqf0lsTkgh_Z/w422-h512/Aristocrat+Facade+Roxas+Blvd.jpg" width="422" /></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">ARISTOCRAT. The closest restaurant to our place at MNS. 432 San Andres St. cor. Roxas Blvd., Malate</span> </b></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="199"><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><img alt="1" height="331" src="http://ikaunangpahina.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/110.jpg?w=450" title="1" width="640" /><img alt="Manila, 1956 3" height="446" src="http://ikaunangpahina.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/manila-1956-3.jpg?w=450" title="Manila, 1956 3" width="640" /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Top, movie houses, City Hall,</strong></span></div><div><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Right Photo Bagiuo, th<strong>e terraces and the Lost highway bontoc-mainit (mountain province). A mountain trail in the Cordillera, Philippines.</strong> </strong></span></div><div><span style="color: #f79646; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Rizal Avenue the street was named after Rizal, it was referred to as Calle Dulumbayan. I watched movies at the Ideal, State, Dalisay and Avenue Theaters. Later on ... the Universal Theater and Odeon and Galaxy. And Scala, Apollo, Alegria and Opera House.</strong></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="198"><ol><li><div></div><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:3c3c09be-b23e-444b-a291-0de0e8dd9d89" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="790b89b0-2356-419b-9e2b-a1768b75bbef" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><embed height="252" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/pw5KVoAfHGc?hl=en&hd=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="448"></embed></b></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/smgerdes/4906939650/"><img alt="Riza Ave, Manila, Philippines postcard 1930's" height="456" src="http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4114/4906939650_fe3cfbeeb3.jpg" width="640" /></a> </b></span></div><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:6085eb66-d669-4dee-acab-7af8b5e93e5a" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="5c033b06-d088-41b3-b929-b8f09f24a4b3" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><embed height="252" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/owCWG4d0KAw?hl=en&hd=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="448"></embed></b></span></div></div></li></ol></td><td valign="top" width="200"><br /></td><td valign="top" width="199"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></td><td valign="top" width="497"></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><strong style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;">In the twilight of age all things seem strange and phantasmal, </strong></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: justify;"><strong> As between daylight and dark ghost-like the landscape </strong></span><strong style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">My heart goes back to wander there, </span></strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><strong style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";">And among the dreams of the days that were, </span></strong></strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="text-align: justify;"> I find my lost youth again. </strong></span></strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"><strong style="text-align: justify;"> And the strange and beautiful song, </strong></span></strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman";"></span></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:09780ce8-a664-47c7-9a12-2b5222d26b29" style="float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 0px; width: 425px;"><div id="7c3ce605-d3d0-4b89-9157-ed1307c484b9" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/u8uYmVHVazw&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></b></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><strong style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"> The groves are repeating it still: </strong></div><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"> "A boy's will is the wind's will, </strong></span></div><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><strong style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1379" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BiyHMC_g8vY" width="1659" youtube-src-id="BiyHMC_g8vY"></iframe></div>And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts."</strong></strong></span></div><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><strong style="text-align: justify;">I should not be withheld but that some day </strong></strong></span></div><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><strong style="text-align: justify;">into their vastness I should steal away, </strong></strong></span></div><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><strong style="text-align: justify;">Fearless of ever finding open land, </strong></strong></span></div><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"></strong></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><strong style="text-align: justify;">or highway where the slow wheel pours the sand...RF</strong></strong></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1044" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yXDjRl8aMmI" width="1255" youtube-src-id="yXDjRl8aMmI"></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Art is long, and Time is fleeting,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> And our hearts, though stout and brave,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Still, like muffled drums, are beating</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Funeral marches to the grave. </b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>In the world's broad field of battle,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> In the bivouac of Life,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Be not like dumb, driven cattle!</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Be a hero in the strife! </b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Trust no Future, howe'er pleasant!</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Let the dead Past bury its dead!</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Act,--act in the living Present!</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Heart within, and God o'erhead! </b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Lives of great men all remind us</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> We can make our lives sublime,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>And, departing, leave behind us</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Footprints on the sands of time;</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Footprints, that perhaps another,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Sailing o'er life's solemn main,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> Seeing, shall take heart again. </b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Let us, then, be up and doing,</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b> With a heart for any fate;</b></span></div></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Still achieving, still pursuing,</b></span></div></div></div><p><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"> Learn to labor and to wait...</b> </p><p><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"></b></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="x78zum5 x1e56ztr" style="display: flex; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 8px;"><div class="x6s0dn4 x78zum5 x1iyjqo2" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-family: inherit;"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf x4cne27 xifccgj" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -6px; margin-top: -6px;"><div class="xzueoph x1k70j0n" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><h2 class="x1heor9g x1qlqyl8 x1pd3egz x1a2a7pz x193iq5w xeuugli" dir="auto" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xtoi2st x3x7a5m x1603h9y x1u7k74 x1xlr1w8 xzsf02u x1yc453h" color="var(--primary-text)" dir="auto" style="display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.25rem; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; 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border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; z-index: 0;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz x1heor9g xt0b8zv x1lliihq x5yr21d x1n2onr6 xh8yej3" href="https://www.facebook.com/UPPrep/photos/pb.100054622862179.-2207520000./236217799798102/?type=3" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: inherit; height: 162.4px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; 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border-style: solid; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; z-index: 0;"></div></div></div></div></div></span></div><p><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"><br /></b></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuAdMiaLYGg9P-W2TICg_Tkg4jvRSbsbsKT2YMEfwptHdYW3wvBLJDXMrX8eXtynajDYwu2v6focDBNYOs9m8MHlMVuOT9BxUQXOviwMc_v2da2hTmOdSDHuCB_LIPj9X8Hy-NmvCcBN1mqKBKJu4CINNiBlgDi-mnC7AF7rblNyFZr1N3V71uBwsRNQ/s1024/PICT0090-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="1024" height="1624" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuAdMiaLYGg9P-W2TICg_Tkg4jvRSbsbsKT2YMEfwptHdYW3wvBLJDXMrX8eXtynajDYwu2v6focDBNYOs9m8MHlMVuOT9BxUQXOviwMc_v2da2hTmOdSDHuCB_LIPj9X8Hy-NmvCcBN1mqKBKJu4CINNiBlgDi-mnC7AF7rblNyFZr1N3V71uBwsRNQ/w2230-h1624/PICT0090-ANIMATION.gif" width="2230" /></a></div><p><br /><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"><br /></b></p><p></p><p><br /></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 900px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="450"><p></p><p></p></td><td valign="top" width="450"><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" size="4"><strong><img height="2996" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3162/2854337639_08be66b98e_b.jpg" width="2247" /></strong></font></p><p align="center"><a href="http://docs.google.com/View?docID=dc78589n_37f8dgch&revision=_latest"><font color="#ff8000" size="4"><strong>U. P. Prep High School 1961 Rizal Hall...</strong></font></a></p><ul></ul><p> </p><h3> </h3><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" size="4"><strong><img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=65c66593774ac4118f243ff86275f7c6&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F7940017%40N02%2F2854337639%2Fin%2Fphotostream%2F&fl_ev=1&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></strong></font></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-62090660709145391372023-10-10T14:48:00.000-07:002024-02-24T12:57:31.951-08:00Entire ghost town OF MARSH MILL CALIFORNIA IN THE TAHOE NATIONAL FOREST <br />
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></b><span style="background-color: black;"><br /><br /><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br />Entire ghost town of Marsh Mill <br /></b><b><br />ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHS </b></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><span><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1784" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RgtEUr_n9vM" width="2146" youtube-src-id="RgtEUr_n9vM"></iframe></div><br /></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><b style="background-color: black;"><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><b><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig4.jpg">1</a>. The Miner's Sunday<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig5.jpg">2</a>. A Sunday's Amusements<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig7.jpg">3</a>. A Daily Pleasure<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig8.jpg">4</a>. Occupation for Rainy Days<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig9.jpg">5</a>. The Mountain Expressman<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig10.jpg">6</a>. Residence and Farm of A. P. Chapman<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig11.jpg">7</a>. "The Expressman Has Arrived"<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig12.jpg">8</a>. Lodgings About 1855<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig13.jpg">9</a>. Residence and Ranch of H. H. Kennedy, Goodyear's Bar, Sierra County, California<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig15.jpg">10</a>. Hidden Treasure Mine, Sunny South, Placer County, California<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig16.jpg">11</a>. Forty-Stamp Gold Mill<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig17.jpg">12</a>. Cross-Section Forty-Stamp Gold Mill<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig17.jpg">13</a>. Batea For Gold Mill<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig18.jpg">14</a>. Battery Frame<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig23.jpg">15</a>. Schematic View, Malakoff Diggings, Ca. 1880<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig24.jpg">16</a>. English (Rudyard) Dam<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig25.jpg">17</a>. Omega Mine, Washington Ridge<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig28.jpg">18</a>. Truckee Hotel<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig29.jpg">19</a>. Bear Valley Mill, Towle Brothers, Dutch Flat<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig30.jpg">20</a>. Kearsarge Mill, Towle Brothers, Dutch Flat<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig31.jpg">21</a>. M. L. Marsh Ox-Teams and Barns<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig32.jpg">22</a>. M. L. Marsh Sawmill<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig33.jpg">23</a>. Gold Lake Ranger Station, Ca. 1922<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig34.jpg">24</a>. Sierra Valley Ranger Station, 1915<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig36.jpg">25</a>. Logging Engine<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig37.jpg">26</a>. Steam Donkey<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig38.jpg">27</a>. Steam Donkey Yarding, Ca. 1900<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig39.jpg">28</a>. Railroad Logging Engine, Cars; Loader in Background<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig45.jpg">29</a>. Auburn Ski Club C.C.C. Camp<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig46.jpg">30</a>. Sattley C.C.C. Camp<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig47.jpg">31</a>. Temporary Logging Structure<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig48.jpg">32</a>. Fir Camp, Forest Hill; 1924. Fire Fighter's Payday <br /><br />MAPS <br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig1.jpg">1</a>. Tahoe National Forest<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig2.jpg">2</a>. Ancient and Modern River System<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig3.jpg">3</a>. Main Routes to the Gold Fields<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig6.jpg">4</a>. Yuba Basin Mining Water Supply, 1850-53<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig14.jpg">5</a>. Location of Gold Districts<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig19.jpg">6</a>. Geologic Map of Sierra City and Johnsville Districts, Plumas Counties<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig20.jpg">7</a>. Meadow Lake Mining District<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig21.jpg">8</a>. North Bloomfield Area, Ca. 1875<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig22.jpg">9</a>. Yuba Basin Hydraulic Mining Ditch System 1854-1884<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig26.jpg">10</a>. Routes Across the Tahoe National Forest<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig27.jpg">11</a>. Stagecoach Routes, 1902<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig35.jpg">12</a>. Truckee Basin Logging Railroads (1868-1930)<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig40.jpg">13</a>. Geologic Map of Alleghany District, Sierra County<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig41.jpg">14</a>. P.G.& E. Facilities in the Yuba Basin, 1911<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig42.jpg">15</a>. Tahoe National Forest - Cattle - 1915<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig43.jpg">16</a>. Tahoe National Forest - Sheep - 1915<br /><a href="http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/5/tahoe/images/fig44.jpg">17</a>. Tahoe National Forest - Grazing, 1939 <br /><br /> <br /><br />Nevada County GenWeb<br />Biography of Martin Luther Marsh<br /><br /> <br /><br />Marsh Mill is a historical town worth more than the asking price of $ 999,999. Includes a spring fed lake and 167 acres of rolling forested terrain. A plateau if you consider the hills surrounding the town. <br /><br /> <img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEil1p3zdqJiX9zwnTBScw_aazkA0K2zcrdCFBDW3JY_bJgSaogSF-3_9jyDIAFxxG36I5i_lHsvHkAIU5yHo0Nv4Hd-gkJyu1IsAWiY44VeXTH96FEX66sRpnzUYDmoGtJ9eWSdEyKGiVWXaT5vCOunug=" /> <br /><br />Martin Luther Marsh and his brother Daniel photocopied from the 1895 Pictorial History of Nevada County. <br /><br />The Marsh brothers were very prominent lumbermen in Nevada County. They partnered with A.B. Gregory in the 1860's to run the Old Pioneer Sawmill. It had been founded in the 1850’s on Little Deer Creek and encompassed the land now bounded by Nimrod, Nile and Clay Streets. <br /><br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEj4U-7-PDcBqODTxFa8k0NsiRbWKboxoyY53Q3C6OkPCTD5KPEPxDC-g9u1Rchx-YMxqz0hRWXNiUDBIWW4NKpN3XjImzeVUQYJTv5bXjqpogP_Tsy4l2c5I8s7_JlUoOFLJTiN6LH3-JYqy-edA1o=" /> <br /><br />The above map is a detail from the 1871 Birdseye View of Nevada City which appears below. <br /><br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhwzH7-sz_ZZw3Hh7EoOZZJ0ey3XqjBzFVjEDqw_a7iJk3mBcuNSPTZvFzZuTD4QIKD3inaxhDXQGvQk912ArGGIm9xNXpboAXiXvx1fljbNlLxZpwjzcCCXEmLqgJ1YioxAlxpzQNiuPIwNpYQpThq=" /> <br /><br />Early newspapers mention a steam saw mill on Little Deer Creek owned by a “Russell and Hirst” in 1854 and owned by “Marsh, Palmer and Perry” in 1861. The sawmill and lumber operation of M.L. Marsh and A.B. Gregory on Nimrod Street in 1859 is shown on page 107 in the 1895 Pictorial History of Nevada County. (Marsh later removed his sawmill to another location on Boulder Street.) The 1864 Nevada County Assessor's roll shows the property as the Old Pioneer Sawmill of “A.B. Gregory.” Early tax assessments show stockpiles of lumber and 'working’ cattle on the property. <br /><br />Martin Luther Marsh and his large family resided in the historic Marsh-Christie house on Boulder Street. He died 14 December 1911. His brother Daniel died 26 July 1921. <br /><br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEguyEhfRJx_9y061t00hCCwd_hhvQZyUCYcgpNqBopWWIc9YaFOLI1N-Gbs22iOnv9XDNcdBjEISlqFEIVy29bz8O-S6uZaH8F1fsh215efVJLjagFyp0MaxD3gy8QxPt_lY-prNDx-M0k3gj9WpS4=" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br />Judah had ignored the Truckee Route early on, leaning more toward a southern route near Tahoe, etc. I gather that his Doctor pal in Dutch Flat had much to do with the decision being made in favor of the Truckee Route, but then today I find something else! ... <br /><br />Caleb Greenwood, the scout for the Stevens Party in 1844, found a way to bypass the upper Truckee Canyon in 1845. Known as the Dog Valley Section of the Truckee River Route of The California Emigrant Trail. From 1845 on it became THE route, basically a horseshoe detour from what is now Verdi, Nevada, to what is now Donner Lake, California. The Dog Valley Road would be nothing more than a part of the TRR until about 1852. <br /><br />The northern mines of California, specifically the Yuba River country, and particularly the North and Middle Forks, were worked at early as June of 1848. Roads from Marysville and Sacramento had been established to the settlements of Camptonville, North San Juan, and Nevada (City), by 1849. Pack trails of course connected these settlements to the diggings on the North and Middle Forks of the Yuba. By 1852, the trails from Camptonville and North San Juan had been developed into passable wagon roads. They would meet and become one roughly three miles east of Forest (City). It would continue as one road through to what is now Verdi, Nevada. Jackson and Henness had built a road to their ranch, and Dr. Webber had built a road to his lake and hotel, so connecting the roads was an obvious thing to do. Emigrants traveling over the TRR by 1852, would branch off the TRR near what is now Stampede Valley (Dog Valley Road), and instead of heading south and west to Donner, would head west and a little north. I have numerous diary excerpts to verify this. <br /><br />Diaries note that most went emigrants to Downieville, and a couple note that some companies went "south and west from Jackson's Ranch to Nevada City". (Not to be confused the Nevada City section of the Truckee River Route). ... That little jag to Nevada (City) is vital to the Judah connection. <br /><br />In 1859, after gold was discovered in the Comstock, two different companies were formed to push freight and people to and from Virginia City, Nevada. The first was the "Truckee Turnpike Company". Organized<br />in Marysville, the road actually began in North San Juan, as connecting roads from there and Camptonville already existed. The TTC was actually two roads, the NSJ road and the Camptonville Road. Current "topo" maps show the Camptonville route as the Henness Pass Road, but in truth the NSJ road was more heavily used. In reality, they are "bifurcations" as they joined as one just east of Forest (City). <br /><br />The second company started in Nevada (City), and was known as the "Heness Pass Turnpike Company". The two roads of the TTC that became one after Forest (City), and the HPTC, all became one at Jackson Meadows, now the site of the Jackson Reservoir. From that point on, the road was known as "The Henness Pass Road", and the companies involved worked as one, under the name HPTC, through to Virginia City, Nevada. <br /><br />Of interest to you initially would be the site of "Marsh Mill". This site sits directly on the HPTC route between Graniteville, (Eureka), and the site of Bowman House. Marsh Mill was of course owned and operated by Charles Marsh! <br /><br />In 1864, yet another road connected into the Henness Pass Road system. Known officially as the Pacific Turnpike, it was also known as "Culbertson's Road". This road ran from Dutch Flat east to Bear Valley,<br />then due north to Bowman House, where it connected to the HPTC road to Jackson Meadows, etc. <br /><br />From a business viewpoint, let us look at Charles Marsh. His place sat roughly four miles west of Bowman House, directly on the HPTC road. The Pacific Turnpike intersected the HPTC Road at Bowman House. The Pacific Turnpike, A/K/A Culbertson's Road, was "owned" by yet another company, "The Nevada City Turnpike Company". The NCTC was basically the route of California #20, a heavily-used emigrant road in the 1850's. Both road connected at Bear Valley. <br /><br />This is complicated, so please bear with me. <br /><br />The Dutch Flat Tahoe Wagon Road, also started at Dutch Flat. Is that a coincidence? <br /><br />...On the surface it appears that Judah and political as well as business allies were attempting to control wagon routes long before the existence of rail! <br /><br />My point to all of this is that I have found newspaper accounts from the 1850's and 1860's of Marsh and Judah on the Henness Pass Road. It was a prime candidate, per the accounts, for rail. Marsh's interest should be obvious. Considering where rail was laid, and further considering the position of Charles Marsh in the grand scheme, what happened? I will send you the accounts of what I have if you are not aware of them. <br /><br />... I was recruited to act as a scout, guide and mule skinner/teamster for the official California 150th celebration. The Missouri crew was short-handed when they reached Fernley, Nevada, and as I know the old wagon roads, I was drafted on the spot. Two weeks later, we arrived in Sacramento. We had four wagons, all Conestoga's almost thirty feet each in length. The wagons were built by Morris Carter using Smithsonian plans, right down to the brakes; being nothing more than a rope across the box to hook a<br />bootheel into, etc. <br /><br />The mules did not like the few times we hit pavement, once in Reno and once near Truckee. In Truckee, some motorist honked a number of times, and the mules of course "went south". The result was two runaway teams, one of course was mine! We all survived the mishap, two-leggers and four-leggers alike, but we had to layover below Donner Summit to do some wagon repair, shrink wheels, replace a broken tongue, etc. I had been thrown from the wagon during the mishap and had more than a few bruises." <br /><br /><br /><br />ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHS<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.2&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /> <br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.3&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /> <br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.4&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /> <br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.5&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /> <br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.6&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /> <br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.7&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /> <br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.8&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /> <br /><img src="https://us-mg204.mail.yahoo.com/ya/download?mid=2%5f0%5f0%5f1%5f37419441%5fAFd3w0MABXXdVR3JygVTSG0Wn7U&m=YaDownload&pid=2.9&fid=Inbox&inline=1&appid=yahoomail" /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFloFnF__wiwUfLqzvrmokTiHHjdWvxCj0HJqYEdhGrDdBkE1v70BRIhYqnv97TGPyKhojB7mFiaw585iEFoUJze_1z95Q_4vNQG7l70CNaLynKuRlGuryqWhYkOgMPXJe-RW8ZSe9Gz3f/s1600/IMG_0214.JPG" /> <br />The Southern 70 acres version of El Capitan. Massive rock formation, hidden granite cliff on the left side covered by the trees<br /><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-QwKbVghA4xw/VR4nIpAB0RI/AAAAAAADZvE/yN8R-dxSbL4/s1600/IMG_0165.JPG" /><br /> <br /><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-kmk1dufJFC8/VR4nLaqGZKI/AAAAAAADZvU/clbnXKcJbvk/s1600/IMG_0167.JPG" /><br /><br /><br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibVzaY1OM3PhAl_XSHtpCVUQxPEClFjkaFIaVTbcJamGThTX7lVWHeAtgd5c6H9sZ_ZBSLiDZ-VScGz68rgcZPY9E5x3o2jtIN69Fj6bjDK11W-AqGYoqgGXPHA9V1W_7Xf-AIx4eAa6It/s1600/IMG_0170.JPG" /><br /><br /><br /><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-R8d1gXiGXv4/VR4nS0gNzaI/AAAAAAADZwE/LYOgOSInv38/s1600/IMG_0173.JPG" /><br /><br /><br /><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-dL7bpd-Wf2s/VR4nVfu6IiI/AAAAAAADZwU/OL_CxVTy6SU/s1600/IMG_0175.JPG" /><br /><br /><br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMJExjOIn2tJi8wjZY3YJnM_DEjBDWZGCq6SINJplnDeDrarkGkDoaRJlHVkLMbsuzHJYB63CdmXrlQ9amBZ6W3MdNcTfyf3fjGiD3Azk5njF4RUgmIhfpoaQN3dRv4hy0P0OFoRjAIseH/s1600/IMG_0176.JPG" /><br />Marsh Mill Road<br /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOfmtUXaW02BRJDf-dRFzMz9hY8q1C6ZSgdax-AbGgJokqXovcYFZbUNZoj9WfbZpUGPMFa_fG-fzL6vF1kUXfrXOMr57vF5wo79JwM9rQE0uISNjWH5f-6YZ1Oo2mOYKEY76ePMnSK2y1/s1600/IMG_0177.JPG" /></b></span></span><br />
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<span><span><b>Along Marsh Mill Road</b></span></span><br />
<span><span><b><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd5hgO0RRTTFOdnKNW5G0QxntumV21Kx6MjxntrWmryZ0rg3X3aPAss112hgSmw-U9PJZRNc2X_MWsqYX7sQ0Vuyikn5PG2evlYacUBPNz-2JHDOKd6nbjByBjWzfH04p-053V086oMFI8/s1600/IMG_0179.JPG" /><br /><br /><br /><img src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-4phtesfv1F4/VR4ngU7Hp7I/AAAAAAADZw8/qahnY2109ZE/s1600/IMG_0180.JPG" /><br />Entrance to R/W Middleton Rd<br /><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-SmbB5QRubJ0/VSstcn3gvEI/AAAAAAADaBU/SYrL1EZ5Pko/s1600/2015-04-02.jpg" /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br />http:// </b></span></span><br />
<b><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-dmBNulb2gZk/R2rmSLs5oAI/AAAAAAAAApA/Ci_EJ3sg12g/s1600/mill16.jpg" /></b><br />
<span><span><b><br />When the warm sun, that brings<br />Seed-time and harvest, has returned again,<br />'T is sweet to visit the still wood, where springs<br /> The first flower of the plain.<br /> I love the season well,<br />When forest glades are teeming with bright forms,<br />Nor dark and many-folded clouds foretell<br /> The coming-on of storms.<br /> From the earth's loosened mould<br />The sapling draws its sustenance, and thrives;<br />Though stricken to the heart with winter's cold,<br /> The drooping tree revives.<br /> The softly-warbled song<br />Comes from the pleasant woods, and colored wings<br />Glance quick in the bright sun, that moves along<br /> The forest openings. <br /><br /><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-hpnl2LedCbo/R2rmVbs5oBI/AAAAAAAAApI/n39zmowAvL4/s1600/mill17.jpg" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br />When the bright sunset fills<br />The silver woods with light, the green slope throws<br />Its shadows in the hollows of the hills,<br /> And wide the upland glows.<br /> And when the eve is born,<br />In the blue lake the sky, o'er-reaching far,<br />Is hollowed out and the moon dips her horn,<br /> And twinkles many a star.<br /> Inverted in the tide<br />Stand the gray rocks, and trembling shadows throw,<br />And the fair trees look over, side by side,<br /> And see themselves below.<br /> Sweet April! many a thought<br />Is wedded unto thee, as hearts are wed;<br />Nor shall they fail, till, to its autumn brought,<br /> Life's golden fruit is shed. <br /><br /> <br /><br /><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-UKwQMoa0-oc/TGrtEJdxC3I/AAAAAAAAEGM/TX9B2P9Fo0A/s1600/mill8.jpg" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-3TkYterg6t8/TGrvBSSdYrI/AAAAAAAAEGc/7yw4TRBTi30/s1600/mill11.jpg" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-WtgQ4mInQrg/THJL4NWXcdI/AAAAAAAAEMQ/5uRaFkei5T0/s1600/mill8.jpg" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-qwuTLNlTkFA/R2rmKrs5n-I/AAAAAAAAEGs/fUGJLYdvZaw/s1600/mill14.jpg" /> <br /><br />Whose woods these are I think I know. <br /><br />His house is in the village, though; <br /><br />He will not see me stopping here <br /><br />To watch his woods fill up with snow. <br /><br /> <br /><br />My little horse must think it queer <br /><br />To stop without a farmhouse near <br /><br />Between the woods and frozen lake <br /><br />The darkest evening of the year. <br /><br /> <br /><br />He gives his harness bells a shake <br /><br />To ask if there is some mistake. <br /><br />The only other sounds the sweep <br /><br />Of easy wind and downy flake. <br /><br /> <br /><br />The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, <br /><br />But I have promises to keep, <br /><br />And miles to go before I sleep, <br /><br />And miles to go before I sleep <br /><br /><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-C4mJR4TW4W8/R2rCOLs5n2I/AAAAAAAAD8U/Du8mo-KBotA/s1600/mill6.jpg" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-DN-KdeswLX4/R2rCMLs5nzI/AAAAAAAAD78/9zswHg3lxIc/s1600/mill3.jpg" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-jF-jHjiwDag/R2rCKLs5nwI/AAAAAAAAD7s/Moi5UFqXjBA/s1600/mill.jpg" /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /><img src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-BgxAQNqLZkQ/R2rCKrs5nxI/AAAAAAAAD7w/5xLiCTCBl08/s1600/mill1.jpg" /></b></span></span><br />
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">PROPERTY IN FRANCE FOR SALE BY OWNER FOR $200,000 IN MONTAIGUT EN COMBRAILLE (</span></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: start;">in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Puy-de-Dôme">Puy-de-Dôme</a><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Departments of France">department</a><span style="text-align: start;"> of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne_(region)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auvergne (region)">Auvergne</a>)</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1615" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DP1_CUW137U" width="1943" youtube-src-id="DP1_CUW137U"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1620" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IMuYFEAahas" width="1947" youtube-src-id="IMuYFEAahas"></iframe></div><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR8IeYRTcZD6niBHKH9cxGqPxwOCiefqZxRiV80xQtDwtpnlcIi51IwqAZ_i1qbh2lqKe3j9VAjFfSeP38nROGXjdS7WZsIjaAPqq_9i_xTIAauL2tEMg6uN42q5mAUusBOZ0F7Rv5dg26GRD3YCxXPMi_hgSTGAUEybv_aQAfR-xKwhxoZ6s-xvc65Q5N/s508/68159616-ANIMATION%20Montaigut%20proper.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="330" data-original-width="508" height="1121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR8IeYRTcZD6niBHKH9cxGqPxwOCiefqZxRiV80xQtDwtpnlcIi51IwqAZ_i1qbh2lqKe3j9VAjFfSeP38nROGXjdS7WZsIjaAPqq_9i_xTIAauL2tEMg6uN42q5mAUusBOZ0F7Rv5dg26GRD3YCxXPMi_hgSTGAUEybv_aQAfR-xKwhxoZ6s-xvc65Q5N/w1727-h1121/68159616-ANIMATION%20Montaigut%20proper.gif" width="1727" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEHfho4xnMVwOxSOjtyNtpb1EAafBqaRQU5BUBz8KP8vAsu8IPAcQBWr2kab5GYZqzduQkJRniH4QioQkd7RwIwVEtruYSwm-V6v4skdD8-gA1B5LOj6WHfTklaaPZw4uNI2-FcG5PvrUCUC439fGlS9SYoi6_tEl6iEdTmvsc5Ad4rccRZC_AF-3pVF-1/s1024/The%20Transformation%20of%20the%20Garage%2010-16-2016%206-59-34%20AM%203264x2448-ANIMATION%20(1).gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="1330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEHfho4xnMVwOxSOjtyNtpb1EAafBqaRQU5BUBz8KP8vAsu8IPAcQBWr2kab5GYZqzduQkJRniH4QioQkd7RwIwVEtruYSwm-V6v4skdD8-gA1B5LOj6WHfTklaaPZw4uNI2-FcG5PvrUCUC439fGlS9SYoi6_tEl6iEdTmvsc5Ad4rccRZC_AF-3pVF-1/w1773-h1330/The%20Transformation%20of%20the%20Garage%2010-16-2016%206-59-34%20AM%203264x2448-ANIMATION%20(1).gif" width="1773" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b style="background-color: black;">Renovattion of the house cost more than $ 120,000 ie. new roof $25,000, Brick Floors in family room $36,000 , reinforoced dumgeons and new wood in living floor, arch dungeons floor and spiral stairs $23,000, Finishing up like double pane windows, doors, utilities, $37,000, landscaping concrete work, $12,000 etc. Then antique furnitures, linen included. Living area of 2009 sq. feet, 3 bath and 3 bdr. Click here to see the full album of the house<a href="https://photos.google.com/share/AF1QipNdMT91LxeIK2PQagK76kbfII2IlZ8WdyNjd-LqP9g0vN0zhXqIMd4Bxksx-w02VA?key=OHdfcW1JV3M2bkc5SV9HVU1jOTdCSHIxNXlHMjln">FROM A MEDIEVAL HOME</a> </b></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncFg1dfcWxe4fjlR0V-Mr1_Ix4N95-idMIJm9Lthj7sb3c_B-e084AANu4a81ijKB_HnuqXIG6M8WIr5CK4k9HA7Mtfk8q3ShwwPEQ0KvaLLHY6DQIFr4IJ5SfH4QFmvOrRYzjfTTw3mvA4836_x4nDYoOcbKV4NjpTdFiazvbdSa7HFAw4hMh6B2mCj9/s1024/IMG_0144-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" data-original-height="771" data-original-width="1024" height="1305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncFg1dfcWxe4fjlR0V-Mr1_Ix4N95-idMIJm9Lthj7sb3c_B-e084AANu4a81ijKB_HnuqXIG6M8WIr5CK4k9HA7Mtfk8q3ShwwPEQ0KvaLLHY6DQIFr4IJ5SfH4QFmvOrRYzjfTTw3mvA4836_x4nDYoOcbKV4NjpTdFiazvbdSa7HFAw4hMh6B2mCj9/w1732-h1305/IMG_0144-ANIMATION.gif" width="1732" /></a></div></strong></span></span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: black; width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="584"><div align="justify" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></div></td></tr></tbody></table><strong style="background-color: black;"><span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEHfho4xnMVwOxSOjtyNtpb1EAafBqaRQU5BUBz8KP8vAsu8IPAcQBWr2kab5GYZqzduQkJRniH4QioQkd7RwIwVEtruYSwm-V6v4skdD8-gA1B5LOj6WHfTklaaPZw4uNI2-FcG5PvrUCUC439fGlS9SYoi6_tEl6iEdTmvsc5Ad4rccRZC_AF-3pVF-1/s1024/The%20Transformation%20of%20the%20Garage%2010-16-2016%206-59-34%20AM%203264x2448-ANIMATION%20(1).gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="1485" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEHfho4xnMVwOxSOjtyNtpb1EAafBqaRQU5BUBz8KP8vAsu8IPAcQBWr2kab5GYZqzduQkJRniH4QioQkd7RwIwVEtruYSwm-V6v4skdD8-gA1B5LOj6WHfTklaaPZw4uNI2-FcG5PvrUCUC439fGlS9SYoi6_tEl6iEdTmvsc5Ad4rccRZC_AF-3pVF-1/w1980-h1485/The%20Transformation%20of%20the%20Garage%2010-16-2016%206-59-34%20AM%203264x2448-ANIMATION%20(1).gif" width="1980" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></strong></span></span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: black; width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="584"><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;">As a child, I dream about traveling around the world especially in Europe and living there for for some months abd acquring their culture and language, I would need a house or a home base equidistant to the capitals of Europe. This dream was fulfilled later on above, in my retired years. However, I am done with traveling and will sell this house for a measely sum of $200,000 together with the antique fornitures, Click here to see</span> <a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/3zUBnCRJh2uCCnKq6">Inside the house</a></span></strong></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><br /></strong></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2391" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6SFWNQ5M6Y4" width="2875" youtube-src-id="6SFWNQ5M6Y4"></iframe></b></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">A BOY’S MEMORIES OF MANILA</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TTqbKsAmC38" width="2746" youtube-src-id="TTqbKsAmC38"></iframe></span></div><span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 999px;"> <tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="333"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5255/5502680947_4663bcf303_b.jpg" /> <br />
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<img height="386" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4029/4277575106_fe8399ecab.jpg" width="579" /><br /><br /><strong><img alt="" height="768" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3231/2396177266_3d9fff0596_z.jpg" width="576" /><br /></strong><br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila Chinatown</span></b></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards in 1571, trade between ethnic Filipino Malays and Chinese traders was already established in pre-colonial Manila. Manila's Chinatown is one of the oldest in Asia, established sometime in the late 17th century. It is home to many ethnic Chinese who left the Chinese mainland for a home in the Philippines. Binondo is a stone's throw away from the District of Intramuros, which was the Philippine's administrative capital under Spanish rule. The district was within the range of Intramuros' canons to quell any uprising the Chinese could have started. Binondo became a center of commerce during the American colonial era of the Philippines, since the Chinese were known to be experts in trading and finance. Banks, department stores, restaurants, insurance companies, nearly all giant commercial establishments were built in Binondo, the most prominent of which are located in the Escolta Avenue, though these are somewhat out of vogue and dilapidated today. World War II destroyed much of Binondo's commercial establishments. After the war, most companies relocated to Makati, the current central business district of Metro Manila.</b></div></span></td> <td valign="top" width="333"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilOhzPeVkSTJGj__gYqdZr8u2sHL0ZrTOa8q4Yrg5udFqCFKEcLSefdBUagTTc_EM-lR7CEhQb9jzOzPUXnaVS2MA6z_KtoqhfobofkZW7GuPouly0BxF5I0IgY4rk1n2jFuan9uG_na5C/s1600/ANIMATION+Manila.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="930" data-original-width="1024" height="1646" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilOhzPeVkSTJGj__gYqdZr8u2sHL0ZrTOa8q4Yrg5udFqCFKEcLSefdBUagTTc_EM-lR7CEhQb9jzOzPUXnaVS2MA6z_KtoqhfobofkZW7GuPouly0BxF5I0IgY4rk1n2jFuan9uG_na5C/w1812-h1646/ANIMATION+Manila.gif" width="1812" /></b></span></a><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><img height="1213" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4135/4864598571_7c87543255_b.jpg" width="1816" /><img height="1212" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2725/4038025819_23421b1a52_b.jpg" width="1817" /><img height="1268" src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7132/7020482853_98bcccbf3a_b.jpg" width="1690" /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><img height="2077" src="http://farm2.staticflickr.com/1238/845217345_502ff83208.jpg" style="display: block; float: none; font-weight: 700; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;" width="1383" /><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span>Taal Volcano Left Photo</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><b><br /></b></span><span><b><span><br /></span> <br /> <br /></b></span><img height="1152" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4110/4989468410_cd7976fa52.jpg" width="1730" /><span><b><br /> <br /><span> The Jones Bridge, initially named as the Puente Grande and later known as Puente de España, crosses the Pasig River and connects the districts of the Binondo, Chinatown and Escolta areas with the center of downtown Manila. This bridge is considered to be the oldest in all of the Philippines.</span><br /></b></span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></td> <td valign="top" width="499"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1883" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2365/2456251961_30513857e8_z.jpg?zz=1" width="1457" /><br />
<span><span><strong><img alt="photo" height="881" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2157/1725500182_6ef7bc90b2_z.jpg?zz=1" width="1454" /><br /><br /></strong></span></span><span><b>calesa terminal. Kalesa (sometimes called a karitela) is a horse-driven carriage used in the Philippines. The word predates the Spanish conquest and descends ultimately from an Old Church Slavonic word meaning "wheels." This was one of the modes of transportation introduced in the Philippines in the 18th century. <br /></b></span><br /><br /><span><img height="960" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4083/4989127921_9b04f4bb0f.jpg" width="1441" /></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila Yacht Club, Roxas Boulevard across the Blvd. was our old quarters at the Manila Naval Station (MNS)</span></h3>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>My early recollection of the Legislative, Post office and the fortification near the Pasig River deserved some mention. Along these walls of Fort Santiago were a lot of Cogon grass that we use to clean and cut back in the mid 1950 as a civic duty and as a project for my cub scout den, designated then as Pack Number 1. During </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"><span>World War II</span></a><span>, Fort Santiago was captured by the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Imperial_Army"><span>Japanese Imperial Army</span></a><span>, and used its prisons and dungeons including the storage cells and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine"><span>gunpowder magazines</span></a><span> for hundreds of prisoners who were killed near the end of the war.</span></span></strong></div>
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<tr> <td valign="top" width="299"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></td> <td style="text-align: right;" valign="top" width="299"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1734" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-panZGCNpQD8/TDTlNRrAKUI/AAAAAAAAR58/UU_7jLdtv0c/w763-h1734/CubscoutAlex.jpg" width="763" /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/PMA_gusali.JPG"><img alt="File:PMA gusali.JPG" height="794" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/PMA_gusali.JPG/576px-PMA_gusali.JPG" width="763" /></a><br /><strong><span><br /><span>Philippine Military Academy, Fort del Pilar, Baguio City.</span></span></strong><span><strong><span><strong><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 511px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><h5 align="justify"><span><span>PMA was modeled after the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"><span>United States Military Academy</span></a><span> with officers from the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Scouts"><span>Philippine Scouts</span></a><span> and regular</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"><span>United States Army</span></a><span><span><span> as instructors and members of the general staff.</span></span></span> <span>With the outbreak of World War II, training was disrupted at the PMA with Classes 1942 and 1943 being graduated prematurely and assigned to combat units in Bataan and other parts of the country. Many of these young officers perished in the war.</span> <span>After the war, the Academy was reopened on May 5, 1947, at Camp Henry T. Allen in Baguio City. But due to its increasing need for larger grounds, it was soon moved to its present location at Fort Gen Gregorio H Del Pilar, Loakan, some ten kilometers from downtown Baguio. During the 1960s, as a need for more well-rounded individuals was found to be desirable, socio-humanistic courses were added to the school's curriculum.</span> </span></h5></td></tr></tbody></table></strong></span></strong><span>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">In the old days the walls were used as security and protection. Threats of invasion by Chinese, Japanese, Dutch and Portuguese pirates prompted the construction of defenses consisting of high stones walls, bulwarks and moats. The walls stretch to 4.5 kilometers in length, enclosing a pentagonal area aprrox. 64 hectares. The area consisted of residences, churches, palaces, schools and govt. buildings. Entry was made possible through gates w/ drawbridges, which were closed before midnite and opened at the break of dawn.<br /></b></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 599px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="299"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="2269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKhqNoGqPi4yzb5m6jICldptnaj0SrTenG4F2AgHSxJn00YdFVfd2pwF0rziPWqu0CnErB_y0VP6D-kpchsbiJiJ3nfy9_0x9GV6Qr4wQsfswQECAPMtbwgogupFTxEo5lrN1fyZTR9ATa/w1560-h2269/IMG_7658.JPG" width="1560" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="299"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><h3><img alt="photo" height="1165" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2794/4316282103_593e7f33fc_z.jpg" width="779" /></h3> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg42a45ROhKTPBDw_GTmlhs7goGIFJpXKGNSaI7RiHN_eCoI78Ou-bZhWMN6ThvwcjDTVDIpbUwVhYhDVZm_m_m5i49UZEBU4EocE-qYkBT3EfhkmAR-2FzpNDnrGmWlrI6YZgd1LnznvR7/s1600/ANIMATION+Mama+2.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="937" height="1705" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg42a45ROhKTPBDw_GTmlhs7goGIFJpXKGNSaI7RiHN_eCoI78Ou-bZhWMN6ThvwcjDTVDIpbUwVhYhDVZm_m_m5i49UZEBU4EocE-qYkBT3EfhkmAR-2FzpNDnrGmWlrI6YZgd1LnznvR7/w1561-h1705/ANIMATION+Mama+2.gif" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="1561" /></a></div></span></td></tr>
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Del Pilar Shrine Ma</span>rcelo H. Del Pilar Shrine in Bulakan, Bulacan.</span></span></h3>
<h3><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> Gen. Gregorio Del Pilar Shrine</span></span></h3>
</td> <td valign="top" width="499"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1937" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5266/5630185187_986f5695ac_b.jpg" width="2418" /> <br /><span><strong><br />View from Old Intramuros prior to reconstruction, towards the Post Office Building and Santa Cruz Bridge from the ruins of Recolectos Church 1950s. Notice the grass and vegetation along the walls that we in our young days have to cut and clean.<br /><br /></strong></span></span></td></tr>
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</span><h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2328" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YByQ5GdowxY" width="2801" youtube-src-id="YByQ5GdowxY"></iframe></span></div><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">My grand uncle General Gregorio del Pilar monument THE BOY GENERAL, HERO OF THE PHILIPPINE AMERICAN WAR</span></h3><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2492" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XeFTbLafk9E" width="2997" youtube-src-id="XeFTbLafk9E"></iframe></span></div><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; 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color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"></div></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2552" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RgtEUr_n9vM" width="3068" youtube-src-id="RgtEUr_n9vM"></iframe></div><br /><span><br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">When the National Defense Act was approved on December 21, 1935, the Philippine Constabulary Academy was renamed Philippine Military Academy and was permitted to grant its graduates Bachelor of Science degrees after completion of their four-year curriculum.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl3cRRK4PF24hU1YGTBy08AwBxB4QXass-JgPauB_GIwZ7OuhwBvR-tsu-a8THxygQmIItsrOYjK45tLk-eDtozdolZ9DwbZuZKAKgwBeu6CM-C1OdTWSgLYg1R_qli5W-8NLdqU6c2FGIgp9sX-r7B2kdSe-QG4b7IlB-x2365sj4lSa--2gIMLnVRA/s1600/Grade%207%20graduation%20IMG_7660.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="1600" height="1378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl3cRRK4PF24hU1YGTBy08AwBxB4QXass-JgPauB_GIwZ7OuhwBvR-tsu-a8THxygQmIItsrOYjK45tLk-eDtozdolZ9DwbZuZKAKgwBeu6CM-C1OdTWSgLYg1R_qli5W-8NLdqU6c2FGIgp9sX-r7B2kdSe-QG4b7IlB-x2365sj4lSa--2gIMLnVRA/w2793-h1378/Grade%207%20graduation%20IMG_7660.JPG" width="2793" /></span></a></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><b><br /></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /> </span><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">My early socialization with non relatives of my age started within the elementary School from Grade 1 to 7. It was 1950, 5 years after the war, when I started schooling. The limited amount of classroom space was clearly evident then for the newly established Parochial School. It did not bother me about the location, maybe of my innocence about the specter of death, as we have our class inside the catacombs at the basement of Espirito Santo Church. I can recall the names of my favorite girl classmates, just like yesterday. To me, they seem to be much nicer, more intelligent than what I feel about the boys. My early perceptions of the bullies in the class, that they were probably motivated by competition for attention, and reminder of who rules among the boys. Those who feel superior though, was never given any quarter, as I have that early sense of justice given to the underdog. So it follows in the years, how many scraps I have to go thru. This is the same all through High School. It is also a lesson to know about myself, as my motivation to study depends on who my teacher was. The more attractive she was the more studious I became.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">What I remember about Espiritu Santo Parochial School: it was formally established in 1947 by Rev. Fr. William J. Duschak, SVD, former Vicar Apostolic of Calapan, Oriental Mindoro. Initially, classes were held in the parish hall. Due to the unprecedented increase in student enrolment, the high school department, the Annex 1 and the Annex II buildings were constructed in succession. The following years, Fr. Antonio Albrecht, SVD, the Holy Spirit Sisters and the Secular Clergy efficiently administered the operation of the school. In 1973, the Religious Missionaries of St. Dominic took over its management.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Our song…… E.S.P.S. all praise to thee Glad the song we raise to thee. Down the years we’ll love thy name. Thy renown we’ll all acclaim. Thy love and truth will ever be Stars to guide our loyalty A light to shine . . . . on life’s high sea Alma Mater ESPS. Sons and daughters sing to thee, Worthy gifts we bring to thee. Hearts we give thee loyal truth To those rare gifts we owe to you.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeh3CbkcPJnKbsOAGkkPdN3sEV8s-as5csrw1Tcyc_Jb3hbJQrALwS_jGY2XwP86G1vEJsydlBrPyoPUsPcu3Bk8tcoVg1SkO1jF6TWiwvLsoF_OBN385723pjxrJzU8Up_7m1OfYU-JVj/s1600/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="910" data-original-width="1600" height="1839" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeh3CbkcPJnKbsOAGkkPdN3sEV8s-as5csrw1Tcyc_Jb3hbJQrALwS_jGY2XwP86G1vEJsydlBrPyoPUsPcu3Bk8tcoVg1SkO1jF6TWiwvLsoF_OBN385723pjxrJzU8Up_7m1OfYU-JVj/w3238-h1839/Class%25252061%252520-%2525201.jpg" width="3238" /></a></div><br style="text-align: left;" /><span><br style="text-align: left;" /><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>1960: I became aware of my heritage in my junior year at UP Prep and began preparation for my appointment as a cadet of the PMA at Fort Del Pilar. This was a period in my teen years that I remember fondly, memories in my High School, of the hectic days, dashing thru the corridors catching my schedule of classes at Rizal Hall. I recall my bag loaded with books, eager, wide eyed, and quick to learn the tenets of math, the arts and sciences. I remember past friends and stormy situations that most teenagers weathered through. As in life surviving the unspoken pecking order among bigger classmates and the so called in crowd was the rule. That lone wolf streak that kept me apart, which peers seemed to see as a weakness was a measure of heritage that set me off from the current teenage precepts of the day. Later, being a late bloomer, when of age and after further studies, scholarships for a Masters in Civil Enginering at a California State U, having ever spurred curiosity, whetted my appetite for a life of adventure, of soldiering and foreign lands. </b></span></span></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 511px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><h5><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="371" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3619/3401326974_3c25b6fb9f_b.jpg" width="1561" /></span></h5>
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Quezon Memorial Circle<br />Elliptical Road<br />Quezon City, Manila</span></h3>
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Dr. Jose Rizal Memorial</span></h3>
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Paco Park and Cemetery<br />Paco, Manila</span></h3>
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Andres Bonifacio EDSA cor. Rizal Avenue<br />Caloocan, Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Andres Bonifacio's monument in Caloocan City, Andrés Bonifacio was one of the chief leaders of the revolution of the Philippines against Spanish colonial rule. The 1896 Philippine Revolution was the first revolution in Asia against European colonial rule.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Dugo sa Magdalena. Kinalugmukan ng duguang katawan ni Emilio Jacinto sa simbahan ng Magdalena, Laguna</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Mabini monument.This is Apolinario Mabini's monument located at the plaza fronting the city hall. Mabini, tagged as the "Sublime Paralytic", is a son of Tanauan. </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span>In my days we just call this place as Luneta. Manila is the site of the country's premiere park, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Park"><strong><span>Rizal Park</span></strong></a><strong><span>, which was erected for the country's national hero, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal"><strong><span>José Rizal</span></strong></a><strong><span>. Besides having parks and green areas, Manila is the home to several plazas, such as the Plaza Balagtas and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_Miranda"><strong><span>Plaza Miranda</span></strong></a><strong><span>, the site of the</span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Plaza_Miranda_bombing"><strong><span>1971 politics-related bombings</span></strong></a><strong><span>. Within Manila lies notable parks and green areas, such as the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Center_of_the_Philippines"><strong><span>Cultural Center of the Philippines</span></strong></a><strong><span>, the Rajah Sulayman Park, Manila Boardwalk, Liwasang Bonifacio, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehan_Garden"><strong><span>Mehan Garden</span></strong></a><strong><span>, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Park"><strong><span>Paco Park</span></strong></a><strong><span>, Remedios Circle, the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Zoological_and_Botanical_Garden"><strong><span>Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden</span></strong></a><strong><span>, Pandacan Linear Park, and the Malacañang Garden.</span></strong></span> </span></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">National Press Club</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Legaspi Urdaneta Monument right photo</span></h3>
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Intramuros – Manila This was the place where as a child, I watched young men in fatigues with rifles. Later in college, I would be here, ROTC drills right there at the back of San Ignacio Church ....beside Ateneo ....on the Western side of Sta Luci</span>a</span></span></h3><div><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Rojas Civilian Shipyard -1956-photo Located on Sangley Point Navy Base, in background, looking across Canacao Bay is the Philippine Navy Base</span><img height="1221" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5240/5902028740_9ef952a8d5_b.jpg" width="1696" /></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>In anticipation of hostilities with Spain, then </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy"><span><strong>Assistant Secretary of the Navy</strong></span></a><span><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"><span><strong>Theodore Roosevelt</strong></span></a><span><strong> ordered the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Asiatic_Fleet"><span><strong>U.S. Asiatic Fleet</strong></span></a><span><strong>, under the command of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_(USN)"><span><strong>Commodore</strong></span></a><span><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dewey"><span><strong>George Dewey</strong></span></a><span><strong> aboard the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Olympia_(C-6)"><span><span><span><strong>USS <i>Olympia</i></strong></span></span></span></a><span><strong>, to proceed to the British Crown Colony of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"><span><strong>Hong Kong</strong></span></a><span><strong>. There he was to make preparations to move on the Spanish Fleet in the Philippines, believed to be anchored at </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay"><span><strong>Subic Bay</strong></span></a><span><strong>. After war with Spain had broken out following the explosion of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maine_(ACR-1)"><span><span><span><strong>USS <i>Maine</i></strong></span></span></span></a><span><strong> in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"><span><strong>Havana</strong></span></a><span><strong>, Dewey proceeded to the Philippines and arrived at Subic Bay just before sunset on April 30, 1898. However, Spanish naval authorities had determined that their position there was undefendable and had moved the fleet to </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Bay"><span><strong>Manila Bay</strong></span></a><span><strong>.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Under cover of darkness, Dewey proceeded to Manila Bay, arriving just off </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corregidor"><span><strong>Corregidor</strong></span></a><span><strong> after 11 <small>PM</small>. The ships stealthily moved past the south side of the island fortress, through Boca Grande, and into Manila Bay.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Shortly after midnight they had nearly passed unnoticed when soot in the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_McCulloch"><span><strong>USS McCulloch</strong></span></a><span><strong>'s </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokestack"><span><strong>smokestack</strong></span></a><span><strong> caught fire, revealing the squadron's position. Spanish batteries on the south shore near Punta Restinga and on </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Fraile_Island"><span><strong>El Fraile Island</strong></span></a><span><strong> opened fire on the shadowy ships. A few rounds were fired in response by the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Raleigh_(C-8)"><span><span><span><strong>USS <i>Raleigh</i></strong></span></span></span></a><span><strong>. One shell scored a direct hit on El Fraile battery. The Spanish guns then fell silent after firing only three rounds. However, the big guns on Corregidor remained silent. Although concerned that his presence had been revealed, Dewey proceeded slowly eastward toward Manila.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Dawn was beginning to break on the morning of May 1 as the squadron arrived at Manila. At first, however, lookouts posted high on the American ships could not locate the enemy fleet. Then, off to the right, they spotted a number of white buildings on the narrow strip of land known as Sangley Point, and beyond them a line of dark gray objects on the water. A hard turn to starboard brought the American squadron to bear on the Spanish fleet. The Spanish ships were anchored in an arch stretching eastward and southward from the mouth of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1acao_Bay"><span><strong>Cañacao Bay</strong></span></a><span><strong> near the tip of Sangley Point. As they approached, the column of American ships, with Olympia at the head of the line followed by</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Baltimore_(C-3)"><i><span><strong>Baltimore</strong></span></i></a><span><strong>, Raleigh, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Petrel_(PG-2)"><i><span><strong>Petrel</strong></span></i></a><span><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Concord_(PG-3)"><i><span><strong>Concord</strong></span></i></a><span><strong>, and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Boston_(1884)"><i><span><strong>Boston</strong></span></i></a><span><strong>, gradually turned to starboard, bringing their port guns to bear on the Spanish fleet. Dewey turned to Captain Charles V. Gridley, commanding officer of Olympia, and said, "You may fire when ready, Gridley." At 5:41 <small>AM</small>, the squadron opened fire. The </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay"><span><strong>Battle of Manila Bay</strong></span></a><span><strong> had begun.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>The firing became incessant, the white smoke of gunfire becoming so thick that it was difficult to gauge accuracy or effectiveness. Although trapped in the narrow confines of Cañacao Bay, the Spanish fleet managed to maintain a heavy barrage of return fire.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>However, most of the Spanish gunfire fell short of its mark. After making five passes in front of the enemy fleet, Dewey withdrew at 7:35 <small>AM</small> to investigate reports that he was low on ammunition. He passed the word that the men should take advantage of the break to eat </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast"><span><strong>breakfast</strong></span></a><span><strong>. One gunner, eager to return to action, yelled out, "For God's sake, Captain. Don't let us stop now! To hell with breakfast!"</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Just after 11:00 <small>AM</small>, after determining that the report of low ammunition was in error and that his ships had suffered little or no battle damage, Dewey re-engaged the enemy. However, this time he met very little resistance. As the smoke cleared, the devastation inflicted by American guns became clearly evident. With the exception of a few gunboats, the Spanish fleet had been totally annihilated. More than 300 Spanish sailors had been killed or wounded. The lone American casualty was due to heatstroke. By 12:30 <small>PM</small>, the Spanish colors over the arsenal at Sangley Point were replaced by a white flag. The Battle of Manila Bay was over. The following day, the naval facilities at Cavite and Sangley Point were officially taken over by U.S. Naval Expeditionary Forces under the command of Commodore George Dewey.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZrJ9XtEMZ4JFqoJ8JCl-NlIcVnDsoANCjyGOUk0sgxPaSbGlcWBz6fT0XvQACjrSP5RJJdypFSTYwQfEtbV89sLT5C5eRqyHySNmxPu_teKQEbBXSGBiULysFe2XRnX3q39pzWJrCJ17SGLp4wU0lL7PQm6l2oXuwlZ93_TrypczK9Rd7vlmjnifbtwyl/s720/IMG_1310.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="720" height="1068" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZrJ9XtEMZ4JFqoJ8JCl-NlIcVnDsoANCjyGOUk0sgxPaSbGlcWBz6fT0XvQACjrSP5RJJdypFSTYwQfEtbV89sLT5C5eRqyHySNmxPu_teKQEbBXSGBiULysFe2XRnX3q39pzWJrCJ17SGLp4wU0lL7PQm6l2oXuwlZ93_TrypczK9Rd7vlmjnifbtwyl/w1587-h1068/IMG_1310.JPG" width="1587" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJdV_IH8WPaPOo_A43xFG0oexiNXBzdmRlRPwwONHoQFlSOaSuMw2SjXzWlZ2pl6dqQ6zFix2NU8d7HV27CZompNaCdtfLuO7dxQOF7OQpLBIQzxTif1G06fVTNdSAqkQIZmjDpn1YNfSFDW6I4mfkomRQxurmKQKmz-IFNacUYOrSOXoSJM2lXm8cckQo/s2048/IMG_1321.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="1192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJdV_IH8WPaPOo_A43xFG0oexiNXBzdmRlRPwwONHoQFlSOaSuMw2SjXzWlZ2pl6dqQ6zFix2NU8d7HV27CZompNaCdtfLuO7dxQOF7OQpLBIQzxTif1G06fVTNdSAqkQIZmjDpn1YNfSFDW6I4mfkomRQxurmKQKmz-IFNacUYOrSOXoSJM2lXm8cckQo/w1590-h1192/IMG_1321.JPG" width="1590" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjlQDHD1cyjyI_3tRbD7xIBUr0E_I51ZkSuhMEdDJwIPSCwmLhKfcYTi2hlWJtz0wZhNEKGq4AP-UFqqvQGzEuWaU-7guneYDMYSgdcI4liNPJkColPSZ2-12ycxySk7_F00iOdZgtSo9zoRtAF7aa1Daf9gqCANEodOEaMCFNr2uxoSZT70d4FjPmL-md/s2048/IMG_1324.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="1196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjlQDHD1cyjyI_3tRbD7xIBUr0E_I51ZkSuhMEdDJwIPSCwmLhKfcYTi2hlWJtz0wZhNEKGq4AP-UFqqvQGzEuWaU-7guneYDMYSgdcI4liNPJkColPSZ2-12ycxySk7_F00iOdZgtSo9zoRtAF7aa1Daf9gqCANEodOEaMCFNr2uxoSZT70d4FjPmL-md/w1595-h1196/IMG_1324.JPG" width="1595" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJI0ACsiTTQlcpioLeQBvn1VlzaqkjgIqyBQ95E7BOIqTZkfB0xpD22qxs2BITe_grVY30PRqOsbJr33tDrcsezWVAMJjuj8Q3-vGrjYeRinVgWLQ0ZgUZ13wgHf5oYZyTFow3GReefUVxr63yaaoBtG-SKB3BBpGKs7X2r5bWK6p_P3iubimsIzFadD30/s2048/IMG_1315.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="1204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJI0ACsiTTQlcpioLeQBvn1VlzaqkjgIqyBQ95E7BOIqTZkfB0xpD22qxs2BITe_grVY30PRqOsbJr33tDrcsezWVAMJjuj8Q3-vGrjYeRinVgWLQ0ZgUZ13wgHf5oYZyTFow3GReefUVxr63yaaoBtG-SKB3BBpGKs7X2r5bWK6p_P3iubimsIzFadD30/w1605-h1204/IMG_1315.JPG" width="1605" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><strong><br /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Early in December 1970, it was officially announced that U.S. Naval Station Sangley Point would be closed. On July 1, 1971, Sangley Point changed status from active to inactive in preparation for the turnover of the facility to the government of the Philippines. The Sangley Point Closure Detail was activated under the command of an Officer-In-Charge, CAPT Waldo Atkins, with a 95-man, 7-officer contingent.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>In the extremely compressed 60-day period of deactivation, in excess of 350 items of automotive and construction equipment were transferred; more than 400 industrial buildings and government quarters were stripped of furnishings; installed equipment was disconnected and readied for shipment, and all buildings were secured.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Approximately 300,000 pounds of materials and supplies were prepared for turnover to the government of the Philippines, including 375 buildings, 77 structures and 60 utilities systems and improvements. In connection with the relocation of equipment and materials to other bases, 49 stilt housing units were relocated to Subic Bay by a detachment of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabee_(US_Navy)"><span><strong>Seabees</strong></span></a><span><strong>. On-the-job-training sessions were conducted for Philippine naval personnel to ensure the safe and proper operation of all base industrial facilities.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>On September 1, 1971, the base was officially turned over to the government of the Philippines, ending 73 years as a U.S. Naval facility. It is currently used as a facility of the</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Navy"><span><strong>Philippine Navy</strong></span></a><span><strong> and the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force"><span><strong>Philippine Air Force</strong></span></a><span><strong>. William J. Mitzel and his wife Barbara were the last US personnel to occupy quarters on the installation. Mr. Mitzel was responsible for the final turn over and lived on the installation with his wife, when the turn over was completed.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Sangley Point</span> </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">NAVAL STATION SANGLEY POINT, Republic of the Philippines Lcpl. Kenneth Pollard assigned to Fleet Anti-Terrorism Security Team Pacific (FAST), teaches sailors and marines martial arts techniques during a professional development exchange with the Armed Forces of the Philippines. FAST is embarked on board the U.S. 7th Fleet command ship USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19), which is in Manila, Republic of the Philippines for a port visit, and on it's spring patrol of the Asia-Pacific.(US Navy photo by Mass Communications Specialist 1st Class Greg Mitchell/Released)</span></h3>
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<a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo/3908446"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Sangley Tower</strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Fort San Antonio Abad in Malate, Manila, Philippines, from the south looking northwest. </span><span><span><span><strong>Fort Abad is of significant historical importance and a Philippine national treasure. It is strange that so few know about it. It is great that it survives today in good condition and is being protected. It has so much history behind it. The British invasion of Manila in 1762 took this fort first then the American invasion in 1898 did the same. It is located behind the Metropolitan Museum of Manila on Roxas Boulevard. This was the site of the old Manila Naval Station our old military quarters, across the Cultural Center of Imelda.</strong></span></span></span></span></h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Sangley Point Papa became CO of this base in the 1970.</span></h3><h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="520" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-XWaa0j3OQIw/TMSc5wdYyBI/AAAAAAAAoe8/vclSC1aqIjg/w694-h520/IMG_3365.JPG" width="694" /></span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Return of Sangley Point to the Republic of the Philippines</strong></span> <br />
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<strong><span>A </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O2U_Corsair"><strong><span>O2U</span></strong></a><strong><span> floatplane flies over the Cavite Navy Yard, circa 1930. The seaplane tender </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Jason_(AC-12)"><i><strong><span>Jason</span></strong></i></a><strong><span> is docked at the yard, directly below the plane. Sangley Point is in the background.</span></strong> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span>Going Home</span></strong> </span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>A Japanese air raid on 10 December 1941 leaves the Cavite Navy Yard in flames.</strong></span><br />
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<span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">I remember my father on the bridge of RPS 1133, like the ship on the right. I was a pre school kid then, looking at a young Lt. taking his ship out to the open seas, out of Manila Bay. 1960: I became aware of my heritage in my junior year at UP Prep and began preparation for my appointment as a cadet at the PMA at Fort Del Pilar. This was a period in my teen years that I remember fondly, memories in my High School, of the hectic days, dashing thru the corridors catching my schedule of classes at Rizal Hall. I recall my bag loaded with books, eager, wide eyed, and quick to learn the tenets of math, the arts and sciences.</strong></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">I remember past friends and stormy situations that most teenagers weathered through. As in life surviving the unspoken pecking order among bigger classmates and the so called in crowd was the rule. That lone wolf streak that kept me apart, which peers seemed to see as a weakness was a measure of heritage that set me off from the current teenage precepts of the day. Classmates underestimated me a poor kid, just a son of a sailor, short in stature and have not reached the growth expected of my age. My inner strength was formed this way. My full attention was now focused to strive, improve myself and the planned transfer of the whole family to the USA by advanced education. Later in full bloom, when of age and after further studies and scholarships, having ever spurred curiosity, whetted my appetite for a life of adventure, of soldiering and foreign lands.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="920" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizHlNIZZY3MT4Dvhl0SGJyw4FO1ihJtnEvu8wjUXESGGDdpU7-WniO5qgNUwmhH8QV49oE0BfAbcgyVShLgIGx-UQ43Kfc0CvEvQMh4hVu5uNEqxVshA7ax-ejzlWfGU-hgDuzIMIwEhs2/w1593-h920/8594218982005_275013982005fr000924l.jpg" width="1593" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Dewey Blvd: The jetty potruding out to Manila Bay is the future Cultural Center, on the other side of Dewey is the Manila Naval Station (MNS) where we lived from 1965 to 1966. the headquarters of the Philippine Navy was relegated to a small block of land south of the Manila Yacht Club. The original plan was to reclaim the site of the cultural center(CC) to replace the location of the MNS by the Central Bank together with the Gold Reserve of the Philippines. The Marcoses, made this sinister evil plan to transport easily 400 tons of gold to navy ships across the street, also saw this valuable real state and confiscated the plan for her project the now this monstrousity Cultural Center. The yacht club remained, the Navy base (MNS) was transferred to Fort Bonifacio.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Fort San Antonio Abad Malate; Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Fort San Antonio Abad • Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Looking across Manila Bay on top of the wall of Fort San Antonio Abad in Malate, Philippines.This picture shows how close Manila Bay was to the Fort prior to the Cultural Center. Right breakwater MNS</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The old Navy base inside Manila Naval Station at Dewey Blvd. adjacent to the Manila Yacht Club. The Manila Cultural Center foreground/below</span></h3>
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</span><span><strong><span>Papa and his various duty assignments in the 60's who left our midst Feb. 2010. Early in his career as a naval officer, seldom we see him for a decade as he was out to the Southern seas in Mindanao fighting the banditry and secession movements of the muslims. He will go on to higher positions, to take command of his own ship, then a number of ships as a task force commander, then Chief of Staff of the Philippine Coast Guard, a professor in academia at the National Defense College of the Philippines, Dean at the Command and General Staff College, a base commander at the Manila Naval Station and Cavite Naval Base at Sangley Pt. But what I remember most was him on the bridge of RPS 1133, and I a pre school kid, looking at a young Lt. taking his ship out to the open</span><span> seas, </span></strong></span></span><strong style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;">out of Manila Bay.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="photo" height="1262" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8443/7857139592_670aabeb1b_z.jpg" width="1894" /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Ramparts of Fort San Antonio Abad where the old HQ of MNS was an addendum perched on top. The old building is gone but the fort remains in its original grandeur.</span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify"><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1510" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WojVoivHHXY" width="1816" youtube-src-id="WojVoivHHXY"></iframe></span></div></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span>Sangley Point <strong>My father became the CO of Sangley Point Cavite Naval Base in the 70’s.</strong></span></span></span><span>1960-photo</span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Ayuntamiento Building, Intramuros, Manila</span><img height="1169" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-2GJ5qmOpn_o/TO05uErWKdI/AAAAAAAAsqE/9LG4KQhXvOE/w1224-h1169/pict0158.jpg" width="1224" /></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span>Papa in the 60's as Commanding Officer(CO) MNS, extreme left Cdr. Oscar L. Tempongko</span></strong> </span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFgc-CmT-B1Tc-UV1Jr0ogcRUPE77i0B6wXw7W_fZ4m6bkFBQcA3ubgr_amz_zsawUzQqAGl_uYzW35FuM_Jxr2bHVHpPibl7TU_-6KaQsqHmJi4cl-aFiu5ttVpnTAvnUIYKoVNF1uVl8JJ2ti1I1bUSoAsEtHzVUzFTH5KsF6tRoAFRDemSYfMjtLq56/s2529/PICT0240.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2529" data-original-width="1762" height="1695" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFgc-CmT-B1Tc-UV1Jr0ogcRUPE77i0B6wXw7W_fZ4m6bkFBQcA3ubgr_amz_zsawUzQqAGl_uYzW35FuM_Jxr2bHVHpPibl7TU_-6KaQsqHmJi4cl-aFiu5ttVpnTAvnUIYKoVNF1uVl8JJ2ti1I1bUSoAsEtHzVUzFTH5KsF6tRoAFRDemSYfMjtLq56/w1181-h1695/PICT0240.JPG" width="1181" /></span></a></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">FORT SAN ANTONIO ABAD</strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7010/6451829809_a7ea60da46_b.jpg" /></strong></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Manila Bay is a natural harbour which serves the Port of Manila (on Luzon), in the Philippines. The bay is considered to be one of the best natural harbours in Southeast Asia and one of the finest in the world. Strategically located around the capital city of the Philippines, Manila Bay simplified commerce and trade between the Philippines and its neighbouring countries, becoming the gateway for socio - economic development even before Spanish occupation. With an area of 1,994 km 2 (769.9 sq mi), and a coastline of 190 km ( 118.1 mi ), Manila Bay is situated in the western part of Luzon and is bounded by Cavite and Metro Manila on the east, Bulacan and Pampanga on the north, and Bataan on the west and northwest. Manila Bay drains about 17,000 km 2 ( 6,563.7 sq mi ) of watershed area, with the Pampanga River contributing about 49% of the freshwater influx. With an average depth of 17 m ( 55.8 ft ), it is estimated to have a total volume of 28.9 billion cubic meters ( 28.9 cubic km ). Entrance to the bay is 19 km ( 11.8 mi ) wide and expands to a width of 48 km (29.8 mi). However, width of the bay varies from 22 km ( 13.7 mi ) at its mouth and expanding to 60 km (37.3 mi) at its widest point.<br />The islands of Corregidor and Caballo divides the entrance into two channels, about two miles ( 3.2 km ) towards the North and 6.5 miles (10.5 km) wide on the South side. Mariveles, in the province of Bataan, is an anchorage just inside the northern entrance and Sangley Point is the former location of Cavite Naval Base. On either side of the bay are volcanic peaks topped with tropical foliage: 40 km to the north is the Bataan Peninsula and to the south is the province of Cavite.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Anchor at Fort San Antonio Abad</span></h3>
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Wall of Fort San Antonio Abad</span></span></h3><div><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><span><br /></span></span></div>
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</span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="333"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="333"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="333"><h5><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></h5></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td valign="top" width="333"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td valign="top" width="333"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> <br /></span><h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></h3></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="333"><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="photo" height="997" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8179/8073239829_e2d2bfd800.jpg" width="1432" /></span></div><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Defense Secretary Ramon Magsaysay overseeing the capture of William Pomeroy, an American ideologist and leader of the </span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Nueva Ecija Huk Propaganda Corps. Prior to assuming the presidency, RM was Defense Secretary in Pres. Elpidio Quirino’s Cabinet. </span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">For more information on the capture of William Pomeroy</span></h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/third-republic/diosdado-macapagal/"><img alt="Atty. Diosdado Macapagal raises the Philippine flag at Turtle Islands.<br />The caption reads:<br /><br />Atty. Macapagal got his first break as a public figure in 1948 when Vice President Quirino, then concurrently Secretary of Foreign Affairs, appointed him as Assistant Chief of its Law Division and assigned him to negotiate the return of the administration of the Turtle Islands from the United Kingdom to the Philippines. He succeeded and [Vice President] Quirino gave him the privilege of raising the Philippine flag over the islands. <br />- From Nipa Hut to Presidential Palace by Diosdado Macapagal<br />" height="1807" src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_maw980UQkV1qifq8yo1_500.jpg" width="1432" /></a><br /> <br /></span><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Atty. Diosdado Macapagal raises the Philippine flag at Turtle Islands</span></h3><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Atty. Macapagal got his first break as a public figure in 1948 when </strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Vice President Quirino, then concurrently Secretary of Foreign </strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Affairs, appointed </strong></span><strong style="text-align: left;">him as Assistant Chief of its Law Division and</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> assigned him to negotiate the return of the administration of the </span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Turtle Islands from the United Kingdom to the Philippines. </span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">He succeeded and [Vice President] Quirino gave him the privilege</span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> of raising the Philippine flag over the islands.</span></strong></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"></span></span></div><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Review at Fort William McKinley Manila Philippines" height="907" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEik7fKVvGYsQjf9epvJgkjloikHbJcNHsOFQDzV-ZK7v0yU7q_7xJr3rSoovJ9H4pPp3SlmUxH7uCp2eGLjqsyrj0q7ZbsKsXAcoSGYYryj_JmgyTjtmoZKYiI-qyi8p91MshnNBDWhFqj62UaLUVmo1BfMzwU=w1418-h907" style="font-weight: 400; text-align: -webkit-center;" title="Review at Fort William McKinley Manila Philippines" width="1418" /></span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Ruins at Corregidor</span></h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="958" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/111/364442083_91e4232e69.jpg" width="1439" /></span><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Ferry Dock</span></strong></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /><span><br /></span></span></td><td valign="top" width="333"><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>I remember this building pretty well. When I was a child, my mother and I would collect the salary from the cashier’s office, while my father was away on missions. Then later on, lived across Roxas Blvd. when father was the CO of the Manila Naval Station. Above is the Philippine Navy headquarter building in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"><span><strong>Metro Manila</strong></span></a><span><strong>. This was also the venue of my High School graduation ball at the officer’s club in 1961.</strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1124" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TTqbKsAmC38" width="1352" youtube-src-id="TTqbKsAmC38"></iframe></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:08e90851-a591-4c11-9b25-805b89640da2" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="3c547718-9eb7-4853-a757-5095494b95b9" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/e51_JnHF-V8&hl=en" style="background-color: black;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="2018" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3402/3276622272_0d00edcc8d_z.jpg?zz=1" width="1343" /></strong></span></div><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Hospital Jabidah Grafitti. There is another story of Corregidor that is much less well known. Back in 1968, there was a slaughter of muslim Filipino soldiers training on the island by then Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos which became known as the Jabidah Massacre. To make a long story short for my American friends think of it in these terms: It's as If President Kennedy during the Bay of Pigs had killed all the Cubans he trained to invade Cuba because they changed their minds and refused to go through with it. Having a large force of disgruntled, well trained and armed revolutionaries on Corregidor, Marcos decided to have them liquidated. On 18 March 1968, all these specially trained soldiers meant to invade the Malaysian island of Sabah were murdered at Kindley Airfield. As the story is told from the Corregidor guide, these soldiers that were killed apparently wrote their names on the walls of the hospital in the days preceding their deaths.</span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="333"><div align="justify"></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:6ee0eba8-a73e-4310-90da-534893f9d39a" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="9f120ab5-c48a-4e10-ac31-1d4418b420de" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/XfBrY5kpFHU&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div><span><strong></strong></span><br /></span><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">I missed this early morning and late afternoon call to the</strong></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">colors at (MNS), this bugle call melody is used to accompany the raising of the Flag (the national colors). It's used when no band is available to render honors. "When it's played on military bases, all uniformed personnel are required to come to attention and present a salute, either to the flag, or in the direction of the music if the flag is not visible"</strong></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Across the entrance to Manila Bay are several islands, the largest of which is Corregidor, located three kilometres from Bataan and, along with the island of Caballo, separates the mouth of the bay into the North and South Channels. In the south channel is El Fraile Island and outside the entrance, and to the south, is Carabao Island. El Fraile, a rocky island some four acres ( 1.6 ha ) in area, supports the massive concrete and steel ruins of Fort Drum, an island fortress constructed by the United States Army to defend the southern entrance of the bay. To the immediate north and south are additional harbors, on which both local and international ports are situated. Large number of ships at the North and South harbors facilitate maritime activities in the bay. Being smaller of the two harbors, the North Harbor is used for inter-island shipping while the South Harbor is used for large ocean-going vessels.<br />Manila Bay was connected to Laguna Lake ( or Laguna de Bai) about 3,000 years ago. Recurring episodic uplifts along the West Marikina Valley Fault caused the two to break up. Interaction between Manila Bay and Laguna Lake occurs only through Pasig River.<br />The bay was the setting for the Battle of Manila Bay in 1898 in which American troops led by Commodore George Dewey, seized the area. Significantly, this battle showcased the United States' naval strength when all major Spanish ships were destroyed and captured. With its proud historic past and the place brimming with marine life, Manila Bay became the ocean portal to its epicentre for government, economy and industry. Seven years later during the Russo-Japanese War at the close of the Battle of Tsushima in 1905, three surviving Russian protected cruisers, the Aurora, Zhemchug, and Oleg, managed to make port in then-United States-controlled Manila for repairs. But because the US was a neutral power, the trio of warships and their crews remained interned by the U.S. until the war officially ended in September that year. In World War II, Corregidor Island was annexed by Japanese forces fighting from this bay once again in 1942. Even earlier various other battles were fought from this naval base including the La Naval de Manila in 1646, which finally put a stop gate to the Dutch trials to seize the Philippines</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="998" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/126/364444639_683856bac6_b.jpg" width="1501" /></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Defense Secretary Ramon Magsaysay overseeing the capture of William Pomeroy, an American ideologist and leader of the </span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Nueva Ecija Huk Propaganda Corps. Prior to assuming the presidency, RM was Defense Secretary in Pres. Elpidio Quirino’s Cabinet. </span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">For more information on the capture of William Pomeroy</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/third-republic/diosdado-macapagal/"><img alt="Atty. Diosdado Macapagal raises the Philippine flag at Turtle Islands.<br />The caption reads:<br /><br />Atty. Macapagal got his first break as a public figure in 1948 when Vice President Quirino, then concurrently Secretary of Foreign Affairs, appointed him as Assistant Chief of its Law Division and assigned him to negotiate the return of the administration of the Turtle Islands from the United Kingdom to the Philippines. He succeeded and [Vice President] Quirino gave him the privilege of raising the Philippine flag over the islands. <br />- From Nipa Hut to Presidential Palace by Diosdado Macapagal<br />" height="1518" src="http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_maw980UQkV1qifq8yo1_500.jpg" width="1203" /></a> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Atty. Diosdado Macapagal raises the Philippine flag at Turtle Islands</span></h3>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Atty. Macapagal got his first break as a public figure in 1948 when </strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Vice President Quirino, then concurrently Secretary of Foreign </strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Affairs, appointed </strong></span><strong style="text-align: left;">him as Assistant Chief of its Law Division and</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> assigned him to negotiate the return of the administration of the </span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Turtle Islands from the United Kingdom to the Philippines. </span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">He succeeded and [Vice President] Quirino gave him the privilege</span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> of raising the Philippine flag over the islands.</span></strong></div>
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<h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Review at Fort William McKinley Manila Philippines" height="907" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEik7fKVvGYsQjf9epvJgkjloikHbJcNHsOFQDzV-ZK7v0yU7q_7xJr3rSoovJ9H4pPp3SlmUxH7uCp2eGLjqsyrj0q7ZbsKsXAcoSGYYryj_JmgyTjtmoZKYiI-qyi8p91MshnNBDWhFqj62UaLUVmo1BfMzwU=w1418-h907" style="font-weight: 400; text-align: -webkit-center;" title="Review at Fort William McKinley Manila Philippines" width="1418" /></span></h3><h3 align="justify">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Ruins at Corregidor</span></h3>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Ferry Dock</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>I remember this building pretty well. When I was a child, my mother and I would collect the salary from the cashier’s office, while my father was away on missions. Then later on, lived across Roxas Blvd. when father was the CO of the Manila Naval Station. Above is the Philippine Navy headquarter building in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"><span><strong>Metro Manila</strong></span></a><span><strong>. This was also the venue of my High School graduation ball at the officer’s club in 1961.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Hospital Jabidah Grafitti. There is another story of Corregidor that is much less well known. Back in 1968, there was a slaughter of muslim Filipino soldiers training on the island by then Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos which became known as the Jabidah Massacre. To make a long story short for my American friends think of it in these terms: It's as If President Kennedy during the Bay of Pigs had killed all the Cubans he trained to invade Cuba because they changed their minds and refused to go through with it. Having a large force of disgruntled, well trained and armed revolutionaries on Corregidor, Marcos decided to have them liquidated. On 18 March 1968, all these specially trained soldiers meant to invade the Malaysian island of Sabah were murdered at Kindley Airfield. As the story is told from the Corregidor guide, these soldiers that were killed apparently wrote their names on the walls of the hospital in the days preceding their deaths. </span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1094" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/c3kpiwQjR6g" width="1317" youtube-src-id="c3kpiwQjR6g"></iframe></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">I missed this early morning and late afternoon call to the </strong></span></div>
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">colors at (MNS), this bugle call melody is used to accompany the raising of the Flag (the national colors). It's used when no band is available to render honors. "When it's played on military bases, all uniformed personnel are required to come to attention and present a salute, either to the flag, or in the direction of the music if the flag is not visible".</strong></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>When </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"><span><strong>World War II</strong></span></a><span><strong> began, the Philippines had no significant naval forces after the United States withdrew the Asiatic Fleet following the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"><span><strong>Attack on Pearl Harbor</strong></span></a><span><strong> by the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"><span><strong>Imperial Japanese Navy</strong></span></a><span><strong>. The The Philippines had to rely on its OSP with headquarters located at Muelle Del Codo, Port Area, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"><span><strong>Manila</strong></span></a><span><strong> which composed of a high-speed </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I._Thornycroft_%26_Company"><span><strong>Thorneycroft</strong></span></a><span><strong> Coast Motor Boat (CMB) 55-foot (17 m) and 65-foot (20 m) PT boats, to repel Japanese attacks from the sea.During the course of the war, surviving personnel of the Offshore Patrol conducted guerilla hit-and-run attacks against the occupying Japanese forces.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Corregidor on the horizon. Between December 24, 1941 and February 19, 1942, Corregidor became the temporary location for the Government of the Philippines. On December 30, 1941, outside the Malinta Tunnel, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon"><span>Manuel L. Quezon</span></a><span> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a"><span>Sergio Osmeña</span></a><span> were inaugurated respectively as President and Vice-President of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Commonwealth"><span>Philippines Commonwealth</span></a><span> for a second term.</span></span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Tail of Corregidor Island with Hooker's Point at the farthest end</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Church at the Campo Santo de La Loma. Today it is All Saints' Day. Filipinos observe this day by visiting their dead relatives in cemeteries and memorial parks and columbariums, go to church and light candles in commemoration of this day</span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2365" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/I4chrkLF6XM" width="2844" youtube-src-id="I4chrkLF6XM"></iframe></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">La Loma Cemetery, memorable for its vegetation and semi rural setting that attracts the youth for adventure specially at twilight and even at pitch dark on a moonless night. Every year in the last week of October, Filipinos take a Roman Catholic inspired holiday to remember the dead. Cemeteries all over the country come alive during these days, as relatives of the dead spruce up the graves of their ancestors.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2213" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rbkQk_1OV9Y" width="2661" youtube-src-id="rbkQk_1OV9Y"></iframe></div></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="499"></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="333"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br />
<strong><span>Japanese Sentry Tower - Camp O</span><span>'Donnell, Capas, Tarlac<br /><br /></span></strong><strong><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1339" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/v1mQT1u_45I" width="1610" youtube-src-id="v1mQT1u_45I"></iframe><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /><img height="2474" src="http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6110/6353279629_61dc4c8d36_b.jpg" width="1605" /> <br /></span><div align="center" style="font-weight: 400;"><span><span><strong>Camp O'Donnel (Capas Tarlac). the American sector of the war memorial.</strong></span></span></div><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img alt="photo" height="1062" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4060/4655520623_f665d3f395_z.jpg" width="1595" /><br /></span><h3><span>Bataan Death March Box Car</span></h3><div align="justify" style="font-weight: 400;"><b><span><span>In </span><a href="http://www.batch2006.com/visit_san-fernando_death-march.htm"><span>San Fernando</span></a><span> the POW’s where loaded on the trains bound for </span><a href="http://www.batch2006.com/visit_capas_death_march.htm"><span>Capas</span></a><span>, </span><a href="http://www.batch2006.com/visit_tarlac.htm"><span>Tarlac</span></a><span>, The Boxcars normally carried 50 persons, but the Japanese packed them up 100 to 115 Prisoners. At each stop, The Boxcars were open to give the Prisoners fresh Air. The POW’s got off the train at </span><a href="http://www.batch2006.com/visit_capas_death_march.htm"><span>Capas</span></a><span> and marched the final kilometer to Camp O” Donnell.</span></span></b></div><div align="justify" style="font-weight: 400;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1339" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SVgadfr6rcA" width="1611" youtube-src-id="SVgadfr6rcA"></iframe></div></strong></span></td> <td valign="top" width="333"></td> <td valign="top" width="333"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="photo" height="1595" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3630/3366726077_440c92b6f3_z.jpg?zz=1" width="1064" /> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Libingan ng mga bayani. Fort Bonifacio.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Camp O'Donnel (Capas, Tarlac) </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Camp O'Donnel (Capas, Tarlac)Established in 1940 as a USAFFE training camp, Camp O’Donnel became known as the Capas Concentration Camp where some 60,500 survivors of the Bataan Death March were incarcerated. Around 30,000 of these prisoners-of-war were dead by 1942. Camp O'Donnell was the final stop of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan_Death_March">Bataan Death March</a> and was used as an internment camp for Filipino and American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war">prisoners of war</a>. Around 20,000 Filipinos and 1,600 Americans died at Camp O'Donnell.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_O'Donnell#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> Filipino and American soldiers were said to have been beheaded in front of open graves. It was liberated by the US Army and Philippine Commonwealth Army on 30 January 1945.The remains of the dead were started to be moved to the Libingan ng mga Bayani and United States Military Cemetery in Fort Bonifacio in 1946.</span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1492" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LcDzTaBTbE0" width="1797" youtube-src-id="LcDzTaBTbE0"></iframe></div><br /></span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Reconstructed hut and guard tower </span><a href="http://twitter.com/?status=Reconstructed%20hut%20and%20guard%20tower%20-%20http%3A//panoramio.com/photo/800508"></a></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Although La Loma was not a haunted Cemetery, to my belief, there was a time I got stranded after an afternoon play with a classmate. It became a different setting when darkness fell, I felt so alone and just walked fast to get away from the surrounding concrete fence of La Loma. </strong></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">I have been there in 1953 to 1957 and many stories of the ghost of recent burials and internments were circulating around. The image of a young Japanese artillery officer with a close beard haunted the outside graves. Walking in short pants with his samurai sword slung at his side wearing his soldier’s tunic, or seen sitting alone smoking. The description is aptly backed, by the presence of canons, field pieces in the cemetery. He just walks up to visitors and usually asks for a light. Many startled mourners say he will attend a funeral and walk up at the end of services tap you on the shoulder ask for a light. Simply it has been said that, you turn and he's not there. </span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Camp O'Donnel (Capas Tarlac). the American sector of the war memorial.</span></h5>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span>The Cement Cross</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span>In wishing to honor our comrades who died so far away from home the battling bastards of </span></strong><a href="http://www.batch2006.com/visit_bataan_death-march.htm"><strong><span>Bataan Death March</span></strong></a><strong><span> commissioned the construction of this Replica of the “Cement Cross” in the hope that all those who may pass by to view this memorial will remember the many young Americans who gave their lives in defense of their country and of the Philippines.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">In June of 1942 the Japanese authorities at the American side of the Prisoner of war enclosure at Camp O” Donnell, two kilometers north of this site presented the prisoners with some Cement. The American Prisoners decided to build a Cement Cross to honor the memory of their dead comrades. Completed later that month. The cross remained hidden amidst tall grass until was discovered by returning American Forces in 1945. Left where it originally stood unknown to most and battered by the elements. The cross was again forgotten. Rediscovered by Bataan Veterans visiting the area in 1961. The cross became the historical symbol of the American Prisoner of war enclosure and its dead. When American military presence ended in the Philippines in 1992. The cross was brought to the National Historic Site Andersonville, Georgia, USA. Where it is now kept and displayed. This Replica stand as a reminder of America’s unprepared ness before the outbreak of World War II.</span></strong></div>
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Libingan ng mga BAYANI</span></h3>
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<span><strong><span><span></span>Coast Guard At Port Area Manila left photo, La loma Cemetery next above, Libingan ng mga Bayani (heroes cemetery) Fort Bonifacio close to where we live at the Navy Village, Fort William McKinley then (Fort Bonifacio)</span><span> </span></strong></span> <br />
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It was the final stage of the tragic death march and a concentration camp with an open field which served as the dumping grave site of Filipino and American soldiers who died with debilitating diseases. It has witnessed the endless sufferings of the sick and the neglected only to die, then dropped in mass with three and half feet depth and those who survived the darkest moments of their lives, they narrated with tears clouding their eyes, the traumatic experiences encountered during their detention, as they gasped with depression and sadness and said CAMP O” Donnell, that was.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2050" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gZsxpgNwxYc" width="2466" youtube-src-id="gZsxpgNwxYc"></iframe></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><br /><strong><br /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Escolta 1953-Insular Life bldg in the background</strong></span> </span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="center"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2417" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gMo4jdMtQwQ" width="2907" youtube-src-id="gMo4jdMtQwQ"></iframe></div><br /><strong><br /></strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Remnants of Daniel Burnham's stamp in Manila - the old Dewey Blvd. - now Roxas Blvd. Driving through the boulevard feels like driving through Chicago's Lake Shore Drive ... This picture of the boulevard feels like it was taken from a highrise on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive near Goethe and Inner Drive. The US Embassy is situated along this boulevard around the area of the lights jutting into the bay.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Remnants of Daniel Burnham's stamp in Manila - the old Dewey Blvd. - now Roxas Blvd. Driving through the boulevard feels like driving through Chicago's Lake Shore Drive ... Actually Burnham designed plans for Manila (1905) before he designed Chicago (1909). Parts of the design, based on the City Beautiful movement were implemented - like this boulevard along Manila Bay. He also designed Baguio City, the summer capital of the Philippines, situated up in the mountains of Northern Philippines.</span></h3>
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Espirito Santo Church<br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>The place where the parish church of Espiritu Santo stands now was an old cemetery, officially closed by the Sanitary authorities already in 1913 due to the growing population in the vicinity. (There was a tree that served as an improvised belfry; on its branch hanged a bell. The two young seminarians studying at CTS, Juan Tugadi and Tomas Pacano, used to climb it to ring the bell. The two later became SVD priests.)</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In January 1926, Archbishop Michael O.Doherty of Manila blessed the place where a church dedicated to the Holy Spirit was soon to rise. His Excellency gave a substantial donation for the construction of the church in the amount of P20,000.00. In 1928 our SVD missionaries started the construction of a church building. When Fr. William Finnemann was consecrated Auxiliary Bishop of Manila in 1929, Fr. Philip Beck took over as parish priest in December of 1931 - to him fell the burden of continuing the construction of the church. A crypt which contained 444 niches was built underneath the altar. The niches were sold to local residents and the proceeds used for the completion of the church. After much sacrifice and support from generous benefactors, parishioners and friends, the church was finally finished. It was blessed on the occasion of the parish fiesta on May 14, 1932 by Bishop William Finnemann himself - the first parish priest of Espiritu Santo Church.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">February 9, 1946, the Capuchins obtained the official authorization from the government to restore the church of Lourdes in Intramuros. An official letter indicating the approval of the church and its condition, a plan of the church building was approved and signed on February 17, 1946. However, the Capuchins decided to build a beautiful and wide church in Quezon City, Retiro St. because Intramuros was a deserted place, abandoned by people and nobody’s land. The property of Intramuros where the Church of Lourdes and the Central House was sold to support the building of the new church at Quezon City.<br />Feast Day of Our Lady of Lourdes 1946 (Sta. Teresita Parish)</strong></span></div>
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Altar at Our Lady of Lourdes retiro , Q.C</span></h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">
<span><span><span><b>One cannot mention the devotion to Our Lady of Lourdes</b> <strong>in the Philippines without citing the people behind the devotion. It was a layman Don Regino Garcia who ordered the Filipino sculptor Manuel Flores to make a statue of Our Lady of Lourdes, which was placed at the side altar of the church of the Capuchins</strong> in <strong>1892. </strong></span></span></span><br />
<span><strong>March of the same year, the capuchins with the help of Fr. Mc Carthy, an Augustinian priest, brought the image of Lourdes to the University of Santo Tomas. During Palm Sunday of the same year, the image of saints are covered with veils by the Dominicans including the image of Lourdes and handed it over to the Capuchins and carried it to the chapel of Santa Teresita for the celebration of Flores de Mayo. <br />
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It was during the Novena at Our Lady of Lourdes when the Japanese ordered all residents of Intramuros to go out of their houses and gather together at the four (4) main places of Intramuros: the Hollywood Theater, the San Agustin Church, the San Francisco Church and the Cathedral. Our Virgin of Lourdes and all the most necessary things were transferred from to altar to the receiving room of the convent of San Agustin Church. On February 11, the Feast of the Virgin of Lourdes, the capuchins and devotees appealed to the Japanese for permission to say 3 masses in the sacristy. The permit was granted, allowing 3 Superiors celebrating 3 masses for the feast: Franciscans, Augustinians and the Capuchins. How was the image of Lourdes was saved during the war?</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Many people especially the devotees of Lourdes cried out to the capuchins to see the beautiful Virgin of Lourdes wondering how it was saved. According to history, when the capuchin brothers abandoned the church of Lourdes, Intramuros and the central house, they carried with them the image of Lourdes. Some days later, the Capuchin Custos, ,Fr. Florencio of Lezaun, gathered all religious articles: chalices, ciboriums, monstrances, relics and the treasure of the Virgin of Lourdes: crowns, rosaries and jewels. All together they put in iron box at the bank of D. Raimundo Salonga in Binondo. For the refuge of the Capuchin brothers, they were ordered by their superior to go to San Agustin and placed the images of Lourdes in the wide sacristy of the church. They continued on the daily novena exercises together with the religious of other orders and devotees including Doña Martina Azucena who was miraculously cured in 1896 before the image of Our Lady of Lourdes.<br />On February 23 of the same year, the image of Lourdes was abandoned in the sacristy of St. Augustine. Men young and old and the religious were horribly massacred by the Japanese sometime between January 5-19. Around 3500 women and children and all other refugees of St. Augustine were ordered to abandon the building.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Lourdes Church FacadeOL of Lourdes Fiesta 2010, OL of Lourdes Shrine, Amoranto Ave., Q.C., Philippines</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Portal to Old San Lazaro Hospital RuinsShrine of St. Lazarus, Avenida Rizal cor. Tayuman, Manila, Philippines</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">San Beda Church (Manila) A Swedish architect, George Asp, designed the church that was completed in 1925. Fr. Peter Celestine Gusi (OSB) later added the side chapels and galleries between 1947 and 1958</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">San Beda Church (Manila)The church is reknowned for its paintings that were done by Fr. Lesmes Lopez (OSB) and Bro. Salvador Alberich (OSB) from 1930 until 1939.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Right Photo</strong> </span><span><strong>San Beda Church (Manila) A closer view of the main altar.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Old San Lazaro Hospital Ruins. Shrine of St. Lazarus, Avenida Rizal cor. Tayuman, Manila. </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>The <b>Manila Jai Alai Building</b> was a building designed by American architect </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welton_Becket"><span>Welton Becket</span></a><span> that functioned as a building for which </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_alai"><span>jai alai</span></a><span> games were held.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Jai_Alai_Building#cite_note-Ellerbe-1">[1]</a></sup> It was built in the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamline_Moderne"><span>Streamline Moderne</span></a><span> style in 1940 and survived the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)"><span>Battle of Manila</span></a><span>.<sup> </sup>It was considered one of finest </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"><span>Art Deco</span></a><span> buildings in Asia. It was demolished on 2000 upon the orders of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Manila"><span>Mayor of Manila</span></a><span> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lito_Atienza"><span>Lito Atienza</span></a><span> amidst protests, to make way for the Manila </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_of_Justice"><span>Hall of Justice</span></a><span>, which was never built</span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Summer of 1950 sparked the beginning of the Korean War. As a police action the United Nations sent 16 member nations to uphold peace and democracy in South Korea. One of these countries was the Philippines who arrived in September of 1950. Very little is known about the Philippines' participation in the Korean War, let alone the soldiers who fought for democracy. These are their memories, the memories of the Forgotten.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Jai Alai structure on Taft Avenue, photo at the right and below.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Old San Lazaro Hospital Ruins Shrine of St. Lazarus, Avenida Rizal cor. Tayuman, Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><img alt="photo" height="898" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3176/2347804571_e70bec1754.jpg" width="1219" /></span></strong></span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></span></span></h3><h3 align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">Paco Park ( Manila). <strong>Visita Iglesia during vacation in the Philippines. </strong><strong>Paco Park's Chapel of San Pancratius is where the remains of Spanish colonial Governor General Ramon Solano was interred. The park was originally designed by Nicolas Ruiz as a cementery of the Spanish colonial elite. It was built in the later years of the 1700s making it one of the oldest, if not the oldest, cementery in the Philippines. The GOMBURZA martys- Fr. Mariano Gomez, Fr. Jacinto Zamora, and Fr. Jose Burgos- were buried here after their execution in 1872. Twenty-four years later in 1896, the executed Dr. Jose Rizal was also secretly buried in the cemnetery. His remains were later exhumed in 1912 and moved to what his now his grand monument at the Luneta. Interment in the cementery was probihited in 1912 and most of the remains of those who were buried were moved out. The cementery became a national park in 1966.</strong></span></span></span></span></h3>
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<span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><img alt="" height="348" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3171/2347804619_e76cde1a2c.jpg" width="500" /></strong> </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Paco Park, Manila. <strong>A cross now marks the burial site of the GOMBURZA martys inside the park.</strong></span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Paco Park (Manila) Dr. Jose Rizal was secretly buried in the park after his execution. His remains were later exhumed and interred beneath the Rizal Monument at the Luneta.</span></h3>
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<span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">San Juan, Metro Manila. <strong>Unique to the San Juan church is the massive buttress walls covering its facade. Butress walls are usually the side walls in the case of most Philippine colonial churches.</strong></span></span></span></h3>
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<span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><img height="793" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2053/2344411253_0e98187f53.jpg" width="1212" /></strong> </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">San Juan, Metro Manila. <strong>The Dominicans built the first parochial buildings in 1602 that were razed during the 1639 Chinese revolt. These were rebuilt in 1641, burned down during the British invasion of 1763, and rebuilt again in 1774. The city of San Juan is unofficially the "Town of Philippine Presidents" having had 5 Filipino presidents as residents namely Diosdado Macapagal and his unpopular daughter Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Ferdinand Marcos, Joseph Estrada, and Elpidio Quirino.</strong></span></span></span></h3>
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<span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><img height="767" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3025/2353492291_aceb45a1af.jpg" width="1205" /></strong> </span></span></span></div>
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<span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">San Miguel, Manila. <strong>The Jesuits probably built the first parochial structures during their administration of the San Miguel ecclesiastical district in 1603 until 1768. The Franciscans took over the mission in 1777 and in 1835, Fr. Esteban Mena (OFM) was reported to have started building a church. Fr. Francisco Febres (OFM) made repairs and improvements after the 1852 earthquake. The church was destroyed during the 1880 earthquake and rebuilt by Fr. Emilio Gago (OFM) in 1886. It was rebuilt IN 1913 through the patronage of the Roxas clan and was sedignated by Msgr. Michael O’Doherty as a Pro-cathedral of the Archdiocese of Manila after it was inaugurated in 1913.</strong></span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Paco Church, Manila. The Franciscans built the first parochial buildings of light materials in 1580 that was probably rebuilt with stronger materials in 1599 by Fr. Juan de Garrovillas (OFM). This was burned down during the Chinese uprising of 1603, rebuilt, burned down again by the invading British in 1762, and replaced with a temporary structure in 1791. Fr. Joaquin Segui (OFM) who built a stone convent in 1793 probably built another church. A new stone church was started to be built by Fr. Bernardo dela Concepcion (OFM) in 1809 while Fr. Miguel Richar (OFM) added a bell tower in 1839. The church was probably damaged during the 1852 earthquake, repaired, then destroyed during another earthquake in 1880. Fr. Gilberto Martin started rebuilding the church in 1881 that was partly destroyed by a typhoon in 1892 before being completed 1896. This was razed during the Filipino-American War and, in 1909, a temporary church was built beside the ruins of the old one by the Belgian missionary Fr. Raymundo Esquinet of the Congregatio Immaculatie Cordis Mariae (CICM). The present church was started to be built by Fr. Godofredo Aldenhuijsen (CICM) in 1931 based on the proposal of Fr. Jose Billie (CICM). It was damaged during World War II and repaired in 1948.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">San Lazaro Leisure Park Race Track</span></h3>
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San Lazaro Leisure Park Race</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>The Jesuits built the first </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"><span><strong>Roman Catholic Church</strong></span></a><span><strong> in the area where the present Santa Cruz Parish stands on June 20, 1619. The Jesuits enshrined the image of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_The_Pillar"><span><strong>Our Lady of The Pillar</strong></span></a><span><strong> in 1643 to serve the pre-dominantly </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"><span><strong>Chinese</strong></span></a><span><strong> residents in the area. The image drew a lot of devotees and a popular </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult"><span><strong>cult</strong></span></a><span><span><span><strong> grew around it. </strong><strong>On June 24, 1784, the King of </strong></span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"><span><strong>Spain</strong></span></a><span><strong> gave the deeds to about 2 km² of land that was part of the Hacienda de Mayhaligue to the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Lazaro_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1"><span><strong>San Lazaro Hospital</strong></span></a><span><strong> which served as a caring home for </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepers"><span><strong>lepers</strong></span></a><span><span><span><strong> in Manila at that time. </strong><strong>At the Santa Cruz Parish, a small park was built that linked the area into the headquarters of the Spanish </strong></span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry"><span><strong>cavalry</strong></span></a><span><span><span><strong>, the building that once was the College of San Ildefonso, operated by the Jesuits. The district in the Spanish times also had a slaughter house and a meat market and up north was the Chinese cemetery. </strong><strong>The </strong></span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"><span><strong>Franciscan</strong></span></a><span><strong> fathers were given the responsibility to care for the lepers of the city and specifically the San Lazaro Hospital. A </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fr._Felix_Huertas&action=edit&redlink=1"><span><strong>Fr. Felix Huertas</strong></span></a><span><strong> developed San Lazaro into a refuge for the afflicted and it became a famous home for those afflicted in the north side of the Pasig River.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Sta._Cruz_Church_Manila.jpg"><span><strong><img alt="File:Sta. Cruz Church Manila.jpg" height="2312" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sta._Cruz_Church_Manila.jpg/404px-Sta._Cruz_Church_Manila.jpg" width="1558" /></strong></span></a> </span></div><div align="justify"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1403" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/l6jYfHSZzZQ" width="1688" youtube-src-id="l6jYfHSZzZQ"></iframe></span></div></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">My first car a 1947 Lincoln 76H Sedan with it's 292c.i. 2BBL 125 H.P. Flat Head V-12, 3 Speed Manual Transmission, Stock Rear Axle & Gear Ratio. The<strong> video above is the same as my first car. Like any boys yearning to have his wheels and freedom, I learned to drive at the age of 14 barely reaching the gas pedal and my head above the dashboard. Later I bought the car from my father at the measly sum of 100 pesos.</strong></span></strong></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1401" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fQqgWqmXbYk" width="1686" youtube-src-id="fQqgWqmXbYk"></iframe></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Philippine General Hospital located on Taft Avenue beside my High School at Padre Faura was a public hospital but regardless was fortified by the Japanese in violation of the Geneva Convention. Inside there were many Filipino patients and several thousand Filipino refugees that were seeking what they thought would be safe shelter. On the roof on both ends there were large white circles with large red crosses. From Feb. 14 to Feb. 17, 1945 the Americans shelled the area. Some of the shells hit the buildings and many innocent Filipinos were injured and many lives were lost. Notice that the right end of the building was hit with an exploding shell. And notice a hole through the roof on the left end of the building in the white circle area close to the red cross where a shell hit but did not explode. </strong></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Tutuban Railroad Station<br />The construction of a railway line traversing the island of Luzon was initiated according to a plan submitted by Don Eduardo Lopez Navarro, then head of the Public Works Office. The line stretches from Tondo, Manila to Dagupan, Pangasinan. On July 31, 1887, the cornerstone of the Tutuban Station was laid by General Emilio Terrero, marking the start of the railroad track.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span><strong>When the PNR began its operations on November 24, 1892, Tutuban Station became a place of business. It opened its doors to businessmen coming from different parts of Manila. Commerce played a large role in awareness about Tutuban, and it served as an important trading complex due to its very strategic location in Divisoria. Produce coming in by bulk from several provinces are unloaded in the station, and then distributed to retailers awaiting at the station.</strong> </span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span><strong>The etymology for the name “Tutuban” was believed to have come from the sounds made by the locomotives stationed in the area. However, the word actually comes from “tuba,” the name of the local alcoholic drink made from coconuts, since previously Tutuban was the center of production of this beverage. Natives referred to the place as Tubaan ... meaning a place where the "tuba" (native alchoholic beaverage) came from.</strong> </span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span><strong>Tutuban Station is also famous for being the birthplace of the revolutionary Andres Bonifacio. In commemoration, a monument stands in the current mall's plaza.</strong> </span></span></span> </span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1102" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eap0oA46HPM" width="1326" youtube-src-id="eap0oA46HPM"></iframe></div><br /><strong><br /></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span><strong>Tanay Lighthouse</strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1293" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dXIyMS61B68" width="1556" youtube-src-id="dXIyMS61B68"></iframe></div><br /><strong><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1047" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bLgrq_mNfP8" width="1260" youtube-src-id="bLgrq_mNfP8"></iframe></div><br /><strong><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Rizal Hall, University of the Philippines, September 1950. A photo album on the UP Carillon Tower before and after restoration (and with new bells)by the UP Alumni Association in time for the 2008 Centennial of the University of the Philippines.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Volcano Taal is one of the Philippines' active volcanoes and has also been regarded as one of the smallest in the world. It's situated in the middle of Lake Taal in Batangas. Perhaps what makes this volcano unique is that a lake has also formed in its main crater, so you can say there's a lake within a lake.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Left Photo. Mayon Volcano, also known as Mount Mayon, is an active stratovolcano in the province of Albay, in the Bicol Region, on the island of Luzon, in the Philippines.It has a perfect cone shape; It was named after a legendary folk Daragang magayon. It was among the 7 wonders of nature in the Philippines.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Jones Bridge, Probably one of the most romantic bridges in the Philippines because of the stories it can tell about Manila as it crosses towards enchanting Chinatown and the once legendary business district. Built in honor of the American politician that passed a bill trying to grant independence to the Philippines during the 1920's.</span><strong>……………</strong></span></h3><h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">University of Sto. Tomas is the oldest school in the Philippines. It was founded in 1611 and prides itself to be even older than Harvard.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Plaza Moraga</span></h3>
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<br /></span></td> <td valign="top" width="499"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><img height="1131" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4151/4967937714_d017bfb514_b.jpg" width="1705" /><br />This is the town of my birth. Long before the coming of Spaniards, Tanay was already settled by early Indonesian and Malay voyagers. Artifacts dug up attest to the existence of these early settlements. Not long after the conquest and subjugation of Manila and the surrounding lake areas by Salcedo in 1571,</strong></span> <span><strong><span>Franciscan missionaries arrived to Christianize the inhabitants of what is now the Morong-Pililla area. From Morongan, the priest administered Tanay and other chapel villages and ranches.<img height="1156" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/140/398582018_a120f46e43_b.jpg" width="1725" /></span><br /><span>Pila and adjacent towns along the shores of Laguna de Bay are considered by archaeologists as one of the oldest settlements in the Philippines. The community is one of three such concentrations of population known archaeologically to have been in place before A.D. 1000. Archaeologists recovered in Pinagbayanan potteries and artifacts that indicate considerable settlement in the area during the Late Tang Dynasty (900 A.D.). Archaeologists also recovered ancient horse bones ending the debate on whether the Spaniards brought them or not. The scientists were able to uncover Philippines’ oldest crematorium in the same area. It is worthwhile to note that the oldest Philippine document, the 900 A.D. Laguna Copperplate Inscription, mentioned Pila twice.<br /><br /></span></strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFTZrreVh2-kFLdp7mUgGxzpbzvyGxLKTvaBYRXzo8fsmwdh01t2F7vXemWdMewIkhhLsWKXtAmcjXZp2u0uz3EDBPgleXz7w4j-feT7eCwWs6KwKVcckrppguXz7I6FoVuD3BM9EQoOJIzTnwBZ1QeSmap1TSbsf1h3QAcke1wq0qbwzHINcp8uulJJyI/s2484/PICT0260.JPG" style="font-weight: 700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1619" data-original-width="2484" height="1095" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFTZrreVh2-kFLdp7mUgGxzpbzvyGxLKTvaBYRXzo8fsmwdh01t2F7vXemWdMewIkhhLsWKXtAmcjXZp2u0uz3EDBPgleXz7w4j-feT7eCwWs6KwKVcckrppguXz7I6FoVuD3BM9EQoOJIzTnwBZ1QeSmap1TSbsf1h3QAcke1wq0qbwzHINcp8uulJJyI/w1675-h1095/PICT0260.JPG" width="1675" /></a><strong><span><br /><br />AT PILA LAGUNA<br /><br /></span></strong><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim6FRVXK4a5e4ceA6Dw8wnX-E4wBtqg47HBIuiBbSPICN_gZMU4anPEKo7yGC7EnPHHBKx1iW125GKcsgrQg2FVVHrMotnVjcWMv1JmuRRaJz724W-Xoj8XHrXTqQwb1A2lWfPB6jLcmiDFuWiIvV8spbWyxjFuDE17GKnZNbAC3EtIGfgFUmOwIOQXCcN/s2417/PICT0241.JPG" style="font-weight: 700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2417" data-original-width="1716" height="2433" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim6FRVXK4a5e4ceA6Dw8wnX-E4wBtqg47HBIuiBbSPICN_gZMU4anPEKo7yGC7EnPHHBKx1iW125GKcsgrQg2FVVHrMotnVjcWMv1JmuRRaJz724W-Xoj8XHrXTqQwb1A2lWfPB6jLcmiDFuWiIvV8spbWyxjFuDE17GKnZNbAC3EtIGfgFUmOwIOQXCcN/w1726-h2433/PICT0241.JPG" width="1726" /></a><strong><span><br /><br /></span></strong><strong><span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></strong></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caress'd<br />Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost!,<br />Gladly now I go to give thee this faded life's best,<br />And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest<br />Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">On the field of battle, 'mid the frenzy of fight,<br />Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed;<br />The place matters not-cypress or laurel or lily white,<br />Scaffold or open plain, combat or martyrdom's plight,<br />T is ever the same, to serve our home and country's need.</strong></span></div>
<div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">I die just when I see the dawn break,<br />Through the gloom of night, to herald the day;<br />And if color is lacking my blood thou shalt take,<br />Pour'd out at need for thy dear sake<br />To dye with its crimson the waking ray.</strong></span></div>
<div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">My dreams, when life first opened to me,<br />My dreams, when the hopes of youth beat high,<br />Were to see thy lov'd face, O gem of the Orient sea<br />From gloom and grief, from care and sorrow free;<br />No blush on thy brow, no tear in thine eye.</strong></span></div>
<div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Dream of my life, my living and burning desire,<br />All hail ! cries the soul that is now to take flight;<br />All hail ! And sweet it is for thee to expire ;<br />To die for thy sake, that thou mayst aspire;<br />And sleep in thy bosom eternity's long night.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">If over my grave some day thou seest grow,<br />In the grassy sod, a humble flower,<br />Draw it to thy lips and kiss my soul so,<br />While I may feel on my brow in the cold tomb below<br />The touch of thy tenderness, thy breath's warm power.</strong></span></div>
<div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Let the moon beam over me soft and serene,<br />Let the dawn shed over me its radiant flashes,<br />Let the wind with sad lament over me keen ;<br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">And if on my cross a bird should be seen,<br />Let it trill there its hymn of peace to my ashes.<br /><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Let the sun draw the vapors up to the sky,<br />And heavenward in purity bear my tardy protest<br />Let some kind soul o 'er my untimely fate sigh,<br />And in the still evening a prayer be lifted on high<br />From thee, 0 my country, that in God I may rest.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Pray for all those that hapless have died,<br />For all who have suffered the unmeasur'd pain;<br />For our mothers that bitterly their woes have cried,<br />For widows and orphans, for captives by torture tried<br /><strong style="text-align: left;">And then for thyself that redemption thou mayst gain.</strong></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">And when the dark night wraps the graveyard around<br />With only the dead in their vigil to see<br />Break not my repose or the mystery profound<br />And perchance thou mayst hear a sad hymn resound<br /><strong style="text-align: left;">'T is I, O my country, raising a song unto thee.</strong></strong></span></div>
<div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">And even my grave is remembered no more<br />Unmark'd by never a cross nor a stone<br />Let the plow sweep through it, the spade turn it o'er<br /><strong style="text-align: left;">That my ashes may carpet earthly floor,</strong></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Before into nothingness at last they are blown.</strong></span></div>
<div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Then will oblivion bring to me no care<br />As over thy vales and plains I sweep;<br />Throbbing and cleansed in thy space and air<br /><strong style="text-align: left;">With color and light, with song and lament I fare,</strong></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Ever repeating the faith that I keep.</strong></span></div>
<div align="center"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="center"><strong style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">My Fatherland ador'd, that sadness to my sorrow lends</span></strong></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Beloved Filipinas, hear now my last good-by!<br /><strong style="text-align: left;">I give thee all: parents and kindred and friends</strong></strong></span></div><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">For I go where no slave before the oppressor bends,<br /><strong style="text-align: left;">Where faith can never kill, and God reigns e'er on high!</strong></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Farewell to you all, from my soul torn away,<br />Friends of my childhood in the home dispossessed !<br />Give thanks that I rest from the wearisome day !<br />Farewell to thee, too, sweet friend that lightened my way;<br />Beloved creatures all, farewell! In death there is rest !</strong></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Rizal Park, Ermita. At the centre of it all is the 1913 bronze Rizal's monument situated a few metres away from the marker indicating the actual execution site. An honor guard is on duty 24 hours a day. Behind the monument, the original Spanish version of the poem "Mi Ultimo Adios" is engraved, along with translations in other languages. Rizal wrote this poem while imprisoned in his cell in Fort Santiago from November 3, 1896 to December 29, 1896. Many national dedication days are held in front of the Rizal monument. It is also where foreign leaders attend wreath-laying ceremonies during state visits.<br />Located on the monument is the statue of the national hero, but also his remains. On September 28, 1901, the United States Philippine Commission approved Act No. 243, which would erect a monument in Luneta to commemorate the memory of Jose Rizal, Philippine patriot, writer and poet. The committee formed by the act held an international design competition between 1905–1907 and invited sculptors from Europe and the United States to submit entries with an estimated cost of 100,000 peso’s using local materials.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span>Monte de Piedad Building in Sta. Cruz. </span></strong><strong><span><div align="justify">
<img alt="photo" height="1202" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3328/3294747018_a0baa35055.jpg" width="998" /></div><div align="justify"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong></span></div>One of the older buildings in the Sta. Cruz area is the quite inconspicuous building of Monte de Piedad. It is just beside the Filipino Chinese Friendship arch at the end of Ongpin Street in Sta. Cruz district. Monte de Piedad is considered as the Philippines first savings bank having been established in 1882. The bank was established to cater to the financial needs of the poor. What’s more, the Catholic Church of the Philippines had strong ties to this bank, in fact the chairman of the board is usually the Archbishop of Manila.</span></strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Taken from Fort Santaigo, Fort Santiago is a citadel first built by Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi for the new established city of Manila in the Philippines. The defence fortress is part of the structures of the walled city of Manila called Intramuros ( within the walls ). The fort is one of the most important historical sites in Manila. Several lives were lost in its prisons during the Spanish Colonial Period and World War II. José Rizal, the Philippines' national hero, was imprisoned here before his execution in 1896. The Rizal Shrine museum displays memorabilia of the hero in their collection and the fort features, embedded onto the ground in bronze, his footsteps representing his final walk from his cell to the location of the actual execution. The fort was named after Saint James the Great ( Santiago in Spanish ), the patron saint of Spain, whose relief adorns the facade of the front gate. It is located at the mouth of the Pasig River and served as the premier defence fortress of the Spanish Government during their rule of the country. It became a main fort for the spice trade to the Americas and Europe for 333 years. The Manila Galleon trade to Acapulco, Mexico began from the Fuerza de Santiago.<br /><a href="http://www.boardinggate101.com/2013/05/fort-santiago-citadel-of-manila.html"><img height="469" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-l5HrTPvPlPY/UZpbz6XF6wI/AAAAAAAAaV0/PWOiY3ZDwqU/s1600/Fort%2BSantiago%2Bmoat.jpg" width="625" /></a></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The fort has a perimeter of 2,030 feet ( 620 m ), and it is of a nearly triangular form. The south front, which looks toward the city, is a curtain with a terreplein, flanked by two demi-bastions - the Bastion of San Fernando, on the riverside, and the Bastion of San Miguel, by the bay side. A moat connected with the river separates the fort from the city. Near the beginning of the north face, instead of a bastion, a cavalier called Santa Barbara was built with three faces of batteries, one looking seaward over the anchorage place, one facing the entrance, and the third looking upon the river. The latter is united with a tower of the same height as the walls, through which there is a descent to the water battery placed on a semicircular platform, thus completing the triangular form of the fort.<br />The 22-foot ( 6.7 m ) high walls, with a thickness of eight feet ( 2.4 m ) are pierced for the necessary communications. The front gateway facade measures 40 feet ( 12 m ) high being in the south wall and facing the city. The communication with the river and the sea was by an obscure postern gate - the Postigo de la Nuestra Señora del Soledad ( Postern of Our Lady of Solitude ). Inside the fort were guard stations, together with the barracks of the troops of the garrison and quarters of the warden and his subalterns. </strong></span></div>
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Ferry, Pasig river.Makati, Manila,</span></h5>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Also inside the fort were various storehouses, a chapel, the powder magazine, the sentry towers, the cisterns, etc. The location of Fort Santiago was once the site of a palisaded fort, armed with bronze guns, of Rajah Sulaiman, a Muslim chieftain of pre-Hispanic Manila. It was destroyed by maestre de campo ( master-of-camp ) Martin de Goiti who, on arriving in 1570 from Cebu, fought several battles with the Islamic natives. The Spaniards started building Fort Santiago ( Fuerza de Santiago ) after the establishment of the city of Manila under Spanish rule on June 24, 1571, and made Manila the capital of the newly colonized country.<br />The first fort was a structure of palm logs and earth. Most of it was destroyed when the city was invaded by Chinese pirates led by Limahong. Martin de Goiti was killed during the siege. After a fierce conflict, the Spaniards under the leadership of Juan de Salcedo, eventually drove the pirates out to Pangasinan province to the north, and eventually out of the country. The construction of Fort Santiago with hard stone, together with the original fortified walls of Intramuros, began in 1590 and finished in 1593 during the reign of Gomez Perez Dasmariñas. The stones used were volcanic tuff quarried from Guadalupe ( now Gualupe Viejo in Makati ). The fort as Dasmariñas left it consisted of a castellated structure without towers, trapezoidal in trace, its straight grey front projecting into the river mouth. Arches supported an open gun platform above, named the battery of Santa Barbara, the patron saint of all good artillerymen. These arches formed casemates which afforded a lower tier of fire through embrasures. Curtain walls of simplest character, without counter forts or interior buttresses, extended the flanks to a fourth front facing the city.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Some fruit in baskets.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span>Atis fruit <strong>Annona squamosa (also called sugar-apple, or sweetsop) is a species of Annona native to the tropical Americas and widely grown in El Salvador, India, Pakistan and the Philippines. Its exact native range is unknown due to extensive cultivation, but thought to be in the Caribbean; the species was described from Jamaica.</strong></span></span></span> <img height="1850" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2800/4456497121_cb4e8575ed_b.jpg" width="1239" /></span></h3>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Tanay San Ildefonso Church</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">travel - breathtaking 3 (tanay, rizal)</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">travel - breathtaking 2 (tanay, rizal)</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Plaza Sta Cruz. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistadors"><span>conquistadors</span></a><span> to the Philippine Islands, the district of Santa Cruz was partly a marshland, patches of greeneries, orchards and partly rice fields. A Spanish expedition in 1581 claimed the territory and awarded to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"><span>Society of Jesus</span></a><span> or more commonly called the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"><span>Jesuits</span></a></span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1531" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YuC0_OCey5w" width="1843" youtube-src-id="YuC0_OCey5w"></iframe></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span><span><span><span><img alt="photo" height="1296" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2526/3777049253_38b5d8699f_z.jpg" width="1953" /></span><br /><strong><span><br />Manila Cathedral</span></strong></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Regina Building. This building is one of the few American Era buildings that remained along Calle Escolta. Regina bldg. right photo.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Roman Santos Building</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>The Heritage Bells, the bigger one cast in 1832, the other one fifty years later, were once used to signal the start and end of classes at the Ateneo de Manila campuses in Intramuros and Padre Faura St.</strong></span> <span><strong>During my High School days, the basket ball court at Ateneo was always our venue, most probably due to the trees which shaded the court. The Padre Faura campus continued to house the professional schools until 1976. Fr. Francisco Araneta, S.J. was appointed as the Ateneo de Manila's first Filipino Rector in 1958.<sup> </sup>In 1959, its centennial year, the Ateneo became university.</strong></span></span></div>
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<strong><span>The Escolta I remember</span></strong><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Plaza Moraga. I remember passing this way before ... I just could not determine if this is the foot of the the Jones Bridge.</span> </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Jeepney Surplus US jeep converted into a mini-bus, painted fancy, seats 10 plus driver. Five cents to ride from suburbs to downtown Manila</span></h5>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Houseboats on the Pasig amid Nila plants. Hence the name, Manila is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire and is jostled regularly by earthquakes.</span></h5>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Escolta</span></h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila Harbor, and Intramuros, Philippines, late 1950s or early 1960s. Notice that this photo was taken before much rebuilding in Intramuros and there is lots of empty land showing just how much of the city was cleared after WWII.</span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><img height="2019" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihtmHrjRHOy4cxUzdVel-pUP7QcCYuYeGbzZ5stm8Sfv_hAAcBmdpJWHUYCaDHWyccjrcGPpbRb6ZYRuSdHh1zmCbZcX8A9blMfZqIlBYrhVip-pnlz3egYbiYazONxU2vaXSaY-fnaUG1/w2913-h2019/IMG_3374.JPG" width="2913" /></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><br /><strong style="text-align: -webkit-center;">Papa as a young Ensign on training attached to the US Navy</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Customs Building, Port Area, Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Port Area Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Which ever way ...Different kinds of transportation to bring in and bring out people to and from the island of Cebu in the Philippines.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Coast Guard Port Area Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">End of Day Sun just about to disappear from the horizon. The ship on the foreground is the PMI training ship.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Luzon, </span><span><strong>Sagada is nestled in a valley at the upper end of the Malitep tributary of the Chico River some one and a half kilometers above sea level in the central Cordillera; enveloped between the main Cordillera Ranges and the Ilocos Range. Mt. Data in the south and Mt. Kalawitan in the southeast pierce the horizon. Mt. Polis, Bessang and Mt. Tirad in the east, and Mt. Sisipitan in the north mark the Mountain Province - Abra boundary.</strong></span></span></h3><h3><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="805" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5180/5518227783_cf2420447e.jpg" width="1138" /></strong></span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Kalinga-Apayao Province</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Banaue Rice Terraces (Tagalog: Hagdan-hagdang Palayan ng Banawe) are 2000-year old terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao in the Philippines by ancestors of the indigenous people. The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to by Filipinos as the "Eighth Wonder of the World". It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces are located approximately 1500 meters (5000 ft) above sea level and cover 10,360 square kilometers (about 4000 square miles) of mountainside. They are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces. It is said that if the steps are put end to end it would encircle half the globe.</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Contrary to popular belief, the Banaue Rice Terraces are not part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras UNESCO inscription but are declared a National Cultural Treasure as the Ifugao Rice Terraces. Ancient sprawling man-made structures from 2,000 to 6,000 years old, other terraces are found in the provinces of Kalinga, Apayao, Benguet, Mountain Province and Ifugao. But only those in Batad, Bangaan, Mayoyao, Hungduan and Nagacadan, all in Ifugao, are inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong>.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">battery grudds Corregidor</span></h3>
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<span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="1619" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5018/5456706200_59ff89b95d_b.jpg" width="2449" />Eisenhower visit. I was there observing the motorcade as a sophomore at <u>U.P. Prep. </u>Luneta below. This was the Luneta I remember ... I was in my 2nd year High School at the University when "Ike" visited the Philippines. ... of course Ike used to live here before the 2nd WW when Philippines was a Commonwealth of the United States and was aid to the Field Marshal ...now President of the USA.</strong></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines encompass a wide range of personal, cultural, and traditional beliefs and practices which Filipinos observe in relation to bereavement, dying, honoring, respecting, interring, and remembering their departed loved ones, relatives, and friends. Sources of the various practices include religious teachings, vestiges of colonialism, and regional variations on these.</strong></span></h3>
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In the past and in present times, Filipinos believe in the afterlife and give attention to respecting and paying homage to dead people. Wakes are generally held from 3 to 7 days. Provincial wakes are usually held in the home, while city dwellers typically display their dead at a funeral home. Apart from spreading the news about someone’s death verbally, obituaries are also published in newspapers. Although the majority of the Filipino people are Christians, they have retained superstitious beliefs concerning death.</strong></span></td> <td valign="top" width="333"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><img src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5093/5518586180_49600af36c_n.jpg" /></strong></span> <br />
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Hanging coffins are coffins which have been placed on cliffs. They can be found in various locations, including China and the Philippines. In China, they are known as Xuanguan which also means "hanging coffin".<img src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5092/5518543774_fbb899ce85_n.jpg" /></strong></span></h3>
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Kalinga (Tagalog pronunciation: [kɐˈliŋɐ]) is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Tabuk and borders Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north. <img src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5253/5518941122_0599a24c6a_n.jpg" /></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">- <span>Sagada</span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>BanaueLuzon Kalinga-Apayao Provinc </span><span>Kalinga (Tagalog pronunciation: [kɐˈliŋɐ]) is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Tabuk and borders Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north. Prior to 1995, Kalinga and Apayao used to be a single province named Kalinga-Apayao, until an ethnic/tribal war prompted separation</span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Ifugao kids Ang mga Igorot ay isang grupong etniko sa Pilipinas. Matatagpuan sila sa Cordillera, sa isla ng Luzon, sa hilaga ng bansa. Mayroong anim na lalawigan sa Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR): ang Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga, at Mountain Province. Nag-iisang lungsod sa CAR ang lungsod ng Baguio. May anim na etnolinggwistikong grupo sa parte ng mga pook na tinitirhan ng mga Igorot: ang Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Isneg (o Apayao), Kalinga, at Kankanaey. </span><span>Ang mga Igorot ay kilala sa kanilang pagiging masipag, matatag, at tapat sa kanilang pinagmulan. Mga ugaling hindi basta basta hinahayaang makuha ng iba ang kanilang mga namana o nakuhang mga kayamanan.</span></span></h3>
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Mahalaga sa kanila ang lupa, sapagkat ito ang pangunahing ikinabubuhay nila. Ang isang patunay nito ang Hagdan-hagdang Palayan ng Banawe na matatagpuan sa isang tribu sa Ifugao.</strong></span></td> <td valign="top" width="487"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><img height="918" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5253/5518315753_ae420c7269.jpg" width="1376" /></span> <br />
</span><h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1150" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ixdvm8-MdUs" width="1383" youtube-src-id="Ixdvm8-MdUs"></iframe></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span>The walk from the road down to the village and back up takes no longer than 1 ½ hours. Much of the walk is through rice fields, so take shelter from sun and rain. The village has become an historic sight, with many traditional houses still standing. Souvenir shops have been set up by the locals and some provide coffee, cold drinks (even beer) and shelter from the rain. We chose hot coffees and were entertained by Conchita at her outdoor tables. We found her conversation so interesting and informative that we stayed for more coffee and finally a beer. I bought one of the excellent knives manufactured by a local blacksmith. He uses steel from old car springs and mounts the pieces in a wooden sheath, bound with rattan, as is the knife handle.</span></span></div></span></h3><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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battery crockett</span></h3>
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<span><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">1945-2005-escolta</span></strong></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila Quezon Bridge</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span>Pre-Hispanic period</span></b> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span>Before the first arrival of Europeans on Luzon island, the island was part of the Majapahit empire around the 14th century, according to the epic eulogy poem Nagarakretagama which described its conquest by Mahārāja Hayam Wuruk. The region was invaded around 1485 by Sultan Bolkiah and became a part of the Sultanate of Brunei. The site of Intramuros then became a part of the Islamic Kingdom of Maynila ruled by various Datus, Rajas and the Sultan.</span> </strong> </span></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Construction of the defensive walls was started by the Spaniards in the late 16th century to protect the city from foreign invasions. The 0.67-square-kilometre (0.26 sq mi) walled city was originally located along the shores of the Manila Bay, south of the entrance to Pasig River. The reclamations during the early 20th-century obscured the walls from the bay. Guarding the old city is Fort Santiago, its citadel located at the mouth of the river. </strong></span><span><strong>Intramuros was heavily damaged during the battle to recapture the city from the Japanese Imperial Army during the Second World War. Reconstruction of the walls was started in 1951 when Intramuros was declared a National Historical Monument, which is continued to this day by the Intramuros Administration</strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; text-align: start;"><strong style="background-color: black; text-align: -webkit-center;">Angeles del Pilar Samson……..1919-1994</strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"><div style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg42a45ROhKTPBDw_GTmlhs7goGIFJpXKGNSaI7RiHN_eCoI78Ou-bZhWMN6ThvwcjDTVDIpbUwVhYhDVZm_m_m5i49UZEBU4EocE-qYkBT3EfhkmAR-2FzpNDnrGmWlrI6YZgd1LnznvR7/s1600/ANIMATION+Mama+2.gif" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="937" height="1735" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg42a45ROhKTPBDw_GTmlhs7goGIFJpXKGNSaI7RiHN_eCoI78Ou-bZhWMN6ThvwcjDTVDIpbUwVhYhDVZm_m_m5i49UZEBU4EocE-qYkBT3EfhkmAR-2FzpNDnrGmWlrI6YZgd1LnznvR7/w1587-h1735/ANIMATION+Mama+2.gif" width="1587" /></a></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><span><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center" style="background-color: black;"><br /><span><span><b><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a></span><br /><br /><span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a></span><br /><br /><br /></b></span></span></div><div align="center"><span><span><b><br /><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><b>I have always regarded my mother as the most patient, gentle and beautiful person in my life. She was my model during my search for my future wife who will be NO LESS THAN MY MOTHER. As a little child I loved her most of all, now that I am old, my love for her has grown beyond this world. I terribly miss her presence and tender care.</b></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><b><div align="left" style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400;">1</div><br style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; text-align: start;" /><br style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; text-align: start;" /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="334"><img height="1069" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEiL82hkJaqrlZPGZ1IrXxOF65TWIcfY5ChBexit_OMJ2CGJT2hfEOSbmppuLDOMinf02AqDYRohheoIJknWZTkUcwgnoGcNcVBQrd5mtmC6lcEEKVbJX6s7EPIJRU0dH1qjISYLleonF6nEA4h9h5t7iHaJPTQnnccHvZm6EBE=s0-d" width="1603" /></td></tr></tbody></table></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1327" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/g2ZXR6UPe28" width="1597" youtube-src-id="g2ZXR6UPe28"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div></b></span></span></div></span></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="332"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1634" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8049/8134839862_37dfa24848_b.jpg" width="1088" /><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Intramuros - Manila Hotel</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Intramuros is the oldest district and historic core of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. Known as the Walled City, the original fortified city of Manila was the seat of the Spanish government during the Spanish colonial period. The walled part of Manila was called intramuros, which is Latin for "within the walls"; districts beyond the walls were referred as the extramuros of Manila, meaning "outside the walls"</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span><strong>The Manila Hotel which opened in 1912 and extensively remodeled in the 1970s is a Philippine landmark, home to high society and to political intrigue, and often a scene of historic events.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>1898- Judge William Howard Taft issued of the first decrees of the Second Philippine Commission, to create an urban plan for the Manila. Architect and city planner Daniel Hudson Burnham drafted a wide and long tree-lined boulevard that would begin at the park and at the spit’s end of the bay, a boulevard that would be dominated on one end by a hotel.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">1908- William Parsons was appointed to continue where Burnham left off. He supervised the design and construction of Manila Hotel and was completed four years later. Soon, a magnificent, white, green-tile-roofed California Missionary-styled edifice emerged housing 149 spacious and high-ceilinged rooms. Since then, it is a hotel that commands the best westward view of Manila’s fabled sunset, the fortress of Corregidor, the poignant ruins of the medieval fortress that was Intramuros, and the palm-lined promenades of Luneta Park.</strong></span></div><div align="left"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1983" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKhqNoGqPi4yzb5m6jICldptnaj0SrTenG4F2AgHSxJn00YdFVfd2pwF0rziPWqu0CnErB_y0VP6D-kpchsbiJiJ3nfy9_0x9GV6Qr4wQsfswQECAPMtbwgogupFTxEo5lrN1fyZTR9ATa/w1362-h1983/IMG_7658.JPG" width="1362" /></span></div>
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<img height="1821" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-wfXnVnsJOSQ/UMFd7XnPz5I/AAAAAAACJ58/lBQiJbP09dc/w1365-h1821/IMG_7684.JPG" width="1365" /></span></td> <td valign="top" width="333"><div align="left">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">1</strong></span></div>
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<div align="left"></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="683"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">In my late seventies, I begin to see the value of childhood memories, as a legacy worth sharing it to my family and that I, hopefully, will not be forgotten when I leave this physical world. </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">My consciousness started on a bright November day in 1946 at the age of two. I experienced my new relation with my sister Aleta newly arrived from the hospital the night before. On this early morning, while waking from deep sleep in the bedroom, I saw my mother and the new born baby. I stood up watched my sister take my place as the new “baby” supposed with the jealousy of a child wondering what his new status is. </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">At a distance I could see my mother's pretty face nourishing my little sister, as I ran toward her. I can only imagine her smiling face filled with assurance to know how I felt, tinge with a fear of rivalry, little legs running toward her.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">
Right photo, was taken one month before Aleta was born, bottom photo further down taken at graduation from Grade 7, March 17, 1957.</span></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 411px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="110"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 12px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="10"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="299"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="111"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 12px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="10"><div><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitWzkskNoHNJ4BaM6kM4VWFH66FyDq2pWH01DiK0V75Swr8d2o3eJoHQj4lpj6iFeo3184mp3GwoqbIG7fQNJWYnMvA042ewEV4vNVO4ny6taaCzI335CS4CuFd8Sq3dkDX7dNi1TIZyNosHea-HfH3BUPQ73hz4_WGmB9fIKigOjTT_yVnp5v6U_ZkBQ6/s2970/Class%252061%2520-%25201.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2970" data-original-width="2583" height="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitWzkskNoHNJ4BaM6kM4VWFH66FyDq2pWH01DiK0V75Swr8d2o3eJoHQj4lpj6iFeo3184mp3GwoqbIG7fQNJWYnMvA042ewEV4vNVO4ny6taaCzI335CS4CuFd8Sq3dkDX7dNi1TIZyNosHea-HfH3BUPQ73hz4_WGmB9fIKigOjTT_yVnp5v6U_ZkBQ6/w1040-h1200/Class%252061%2520-%25201.jpg" width="1040" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: 400;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467366938644018" style="font-weight: 700;"><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="836" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wdXGIwoWCV0" width="1006" youtube-src-id="wdXGIwoWCV0"></iframe></div></span></a></div><span><div style="font-weight: 400;"><span><span><br /></span></span></div><p class="p5" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 27px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>O mother-my-love, if you’ll give me your hand,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>And go where I ask you to wander,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>I will lead you away to a beautiful land,–</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>The Dreamland that’s waiting out yonder.</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>We’ll walk in a sweet posie-garden out there,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Where moonlight and starlight are streaming,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>And the flowers and the birds are filling the air</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>With the fragrance and music of dreaming.</b></span></span></div><p></p><p class="p5" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 27px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>There’ll be no little tired-out boy to undress,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>No questions or cares to perplex you,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>There’ll be no little bruises or bumps to caress,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Nor patching of stockings to vex you;</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>For I’ll rock you away on a silver-dew stream</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>And sing you asleep when you’re weary,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>And no one shall know of our beautiful dream</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>But you and your own little dearie.</b></span></span></div><p></p><p class="p5" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 27px; margin: 0px 0px 27px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>And when I am tired I’ll nestle my head</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>In the bosom that’s soothed me so often,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>And the wide-awake stars shall sing, in my stead,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>A song which our dreaming shall soften.</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>So, Mother-my-Love, let me take your dear hand,</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>And away through the starlight we’ll wander,–</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Away through the mist to the beautiful land,–</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>The Dreamland that’s waiting out yonder......</b><b>EF</b></span></div><p></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div></span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><span><span><div style="font-weight: 700;"><span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 411px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="110"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; 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font-weight: 400; max-height: 100vh; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain;" width="1045" /></span></div><div><br /></div></b><b style="text-align: start;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span>MY ARTS TEACHER MS Viduya_Marita</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face=""Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="873" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-yI3bOKIZKk" width="1051" youtube-src-id="-yI3bOKIZKk"></iframe></div><br /></span></div></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="874" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6tA1P5VwXR4" width="1048" youtube-src-id="6tA1P5VwXR4"></iframe></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="864" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SPexRiQbsNE" width="1038" youtube-src-id="SPexRiQbsNE"></iframe></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><span><br /><img alt="No photo description available." class="x1bwycvy x193iq5w x4fas0m x19kjcj4" data-visualcompletion="media-vc-image" height="731" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://scontent-iad3-2.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.18169-9/427975_236287033124512_594827921_n.jpg?_nc_cat=103&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=cdbe9c&_nc_ohc=pWGmgMwWU8AAX8aMAwX&_nc_ht=scontent-iad3-2.xx&oh=00_AfCVofmSgsHdwH7X2yWSUf6VQnf5gSBryCRXiphB85BZ6Q&oe=64A9B07A" style="border: 0px; max-height: 100vh; max-width: 100%; object-fit: contain;" width="1142" /><br /></span><b><span><span><br />MY SCIENCE TEACHER MISS JULLIETA</span> <span>DAYAP</span></span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><b><span><span><br /></span></span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><b><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="875" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nS5i1v4B0kI" width="1051" youtube-src-id="nS5i1v4B0kI"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="873" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Oi3q4iagZfI" width="1050" youtube-src-id="Oi3q4iagZfI"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div><span><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 337px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="335"><span><span><b><span><br /></span></b></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="349"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="370"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 700px;"><tbody></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div></span></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><span><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><span><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><span><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><span><b><br /></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div></td><td valign="top" width="110"><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 12px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="10"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div><span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMXq3vx5D1dxKOdmKlNl8wcas5GMmh6oZFhhUfjdPsOKpFVpwK1i6S5P0dqlQaAVOS5QoRKRo0rLkjA7nzxa-K9q-rGpiIB3nbWBKWq0pslOei1Su5hQp6cBI6UE58DnkNDWc3Agbht-kvNor3FcnKRL8DtcHTpRLkYKO9kQk6J5oFNVF1tSqWfx-JUWLQ/s940/PICT0030-ANIMATION.gif" style="font-weight: 700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="940" height="913" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMXq3vx5D1dxKOdmKlNl8wcas5GMmh6oZFhhUfjdPsOKpFVpwK1i6S5P0dqlQaAVOS5QoRKRo0rLkjA7nzxa-K9q-rGpiIB3nbWBKWq0pslOei1Su5hQp6cBI6UE58DnkNDWc3Agbht-kvNor3FcnKRL8DtcHTpRLkYKO9kQk6J5oFNVF1tSqWfx-JUWLQ/w1192-h913/PICT0030-ANIMATION.gif" width="1192" /></a></span></div><div><span><br /></span></div><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>In 1960: I became aware of my heritage in my junior year at UP Prep and began preparation for my appointment as a cadet at PMA in Fort Del Pilar. This was a period in my teen years that I remember fondly, memories in my High School, of the hectic days, dashing thru the corridors catching my schedule of classes at Rizal Hall. I recall my bag loaded with books, eager, wide eyed, and quick to learn the tenets of math, the arts and sciences. I remember past friends and stormy situations that most teenagers weathered through. As in life surviving the unspoken pecking order among bigger classmates and the so called in crowd was the rule. That lone wolf streak that kept me apart, which peers seemed to see as a weakness was a measure of heritage that set me off from the current teenage precepts of the day. Later, when of age and after further studies, having ever spurred curiosity, whetted my appetite for a life of adventure, of soldiering and foreign lands. </b><strong><span><span><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467336206027778"><span> </span> </a><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467336206027778"><span></span></a><br /><br /></span><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467366938644018"><span><span> TO MOM WITH ALL MY LOVE AND PRAYERS</span></span></a><br /></span></strong></span><strong><span><br /><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467366938644018"><span><span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1034" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nj84GVBfCfE" width="1243" youtube-src-id="nj84GVBfCfE"></iframe></div></span></a></span></strong></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1030" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/osg2QuP0W1o" width="1240" youtube-src-id="osg2QuP0W1o"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1031" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BiyHMC_g8vY" width="1240" youtube-src-id="BiyHMC_g8vY"></iframe></div><br /></strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><strong><br /><br /></strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1030" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/D9jKYDv7NG8" width="1237" youtube-src-id="D9jKYDv7NG8"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1038" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tEImCJWI_ak" width="1249" youtube-src-id="tEImCJWI_ak"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1033" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TEVGLXVhhns" width="1243" youtube-src-id="TEVGLXVhhns"></iframe></div><br /><br /><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1030" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zmJSulwNazk" width="1240" youtube-src-id="zmJSulwNazk"></iframe><br /><br /><br /><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1033" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qsvTtp-n_a0" width="1240" youtube-src-id="qsvTtp-n_a0"></iframe><br /><br /><br /><br /><b><span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1035" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eZPYyYe24i4" width="1243" youtube-src-id="eZPYyYe24i4"></iframe></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1047" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qJFrAvemWmQ" width="1258" youtube-src-id="qJFrAvemWmQ"></iframe></div><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><span><div style="text-align: center;"><span><b><span>TO ALL MY LADY PROFESSORS ND A SPECIAL MENTION TO </span></b><b style="text-align: justify;"><span>Mr RUBIO</span></b><b><span> ONLY</span></b></span></div></span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1037" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WTCryF1J54Y" width="1249" youtube-src-id="WTCryF1J54Y"></iframe><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 462px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="111"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 12px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="10"><strong><div><br /></div><a href="https://picasaweb.google.com/Constantino.RC/GoldenDaysHotel?authkey=Gv1sRgCIno_9_2_Kq6twE&feat=email#5573467399477717538" style="text-decoration-line: none;"></a></strong></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div>
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<div></div></div></div></span></td><td valign="top" width="315"></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1145" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/L6i5fTie20E" width="1378" youtube-src-id="L6i5fTie20E"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1151" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NdgEcfMuCTg" width="1384" youtube-src-id="NdgEcfMuCTg"></iframe></b></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><b style="background-color: black; text-align: left;"><br /></b></b></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><b style="background-color: black; text-align: left;">I graduated right in front of this building with class 1966 ChE and Carlos P. Romulo as guest speaker. The Institute is a reputable source of architects, engineers, and science graduates and constantly produces top notchers in the architectural and engineering fields. Photo below of the American Cemetery at the old Fort Bonifacio, where we lived close by.</b></b></span></div>
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</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg0v_50tawvKroE22Sb0itcUn7Cb2g0IRCPVhEdOzrEgyXDj0Rr5EtOn1QYX2Mdgr54g02JzfCmZqZYW4evRf0cectqRd_mVf99jOv7Gx2pRdcqmvBn-pCpeUVdQcwD3RDhAY40iKvHVhN_7PPbfvFo_p9Kqm77s651r6klYN1fnAb9FOBt5pFJy_ECC4/s1956/PICT0588.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1956" data-original-width="1468" height="2232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg0v_50tawvKroE22Sb0itcUn7Cb2g0IRCPVhEdOzrEgyXDj0Rr5EtOn1QYX2Mdgr54g02JzfCmZqZYW4evRf0cectqRd_mVf99jOv7Gx2pRdcqmvBn-pCpeUVdQcwD3RDhAY40iKvHVhN_7PPbfvFo_p9Kqm77s651r6klYN1fnAb9FOBt5pFJy_ECC4/w1674-h2232/PICT0588.JPG" width="1674" /></a></div><br />In 1951, the Mapúa family acquired a piece of land from the La Corporación Fransicana where the present Intramuros Campus stands. The campus opened at 1956 while the building construction were completed in 1963. All college programs were transferred from the Doroteo José campus to the Intramuros Campus in 1973. During my stay, the Institute consistently dominated the top 10 and even the top 20 slots in most licensure exams for architecture and engineering, year after year. It also consistently achieved the highest passing rates in the board exams among other competing schools in architecture and the various fields of engineering. The check marks represent the graduates who passed their BOARD EXAM. </b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGT771GKXBr7bjfWaAEunbC20zFu-Z-yL8H8QEXFNq5P4T_8w5oL29EM8fX5KrGfw5gcrp_SlpWW2YEtPa-W9qug2cQNwkGV-Rxi2gTKBLSIUD5Ef7D8hKrmhWU5Tb4vQlzVA031ZELUHxKQiaVExjEAqRlFmLUxrHA3-RmNTNnIi5Mlq5ef7VpXc0aKuy/s200/ring.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="179" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGT771GKXBr7bjfWaAEunbC20zFu-Z-yL8H8QEXFNq5P4T_8w5oL29EM8fX5KrGfw5gcrp_SlpWW2YEtPa-W9qug2cQNwkGV-Rxi2gTKBLSIUD5Ef7D8hKrmhWU5Tb4vQlzVA031ZELUHxKQiaVExjEAqRlFmLUxrHA3-RmNTNnIi5Mlq5ef7VpXc0aKuy/s1600/ring.jpg" width="179" /></a></div><br /><br /></span></td></tr>
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<tr> <td valign="top" width="333"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://davidgwoodward.com/manila-american-cemetery.jpg" /></span></td> <td valign="top" width="333"></td> <td valign="top" width="333"></td></tr>
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<tr> <td valign="top" width="499"><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><img alt="" height="640" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5145/5804150129_31e3e2fffa_z.jpg" width="531" /></span> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Chapel Sculpture Facade of the 60-ft tall chapel of the American Cemetery in Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City. The sculpture represents, from bottom to top, the young American warrior symbolized by St George, fighting his enemy, the dragon, in the jungle. Above them are the ideals for which he fought: Liberty, Justice, Country. Columbia, with the child symbolizing the future, stands at the zenith. Information sourced from the Manila American Cemetery and Memorial pamphlet.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3520/5808410947_06f35f6da1.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">High Noon at the Batttlefield</span></h3>
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Right hemicycle of the Manila American Cemetery, viewed from the entrance of the left hemicycle. The gap between the gray pebbles is the path to the memorial's chapel. For more information, please see</strong></span> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="640" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5236/5809078884_51d9c48914_z.jpg" width="523" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">In Memoriam</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2674/5804040155_18fe3466d1.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Opposites</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><strong>Shot at the Manila American Cemetery. The brownish smooth hardness of the limestone tablets against the dark, disordered patterns of the tree's foliage. Order and disorder. Life. Gone, and the living. </strong></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2552/5803875815_674930b7a4.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
<h3 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></h3><h3 align="justify">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Wall of the Missing. Continuing with the B&W project. Shot at the Manila American Cemetery in Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City. As the sun gently sinks, the shadows slowly draws across the names of the missing valiant - exactly 36,286 American and Filipino servicemen are recorded in these limestone tablets.</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><img alt="photo" height="813" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/209/499033727_a27aaf8960_z.jpg" width="529" /></strong></span> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila American Cemetery and Memorial</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Manila American Cemetery and Memorial is located in Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City in Metro Manila, Philippines.</strong></span> <br />
<span><strong><img alt="photo" height="786" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3567/3554963965_d3300bfbe6_z.jpg" width="523" /></strong></span> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila American Cemetery and Memorial</span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><img src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2110/2535819928_a8bab6fae0.jpg" /> </strong></span> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Nave Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal, Philippine Women's University, Manila, Philippines </span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2475/4038115221_94419a4d28.jpg" /><br />
<span><strong>Pasig River viewed from old Ayala Bridge</strong></span><br />
<span><strong><img src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8428/7722896662_65bb05ddd2.jpg" /> </strong></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Puerta de Isabel Gate through the old Spanish Wall, Intramuros, Manila</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7133/7857133156_48ef1c0d4f.jpg" /> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Puerta Postigo del Palacio Gate, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="photo" height="777" src="http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4060/4330731381_7d95c8a599_z.jpg?zz=1" width="517" /> <br />
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<img src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2686/4038824666_6a130fd8c4.jpg" /><span><strong></strong></span><br />
<span><strong>The awesome interior of old Binondo Church ( Basilica of San Lorenzo Ruiz ) .... the patroness of this historic Dominican Church is the Nuestra Senora Del Rosario .</strong></span><br />
<img src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2533/4038862092_0c16f27b08.jpg" /><br />
<span><strong>In College, I worked in this building with an export import company.</strong></span><br />
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<br /></span></td> <td valign="top" width="499"><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Manila_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial.jpg" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="File:Manila American Cemetery and Memorial.jpg" height="593" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Manila_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial.jpg" width="750" /></a><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/American_Memorial_Cemetery_Manila_graves.jpg" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="File:American Memorial Cemetery Manila graves.jpg" height="600" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/American_Memorial_Cemetery_Manila_graves.jpg/800px-American_Memorial_Cemetery_Manila_graves.jpg" width="800" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3520/5808410947_06f35f6da1_b.jpg" /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><img height="2119" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/87/241430055_545ca2280f_b.jpg" width="2825" /></span><br /><br /><span><strong style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><span>The cemetery, 152 acres (62 ha) or 615,000 square metres in area, is located on a prominent plateau, visible at a distance from the east, south and west. With a total of 17,206 graves, it is the largest cemetery in the Pacific for U.S. personnel killed during </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><strong><span>World War II</span></strong></a><strong style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><span>, and also holds war dead from the Philippines and other allied nations. Many of the personnel whose remains are interred or represented were killed in </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea" style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><strong><span>New Guinea</span></strong></a><strong style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><span>, or during the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippines_(1941-42)" style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Battle of the Philippines (1941-42)</span></strong></a><strong style="text-align: justify;"><span><span style="background-color: black;"> or the Allied recapture of the islands. The headstones are made of marble which are aligned in eleven plots forming a generally circular pattern, set among masses of a wide variety of tropical trees and shrubbery.</span><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></b></span><strong style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">PROPERTY IN FRANCE FOR SALE BY OWNER FOR $200,000 IN MONTAIGUT EN COMBRAILLE ( </span></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: start;">in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Puy-de-Dôme">Puy-de-Dôme</a><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Departments of France">department</a><span style="text-align: start;"> of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne_(region)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auvergne (region)">Auvergne</a>)</b></span></span></strong></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2019" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DP1_CUW137U" width="2429" youtube-src-id="DP1_CUW137U"></iframe></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR8IeYRTcZD6niBHKH9cxGqPxwOCiefqZxRiV80xQtDwtpnlcIi51IwqAZ_i1qbh2lqKe3j9VAjFfSeP38nROGXjdS7WZsIjaAPqq_9i_xTIAauL2tEMg6uN42q5mAUusBOZ0F7Rv5dg26GRD3YCxXPMi_hgSTGAUEybv_aQAfR-xKwhxoZ6s-xvc65Q5N/s508/68159616-ANIMATION%20Montaigut%20proper.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="330" data-original-width="508" height="2024" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR8IeYRTcZD6niBHKH9cxGqPxwOCiefqZxRiV80xQtDwtpnlcIi51IwqAZ_i1qbh2lqKe3j9VAjFfSeP38nROGXjdS7WZsIjaAPqq_9i_xTIAauL2tEMg6uN42q5mAUusBOZ0F7Rv5dg26GRD3YCxXPMi_hgSTGAUEybv_aQAfR-xKwhxoZ6s-xvc65Q5N/w3119-h2024/68159616-ANIMATION%20Montaigut%20proper.gif" width="3119" /></a></div><div><br /></div></strong></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><br /></span><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEHfho4xnMVwOxSOjtyNtpb1EAafBqaRQU5BUBz8KP8vAsu8IPAcQBWr2kab5GYZqzduQkJRniH4QioQkd7RwIwVEtruYSwm-V6v4skdD8-gA1B5LOj6WHfTklaaPZw4uNI2-FcG5PvrUCUC439fGlS9SYoi6_tEl6iEdTmvsc5Ad4rccRZC_AF-3pVF-1/s1024/The%20Transformation%20of%20the%20Garage%2010-16-2016%206-59-34%20AM%203264x2448-ANIMATION%20(1).gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="2291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEHfho4xnMVwOxSOjtyNtpb1EAafBqaRQU5BUBz8KP8vAsu8IPAcQBWr2kab5GYZqzduQkJRniH4QioQkd7RwIwVEtruYSwm-V6v4skdD8-gA1B5LOj6WHfTklaaPZw4uNI2-FcG5PvrUCUC439fGlS9SYoi6_tEl6iEdTmvsc5Ad4rccRZC_AF-3pVF-1/w3054-h2291/The%20Transformation%20of%20the%20Garage%2010-16-2016%206-59-34%20AM%203264x2448-ANIMATION%20(1).gif" width="3054" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b style="background-color: black;">Renovattion of the house cost more than $ 120,000 ie. new roof $25,000, Brick Floors in family room $36,000 , reinforoced dumgeons and new wood in living floor, arch dungeons floor and spiral stairs $23,000, Finishing up like double pane windows, doors, utilities, $37,000, landscaping concrete work, $12,000 etc. Then antique furnitures, linen included. Living area of 2009 sq. feet, 3 bath and 3 bdr. Click here to see the full album of the house <a href="https://photos.google.com/share/AF1QipNdMT91LxeIK2PQagK76kbfII2IlZ8WdyNjd-LqP9g0vN0zhXqIMd4Bxksx-w02VA?key=OHdfcW1JV3M2bkc5SV9HVU1jOTdCSHIxNXlHMjln">FROM A MEDIEVAL HOME</a> </b></div></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncFg1dfcWxe4fjlR0V-Mr1_Ix4N95-idMIJm9Lthj7sb3c_B-e084AANu4a81ijKB_HnuqXIG6M8WIr5CK4k9HA7Mtfk8q3ShwwPEQ0KvaLLHY6DQIFr4IJ5SfH4QFmvOrRYzjfTTw3mvA4836_x4nDYoOcbKV4NjpTdFiazvbdSa7HFAw4hMh6B2mCj9/s1024/IMG_0144-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" data-original-height="771" data-original-width="1024" height="2307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncFg1dfcWxe4fjlR0V-Mr1_Ix4N95-idMIJm9Lthj7sb3c_B-e084AANu4a81ijKB_HnuqXIG6M8WIr5CK4k9HA7Mtfk8q3ShwwPEQ0KvaLLHY6DQIFr4IJ5SfH4QFmvOrRYzjfTTw3mvA4836_x4nDYoOcbKV4NjpTdFiazvbdSa7HFAw4hMh6B2mCj9/w3063-h2307/IMG_0144-ANIMATION.gif" width="3063" /></a></div></strong></span></span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="584"><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">As a child, I dream about traveling around the world especially in Europe and living there for for some months abd acquring their culture and language, I would need a house or a home base equidistant to the capitals of Europe. This dream was fulfilled later on above, in my retired years. However, I am done with traveling and will sell this house for a measely sum of $200,000 together with the antique fornitures, see <a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/3zUBnCRJh2uCCnKq6">Inside the house</a></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><br /></strong></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 1235px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><img height="919" src="http://photos.wikimapia.org/p/00/00/55/23/29_big.jpg" width="1225" /><br /><strong>This is the only restaurant that can compete with Auntie Auroring’s pancit mami</strong></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
</td> <td valign="top" width="414"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="333"><img alt="photo" height="640" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/119/316469802_7b143c20c1_z.jpg" width="480" /><br /><span><strong><br /><span style="color: #e69138;">Makati ... the facade of Sanctuario De San Antonio Church in Forbes Park ( Makati, Rizal ). My parish church at Fort Bonifacio back in the 1960s</span><br /><br /></strong></span></td><td valign="top" width="333"><span><img alt="photo" height="640" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/109/316465310_4d700b5c5a_z.jpg" width="480" /><span><strong>San Beda College The facade of the Chapel of Our Lady of Montserrat ( San Beda College ) ( Mendiola Street, Manila )...... the primary institution of the Benedictine Order in the Philippines</strong></span></span></td><td valign="top" width="333"><span><span><img alt="photo" height="640" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/95/242788440_ecca20a006_z.jpg" width="480" /></span><br /></span><h3><span>Altar at Sanctuario de San Antonio, Forbes Park</span></h3></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><span><span><b><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-EjEo95ikVIA/TMpVTT9pzpI/AAAAAAAApoM/q1DX0Yh2Rz8/s912/313815982005_24509982005fr000911l.jpg" /></b></span></span></td><td valign="top" width="499"><span><img height="805" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/110/293362909_0f18999b29.jpg" width="620" /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span><br /></span></div><span><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="683"><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span>1960: Pasig River still alive then, now heavy polluted and black in color. The Pasig River was a clear, flowing body of water that served as the center of commerce in Spanish colonial Manila. Stretching 27 kilometers, it connects Laguna Lake to Manila Bay and was the major source of water and livelihood of the many communities along its banks. People washed clothes in the shallower waters and fisher folks’ daily catch were always bountiful. The passenger boats that plied the river from the nearby province of Laguna to Manila and back served as the primary means of transportation. Today’s generation, however, has no recollection of the Pasig River in its heyday. Sunset at Manila Bay where the Pasig River</span><span> <span>empties.</span></span></strong></span><span> </span></span></div><span><span><span><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:c4f6906b-6b96-47a7-84c0-a2e8586f725b" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="58f831da-7d8f-47f2-911b-3a4b03c545b0" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/k19rDndamuM&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></span></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><span></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><img height="870" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/149/348997794_51aadb2f2f_z.jpg?zz=1" width="1307" /></b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span>The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, The Catholic University of the Philippines (colloquially UST or "Ustê". Filipino: Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas), is a private Roman Catholic university run by the Order of Preachers in Manila. Founded on April 28, 1611 by archbishop of Manila Miguel de Benavides, it has the oldest extant university charter in the Philippines and in Asia. and is one of the world's largest Catholic universities in terms of enrollment found on one campus. UST is also the largest university in the city of Manila. Almost all the MD’s of the family graduated from UST.</span> </b></span></div>
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Centro Escolar University, Manila, </span></h3>
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FEU Right Photo</span></h3>
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st joseph's college<img alt="" height="361" src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7148/6776854195_aa9b658315_z.jpg" width="640" /></span></h3>
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FEU - </span></h3>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img height="1041" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8163/7707884088_03cc43864a_b.jpg" width="1565" /> </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Typical corner cafe and street vendor up front.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">My parents married in this church in 1942. The Roman Catholic Church of San Ildefonso, in its eyes, a marriage is forged by God. The Church states that what God joins together, humans cannot sunder. I was also baptized in this church by Father Price, the parish priest on September 10, 1944.</strong></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Tanay San Ildefonso Church</span></strong></td></tr>
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Bomod-ok Falls. Sagada, Mt. Province, Philippines</span></h3>
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Curvy Road over Mt. Province</span></h3><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">
Sagada, Mt. Province <br /><img height="1592" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2024/2242875963_7afd5f3441.jpg" width="1060" /><br />
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Taal Volcano</span></h3>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span>Pasay City, Roxas Blvd. at Aristocrat (Barbecue Plaza)</span> <br />
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Plaza Miranda-Quiapo 1950's-1970's Metro Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Quezon Blvd.- Quiapo1950's-1970's Metro Manila,</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Rizal Theater-Makati 1950's-1970's Metro Manila, Philippines</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Palm Sunday</span></h3>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Benediction every Monday afternoon. Our ritual at Espirito Santo Parochial School</span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2398" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Iy2AWGsaBm0" width="2889" youtube-src-id="Iy2AWGsaBm0"></iframe></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Before I left for the US we visited Tagaytay for the last time. From the ridge, a magnificent view of Taal can be seen, and Taal lake as the picture above can be accessible by car from the main road.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Taal volcano as seen from Picnic Grove on a cloudy day. </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>Taal Volcano is a complex volcano. Historical eruptions are concentrated on Volcano Island, an island near the middle of Lake Taal. The lake partially fills Taal Caldera, which was formed by powerful prehistoric eruptions between 140,000 to 5,380 BP. Viewed from Tagaytay Ridge, Taal Volcano and Lake presents one of the most picturesque and attractive views in the Philippines. It is located about 50 km ( 31 miles ) south of the capital of the country, the city of Manila.<br />The volcano had several violent eruptions in the past causing loss of life in the island and the populated areas surrounding the lake, with the death toll estimated at around 5,000 to 6,000. Because of its proximity to populated areas and its eruptive history, the volcano was designated a Decade Volcano, worthy of close study to prevent future natural disasters. It is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines and part of the Pacific ring of fire.<br />Taal Volcano and Lake are wholly located in the province of Batangas. The northern half of Volcano Island falls under the jurisdiction of the lake shore town of Talisay, and the southern half to San Nicolas. The other towns that encircle Taal Lake include Tanauan, Talisay, Laurel, Agoncillo, Santa Teresita, Alitagtag, Cuenca, Lipa, Balete and Mataas na Kahoy.</span><img height="522" src="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2243/1883586172_7222bff305_z.jpg" width="696" /></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Main Gate, Intramuros</span></h3>
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span><span><span>The site of Intramuros was originally a large Malayan-Islamic settlement named "Maynilad", ruled by three chieftains Rajah Sulayman, Lakan Dula and Rajah Matanda. The name came from "may nilad", "nilad" being a water plant whose star-shaped flowers clustered in abundance along the low-lying riverbanks. The strategic location of Maynilad, being on the Pasig River and the Manila Bay, made it an ideal location for indigenous Tagalog tribes to trade with other Asian civilizations, including Chinese and Islamic merchants who had come from China, Borneo and Indonesia. Maynilad was also the seat of power for native chiefs who ruled the area before Europeans first arrived in Luzon. </span></span></span> <br />
<span><span><span>In 1564, conquistadors led by Miguel López de Legazpi sailed from New Spain (Mexico) and arrived on the island of Cebu in February 13, 1565. There they established the first Spanish colony in the archipelago. Having heard of rich resources of Manila by local natives, López de Legazpi dispatched two of his Lieutenant-commanders, Martín de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo to explore the northern regions of the Visayas. </span></span></span> <br />
<span><span><span>In 1570, the Spaniards arrived in the island of Luzon. After quarrels had erupted between the Islamic natives and the Spaniards; Goiti and López de Legazpi's soldiers waged war on the people, before they were able to take control and establish a permanent settlement in the area. In 1571 after the natives were defeated in battle, López de Legazpi made a peace pact with Rajah Sulayman, Rajah Lakandula and Rajah Matanda; who, in return, handed over Manila to the Spaniards. </span></span></span> <br />
<span><span><span>Citing the rich resources and location of Manila; López de Legazpi declared the area as the new capital of the Spanish colony in the Philippines on June 24, 1571. The King of Spain, delighted at the new conquest achieved by López de Legazpi and his men, awarded the city a coat of arms and declaring it Ciudad Insigne y Siempre Leal ("Distinguished and ever loyal city"). </span></span></span> <br />
<span><span><span>The planning of the city of Manila was commenced by López de Legazpi who had become the first Governor general on the islands. He established forts, roads, churches and schools. The plans for Intramuros were based on King Philip II's Royal Ordinance issued on July 3, 1573 in San Lorenzo, Spain. It's design was based upon a medieval castle structure and covered 64 hectares of land, surrounded by 8 metre thick stones and high walls that rise 22 metres. </span></span></span> <br />
<span><span><span>Intramuros was completed in 1606 and it served as the center of political, military and religious power of the Spaniards during the time that the Philippines was a colony of Spain. Inside Intramuros; there are several Roman Catholic churches, like the Manila Cathedral and the San Agustin Church, convents and church-run schools, such as the Universidad de Santo Tomás, the Colegio de San Juan de Letran and the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, which were usually being run by religious orders such as the Dominicans, Augustinians, Franciscans and Jesuits. The Governor's Palace, the official residence of the Spanish Viceroyalties to the Philippines was originally in Intramuros before it was officially moved to Malacañang Palace and Fort Santiago. Only Spaniards and Mestizos were allowed to take part on political issues and take residence inside the walled city, Christian natives and Chinese were also allowed inside, but Spanish officials prevented them living there. The vast majority of the natives and Chinese residents lived outside the walled city. </span></span></span> <br />
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">This is the view looking from Life Theater across Quezon Boulevard. I used to watch movies at this theater in the 50's<img height="653" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilT4P_nVeX5zhClSqOB7_aDyMe0LX440jZiNikNnTA_CMa-JxgOOtJKbpUMSKj9yKcXNEuQjgltvhb4FNXprCsvI6Q7Wdqi8PGyUiJg3YCszIPy4_WL5go9J8-BmqPzCZq72v15LrpWnqq/w872-h653/IMG_3208.JPG" width="872" /></span></span></h3>
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<span><span><span>1950’s Children Parties with cousins<img height="480" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-aNlVEfyT_Us/TMpCkigBfCI/AAAAAAAApgI/sX_OACzGQwo/s640/ESPS.jpg" width="640" /></span></span></span><br />
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<span>Sangley Point Air Base </span><span>. My father became the CO of Sangley Point Cavite Naval Base in the 70’s.</span> <br />
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<span>I would be remiss if I do not mention my favorite swimming hole in Tanay, Daranak Falls. Remembering fondly, cherishing memories of early summer vacations spent at this place. This 14-meter high falls is truly a refreshing site. A short walk over the top of Daranak are smaller, cascading streams known as Batlag Falls. It is located at Bgy. Tandang Kutyo in the town of Tanay. The place has been transformed into a public park/resort operated by the government. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Aurora Blvd.-Cubao1950's-1970's Metro Manila,</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Old Capitol Movie Theater </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Capitol Theatre Art Deco in Escolta, Manila. Capitol used to be one of the finest movie houses in the Philippines until the 1960s.</span></h3>
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<span><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">A smile shines thru. The Philippine Santa Cruzan celebration is held each month of May. It highlights a religious procession participated in by beautiful ladies, among them a "Reyna Elena." They depict the historic search of the Holy Cross by Queen Helena and her son Constantine the Great. Typical corner cafe and street vendor up front</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Manila hemp arriving in cart loads at a Manila warehouse</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Carabao cart hauling lumber the old energy efficient Filipino way, Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Ayuntamiento Building, Intramuros, Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Rizal Hall, University of the Philippines</span></h5>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Independent Philippines and the Third Republic (1946-1972). In April 1946, elections were held. Despite the fact that the Democratic Alliance won the election, they were not allowed to take their seats under the pretext that force had been used to manipulate the elections. The United States withdrew its sovereignty over the Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled.<br />Manuel Roxas (Liberal Party), having been inaugurated as President as scheduled, on July 4, 1946 before the granting of independence, strengthened political and economic ties with the United States in the controversial Philippine-US Trade Act, In Mar., 1947, the Philippines and the United States signed a military assistance pact (since renewed) which allowed the US to participate equally in the exploitation of the country's natural resources—and rented sites for 23 military bases to the US for 99 years (a later agreement reduced the period to 25 years beginning 1967). These bases would later be used to launch operations in the areas of Korea, China, Vietnam, and Indonesia.<br />During the Roxas administration, a general amnesty was granted for those who had worked together with the Japanese while at the same time the Huks were declared illegal. His administration ended prematurely when he died of heart attack April 15, 1948 while at the US Air Force Base in Pampanga.<br />Vice President Elpidio Quirino (Liberal Party, henceforth referred to as LP) was sworn in as President after the death of Roxas in April 1948. He ran for election in November 1949 against Jose P. Laurel (Nacionalista Party, henceforth referred to as NP) and won his own four-year term.<br />During this time, the CIA under the leadership of Lt. Col. Edward G. Lansdale was engaged in paramilitary and psychological warfare operations with the goal to hold back the Huk Movement. Among the measures which were undertaken were psyops-campaigns which demoralized the superstition of many Filipinos and acts of violence by government soldiers which were disguised as Huks. By 1950, the U.S. had provided the Philippine military with supplies and equipment worth $200 million dollars.<br />The huge task of reconstructing the war-torn country was complicated by the activities in central Luzon of the Communist-dominated Hukbalahap guerrillas (Huks), who resorted to terror and violence in their efforts to attain land reform and gain political power. They were finally brought under control (1954) after a dynamic attack introduced by the minister of national defense, Ramón Magsaysay. By that time Magsaysay was president of the country, having defeated Quirino in Nov., 1953. His campaign was massively supported by the CIA, both financially and through practical help in discrediting his political enemies. He had promised sweeping economic changes, and he did make progress in land reform, opening new settlements outside crowded Luzon Island. His death in an airplane crash in Mar., 1957, was a serious blow to national morale. Vice President Carlos P. García succeeded him and won a full term as president in the elections of Nov., 1957.<br />In foreign affairs, the Philippines preserved a firm anti-Communist policy and joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization in 1954. There were difficulties with the United States over American military installations in the islands, and, in spite of formal recognition (1956) of full Philippine sovereignty over these bases, tensions increased until some of the bases were dismantled (1959) and the 99-year lease period was reduced. The United States rejected Philippine financial claims and projected trade revisions. <br />Philippine opposition to García on issues of government corruption and anti-Americanism led, in June, 1959, to the union of the Liberal and Progressive parties, led by Vice President Diosdado Macapagal, the Liberal party leader, who succeeded García as president in the 1961 elections. Macapagal’s administration was marked by efforts to combat the mounting rise that had plagued the republic since its birth; by attempted alliances with neighboring countries; and by a territorial argument with Britain over North Borneo (later Sabah), which Macapagal claimed had been leased and not sold to the British North Borneo Company in 1878.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Inside the walls of Intramuros, The location of MIT.One of the seven Gates. The construction of Intramuros started in 1571 by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, a Spaniard. The walled city covers an area of about 160 acres. Intramuros was a fortress city with walls 6 metres high and a commanding 3 kilometres in length, it is no wonder it was impenetrable. Only the Spanish elite and Mestizos (mixed race) were permitted to live inside Intramuros, where at night the city gates were locked down. </strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">intramuros, manila cathedral</span></h3>
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<span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The natives and Chinese were not permitted to live inside the walled fortress and were resigned to live outside the great walls of Intramuros. Intramuros was designed with 51 blocks within the vast walls, the only access in or out of Intramuros was via seven fortified gates. A moat around the walled city was added in 1603. Spread throughout the 51 blocks of the city were 12 churches, hospitals, domestic accommodation, military barracks, Governors Palace and schools. </strong></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span><strong>My Church in the town of my birth:Tanay, Built in 1778, the church was named after the Archbishop Ildefonso of Toledo, Spain, who was consecrated during the year 657 AD; revered for his spiritual vitality and deep writings contained in “ The Book of the Virginity of Maria”. Behind the heavy stone edifice decorated with Hispanic, archetype windows and stone sculpture of its saint, are legends that found its way to this generation. Tradition has it that an image of the Lady of the Immaculate Conception, was found among the belongings of our fleeing forefathers on the onset of the Spanish Invasion in 1573; the same image found among the remnants from the fire that gutted the first church in 1620- a lone survivor! During the Chinese Uprising in 1639, Father Geronimo de Frias hid it in the fields but was later on found by the Chinese rebel who tried to destroy the image, instead to themselves befell violent death.</strong></span></span></span><span><b><span><br /></span> <br /><span> Cross at Bukal, in Tanay </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><span> This was always sang to me by my grandmother. Presented in this video are the vintage photographs of the following colonial and historical religious edifices:</span><br /><span>1. La Loma Church - formerly Caloocan, now Manila</span><br /><span>2. Sto Domingo Church- Intramuros (destroyed by the Americans during world war II)</span><br /><span>3. Paco Catholic Cemetery - Paco </span><br /><span>4. Tondo Church -Tondo</span><br /><span>5. San Sebastian Church -Manila</span><br /><span>6. Binondo Church - Binondo</span><br /><span>7. San Juan Church - San Juan</span><br /><span>8. Sta. Cruz Church - Manila</span><br /><span>9. Manila Cathedral - Intramuros</span><br /><span>10. Poong Nazareno Church - Quiapo </span><br /><span> Television was introduced in the Philippines in 1953 with the opening of DZAQ-TV Channel 3 of Alto Broadcasting System in Manila. The station was owned by Antonio Quirino, the brother of the incumbent Philippine president, who was set to run for re-election the following year. The station operated on a four hour-a-day schedule (6 - 10 p.m.) and telecast only over a 50-mile radius. This television station was later bought by the Chronicle Broadcasting Network which started operating radio stations in 1956. CBN was owned by the Lopezes who were into various business concerns. The acquisition signalled the birth of ABS-CBN Broadcasting Network, now considered one of the major broadcasting companies not only in the Philippines but also in Asia. The Lopezes also owned The Manila Chronicle, a leading daily at that time. ABS-CBN therefore became not only the first radio-TV network in the Philippines but also the first cross-media entity owned by a family --- a situation which remains until today. Subsequently, the Lopez group added a second station, DZXL-TV 9. By 1960, a third station was in operation, DZBB-TV Channel 7 or Republic Broadcasting System, owned by Bob Stewart, a long-time American resident in the Philippines , who also started with radio in 1950. The first provincial television stations were established in 1968 in Cebu, Bacolod, and Dagupan by ABS-CBN. The network is supplemented by 20 radio stations located nationwide. </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><span> Economic constraints during these early years of television forced a dependence on imported programs from three U.S. networks – ABC, CBS, and NBC. Importing programs was cheaper than producing them locally. In addition, canned programs appeared to be more popular among local audiences, even though initiatives were made in educational programming. </span><br /><span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div> The commercial thrust of Philippine broadcasting has made it unique among other East Asian countries, where the electronic media are controlled and operated by the government. While this free enterprise environment made local broadcasting globally competitive, the same environment made it difficult to produce and broadcast public service and "development" oriented programs. </span><br /><span> Philippine television's early dependence on US programs may be partly responsible for "colonial mentality" that has continued to afflict Filipinos during the past several generations. The commercial orientation of TV also engendered a "that’s entertainment" mentality in both the advertisers and the general public.</span></b></span></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><b> <br /></b><br /></span> <br /></span></div>
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<span><strong>Supreme Court Building C/ Padre Faura<br />Ermita, Manila, next above photo was class ‘61 UP Prep</strong></span><br />
<span><strong>Building at the right is Rizal Hall, the location of my University of the Philippines Prep High School. <br /><br /><br /><br />Photo of Rizal Hall below was taken in 1950.</strong></span></span></td> <td valign="top" width="333"></td> <td valign="top" width="333"></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Pasig River (called Ilog Pasig in Filipino) is a river that connects Laguna de Bay (via the Napindan Channel) into Manila Bay. </span></h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>An Old House on Tayabas Street</span> </span></h3>
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<span><span><strong>QUIAPO CHURCH<img src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/57/180177076_b598a0b52e_z.jpg?zz=1" /></strong> </span></span></span></div>
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Tanay plaza</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Philippine Santa Cruzan celebration is held each month of May. It highlights a religious procession participated in by beautiful ladies, among them a "Reyna Elena." They depict the historic search of the Holy Cross by Queen Helena and her son Constantine the Great.</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Calle M.H. Del Pilar Nuestra Señora de los Remedios Church C/ M.H. Del Pilar<br />Malate, Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Plaza MorionesPlaza Moriones C/ Santa Clara, Fort Santiago<br />Intramuros, Manila</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Hanging bridge at the Sierra Madre Inn</span></h3>
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<span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">into the woods </span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Fishing is a major industry in my home town. Of course it would make sense since we live by a lake. Laguna Lake is spanish for Lake Lake.</span></h3>
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<tr> <td valign="top" width="333"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>Early 1960:I remember the old beautiful architectural lines of the Manila Hotel, not the new monstrous addition as it is now. it reinforces the fact that much of the loss of the quality of life in the metropolis owes to crass commercialism, slapdash development, and the regulated chaos that makes up for urban planning in the otherwise overly regulated and bureaucratized regime in the Philippines. I reflect the times in High School when we trek on to this site from Padre Faura, Rizal Hall to the US Embassy Canteen to buy our ice cream cone for 10 centavos. Pleasant memories too of my first exposure to teen age westerners on one to one basis in this Hotel at pool side parties. This song jogs the memory lane.</strong></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span>US Embassy Compound, near Rizal Park, Manila, as seen from the Filipinas Hotel. Port of Manila in background. I reflect the times in High School when we trek on to this site from Padre Faura, Rizal Hall to the US Embassy Canteen to buy our ice cream cone for 10 centavos.</span> </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Tanay, Rizal<img alt="" height="0" src="http://geo.yahoo.com/f?s=792600099&t=3e7d346c885210294d25514b71c70772&r=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fdavedeluria%2F133503052%2Fsizes%2Fl%2F&fl_ev=0&lang=en&intl=us" width="0" /></span></h3>
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Bonod-ok Falls</span></h3>
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<strong><span>Below photo of Sarmiento building on Ayala Ave. Then after, is Roxas Boulevard at twilight. Beyond is the breakwater protecting the harbor basin of the Navy and the Manila Yacht Club. This was the seaside Avenue at the MNS where we lived, the attraction was the sunset across Manila Bay which I took for granted. This truly beautiful sight served a fitting backdrop for the many hundreds of families and lovers who still flock there each evening to enjoy the cool breeze and precious moments together. The garish artificial illuminations of Luneta take over at dusk, but it surely pale in comparison to the grandeur of the setting sun, nature’s own design for Roxas Boulevard, as the sun slowly descends behind the Bataan peninsula.</span> </strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span><br /></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span><span>Ayala Ave Makati: Sarmiento Bldg. (Curvilinear windows) where I used to work at Procter and Gamble PMC on your middle right.<br /></span><br /><br /></span></strong><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1649" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/M2ThjKSIRgo" width="1984" youtube-src-id="M2ThjKSIRgo"></iframe></div><br /><span><br /></span></strong><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></td> <td valign="top" width="124"></td> <td valign="top" width="124"></td> <td valign="top" width="124"></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Sarmiento Bldg, Makati, where I worked at Procter & Gamble; </strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div>
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<span><strong>ARISTOCRAT. The closest restaurant to our place at MNS. 432 San Andres St. cor. Roxas Blvd., Malate</strong></span> </span></td> <td valign="top" width="199"><div align="justify">
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<span><span><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Top, movie houses, City Hall, </span></strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Right Photo Bagiuo, th<strong>e terraces and the Lost highway bontoc-mainit (mountain province). A mountain trail in the Cordillera, Philippines.</strong> </strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><span>Rizal Avenue the street was named after Rizal, it was referred to as Calle Dulumbayan. I watched movies at the Ideal, State, Dalisay and Avenue Theaters. Later on ... the Universal Theater and Odeon and Galaxy. And Scala, Apollo, Alegria and Opera House.</span><span><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5280/5900574895_29952d0a23_n.jpg" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></span></span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong>In the twilight of age all things seem strange and phantasmal, <br /> As between daylight and dark ghost-like the landscape </strong></span><strong><span>My heart goes back to wander there, <br />And among the dreams of the days that were, <br /> I find my lost youth again. <br /> And the strange and beautiful song, </span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"> The groves are repeating it still: <br /> "A boy's will is the wind's will, <br />And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts."<br />I should not be withheld but that some day <br />into their vastness I should steal away, <br />Fearless of ever finding open land, <br />or highway where the slow wheel pours the sand...RF</strong></span></div>
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</div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-24971886221362906192023-10-06T20:47:00.014-07:002024-02-06T14:22:21.218-08:00<p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2703" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/n1lKjAhyJeI" width="3249" youtube-src-id="n1lKjAhyJeI"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><b style="background-color: black;"><br />THE GUNS OF BATAN LIKE THE FICTIONAL GUNS OF NAVARONE</b></span><p></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A FUTURE STRATEGIC US MISSILE BASE GUARDING THE BASHI CHANNEL</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2806" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WRK2NuzVtH8" width="3374" youtube-src-id="WRK2NuzVtH8"></iframe></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2768" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/M-tmocTSCNE" width="3331" youtube-src-id="M-tmocTSCNE"></iframe></b></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><p></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2634" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-sLNP_kZwL4" width="3171" youtube-src-id="-sLNP_kZwL4"></iframe></b></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><p style="background-color: #539bcd; color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.pbase.com/image/134365845/original.jpg" style="background-color: #539bcd; color: #ff9900; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="2114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgdM7g9xMp0P_t02ub8tjmEYhG4WabToMZECZCQVcuSwWsU45evAXgf_nXMSfNjq6IBgSLb0uznPLX5_DO7P_7OUgKZ9qJ6rrrE9e5mBOcsHKAlVMswKRJRoxWuRcRfN3L3cXg4BKXz0tT50zusk0tMHQ=w3172-h2114" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="3172" /></a><br style="background-color: #539bcd; color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; text-align: justify;" /></b></span></p><br /></b></span><p></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a> Northern </b><b style="background-color: black;">Luzon Command in 2016 has pushed for the establishment of a Naval Station on Mavulis Island to affirm the Philippines' <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> on the northernmost point of the archipelago. The Naval Stations was opened in 2019, with a fisherman's shelter completed in 2020 and turned over to the local municipality for maintenance and operation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Al-Jazeera_4-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavulis_Island#cite_note-Al-Jazeera-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Philstar.com_5-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavulis_Island#cite_note-Philstar.com-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></b></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">On May 2021, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_National_Defense_(Philippines)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Department of National Defense (Philippines)">Department of Defense of the Philippines</a> announced the electrification of the island through a solar power station, with a back-up diesel generator. This was done through the help of the One <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meralco" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Meralco">Meralco</a> Foundation. The DND also announced the commissioning of a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination_plant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Desalination plant">desalination plant</a> to provide potable water to personnel assigned to the island</b><b style="background-color: black;">.</b></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Invasion_of_the_Philippines,_1941.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Invasion of the Philippines, 1941.jpg" data-file-height="1069" data-file-width="655" decoding="async" height="4579" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Invasion_of_the_Philippines%2C_1941.jpg/300px-Invasion_of_the_Philippines%2C_1941.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Invasion_of_the_Philippines%2C_1941.jpg/450px-Invasion_of_the_Philippines%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Invasion_of_the_Philippines%2C_1941.jpg/600px-Invasion_of_the_Philippines%2C_1941.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="2804" /></a><br style="text-align: center;" /><span style="text-align: center;">A map of Luzon Island showing Japanese landings and advances from 8 December 1941 to 8 January 1942.</span></b></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></b></span></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="3001" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/j50clDQGl4g" width="3616" youtube-src-id="j50clDQGl4g"></iframe></b></span></div><p></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><p></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The island is a part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon_Volcanic_Arc" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Luzon Volcanic Arc">Luzon Volcanic Arc</a>, and is located 141 kilometers (88 mi)</b><b style="background-color: black;"> southeast of the southern tip of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>'s main island and 98 km to the nearest Taiwanese island, the "Lesser Orchid Island" . The distance to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> is 288 kilometers (179 mi). The island is 2.2 km long and up to a kilometer wide. The highest point, Y'Ami Hill, is 219 meters (719 ft) high. The island is rocky on the coasts but covered in lush vegetation, including mangrove, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuyavuy_palm" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vuyavuy palm">vuyavuy palms</a> and other native shrubs. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_crab" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coconut crab">Coconut crabs</a> are found on the island in large numbers.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2917" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0nSdV9DJwow" width="3508" youtube-src-id="0nSdV9DJwow"></iframe></b></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><p></p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /><br /><br /><br />Why China’s Military Wants to Control These 2 Waterways in East Asia<br /><br /><br />The Bashi Channel and Miyako Strait constitute critical chokepoints for Chinese military operations both along and beyond the so-called first island channel</b></span><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA) over the past four years has been stepping up the operational tempo of military exercises around two strategically pivotal waterways—the Bashi Channel and Miyako Strait—that guard the exit from or entry into the China Seas. The two waterways mark the rim of a chain of major archipelagos enclosing the East Asian coastline, beginning with the Kuril Islands off the coast of northern Japan all the way south to the Philippines and Borneo in the extreme southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean.<br /><br />The Bashi Channel, connecting the South China Sea with the western Pacific Ocean, runs between the Philippines’ northern island of Luzon and the Taiwanese island of Orchid. The Miyako Strait runs between the Japanese islands of Miyako and Okinawa and provides a small passageway with international waters and airspace through Japan’s exclusive economic zone. Both waterways constitute principal entryway for the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) into the Pacific Ocean.<br /><br />The past couple of month saw an array of PLA activities in, over, and near the two channels. In June, the Japan Air Self Defense Force (JASDF) had to scramble fighter jets to <a href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/06/japan-scrambles-fighter-jets-in-response-to-chinese-spy-plane-over-miyako-strait/">intercept</a> a People’s Liberation Army Navy Air Force (PLANAF) Shaanxi Y-9JB (GX-8) electronic warfare and surveillance plane in the East China Sea crossing the Miyako Strait.<br /><br />The Chinese People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) also conducted a long-range military exercise involving Xian H-6K bombers, airborne early warning and control (AWAC) aircraft, electronic warfare and surveillance planes, as well as fighter jets, passing through the Bashi Channel and Miyako Strait on April 15. The PLAAF aircraft were supported by People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) warships, at least one of which, a guided-missile destroyer, also passed through the Miyako Strait. On that day, PLAAF aircraft also circled Taiwan.<br /><br />At the beginning of April, the PLANAF dispatched Xian H-6G maritime strike bombers and other aircraft through international airspace between the Japanese islands of Okinawa and Miyako skirting the the East China Sea. The month before in March, the PLAAF sent another long-range patrol that included four Xian H-6K long-range bombers, through the Miyako Strait. It rendezvoused with three PLAN ships–two Type 054A Jiangkai II-class guided-missile frigates and an oiler from the PLAN’s East Sea Fleet—for a military exercise.<br /><br /><br /><br />Notably, the PLAAF and the Russian Air Force jointly <a href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/china-russia-conduct-first-ever-joint-strategic-bomber-patrol-flights-in-indo-pacific-region/">conducted</a> their first ever joint long-range aerial patrol in the East China Sea and Sea of Japan on July 23. <a href="https://www.mod.go.jp/js/Press/press2019/press_pdf/p20190723_01.pdf">According</a> to the Japanese Ministry of Defense (MoD), the joint Sino-Russian mission included two Tu-95MS bombers flying through the Miyako Strait.<br /><br />The PLAAF held its first-ever exercise in the Bashi Channel in March 2015, which was followed by a PLAN exercise in waters east of the Bashi Channel in June of the same year. It marked the beginning of PLAAF long-range strategic bomber flights in the Asia-Pacific region. 2015 marked also the time, when the PLA increased its military presence in the Miyako Strait. In 2016, the PLAN’s sole carrier strike group, consisting of the 60,000-ton Liaoning, a retrofitted Soviet-era Admiral Kuznetsov-class multirole aircraft carrier, and its escort vessels, for the first time entered the Western Pacific through the Miyako Strait before entering the South China Sea through the Bashi ChannelPolitically, the increased Chinese military presence on both locations is meant to send a deterrence message to Taiwan, Japan, and the United States and signal China’s resolve to defend its maritime territorial claims. Yet, why are the two water passages of military importance to the PLA?<br /></b><br /></span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2939" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/44LOKOD3uR8" width="3533" youtube-src-id="44LOKOD3uR8"></iframe><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /><br />The Miyako Strait and Bashi Channel are positioned along what military strategists refer to as the “first island chain”, stretching from the Japanese archipelago through Taiwan to the Philippines. Beginning in the 1980s, PLA strategists under the auspices of former PLA Navy commander and Central Military Commission Vice Chairman, Liu Huaqing, began emphasizing the strategic importance of the first island chain in overcoming China’s strategic encirclement by the United States and its regional allies.<br /><br />“Chinese strategists see these passages as crucial to their ability to deploy forces beyond the first island chain,” Ben Lowsen, a specialist in Chinese political and security affairs working as a China advisor for the U.S. Air Force’s Checkmate office, told The Diplomat. “Some [Chinese] strategists even use an east-facing map with China at the bottom to show China as being encircled and needing to break out,” he added.<br /><br />Furthermore, circumventing the first island chain is crucial to Chinese long-term plans for the PLAN to become a more expeditionary forces, a blue water navy, centered around carrier strike groups, regularly deploying to waters beyond the “near seas” of East Asia to, what the PLAN has referred to as the “far seas” beyond Asia as China’s maritime trade is expanding, which is dependent on sea-lane security.<br /><br />The two waterways are first and foremost seen as the PLA’s most important outlets to the Pacific Ocean and consequently of pivotal importance for safeguarding Chinese economic interests abroad.<br /><br />The first island chain is also crucial to understanding the importance of the two water passages in the event of a military conflict in East Asia.<br /><br />According to Derek Grossman, senior defense analyst with the RAND Corporation, PLA and PLANAF flights over the Bashi Channel and Miyako Strait offer “offer Beijing opportunities to train under ‘realistic fighting conditions.’” He notes that fighting against the U.S. over Taiwan—the casus belli most often assumed to underlie a future U.S.-China War—or against Japan and the US as a result of the Senkaku/Diaoyu territorial disputes, or against the U.S. in the South China Sea, will require the PLA to project power beyond the first island chain to intercept U.S. military reinforcements.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /><br /><br />“Even if not, adding the ability to break past the first island chain and outflank opponents—namely Taiwan and Japan—on their eastern seaboards, and to threaten Guam, offers China new dimensions of attack,” Grossman told The Diplomat. PLA doctrine reportedly mandates sealing off the Yellow Sea, South China Sea, and East China Sea from U.S. air and naval assets in the event of conflict, which would include making the two waterways impassable to U.S. and allied shipping.<br /><br /><a href="https://thediplomat.com/subscriptions/">.</a><br /><br />At the same time, the two waterways could be used by the U.S. and its allies to bottle up Chinese military forces in the near seas. Here, the Miyako Strait, given the presence of active U.S. airbases in the area constitutes the bigger military problem for PLA war planners, further complicated by Japan’s efforts to boost its military presence along the islands dotting the East China Sea. For example, Japan has been deploying new anti-ship missile units on islands in Okinawa prefecture that can cover the can cover the entire Miyako Strait.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /><br />Notably, the PLA would not need to control the waterways physically to use them in conflict: they would just need to deny their use to others, which is why any military discussion of the two water passages is inevitably linked to China’s growing anti-access, area-denial (A2/AD) capabilities. While it is often assumed that as a result of these assets, China will be able to seal off the South and East China Seas in the event of war, a r<a href="https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00249">ecent analysis</a> by Stephen Biddle and Ivan Oelrich suggests otherwise. Noting the limitations of current and future Chinese A2/AD capabilities, they project that in a future U.S.-China war set 2040, “Far from becoming a Chinese lake, the air and ocean surface within the First Island Chain is more likely to become a wartime no-man’s land (or no-man’s-sea), wherein neither side enjoys assured freedom of movement.”<br /><br />In the near term, the waterways will principally remain in the news as conduits for PLA air and naval assets. A 2018 Rand Corporation <a href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR2500/RR2567/RAND_RR2567.pdf">report</a>, analyzing China’s long-range bomber flights, including in and around the Bashi Channel and Miyako Strait, notes that “Japanese interlocutors generally assess that bomber flights represent the next step in China’s attempts to assert sovereignty over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands and gain leverage in its dispute with Japan in the East China Sea while “Taiwanese interlocutors generally assess that PLAAF bomber flights are the product of a combination of developments in both China and the relationship across the Taiwan Strait.” They are principally used to intimidate Taiwan’s political leadership.</b></span><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #e69138; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br />In 2019, there are also more immediate practical reasons for the PLAAF/PLANAF increasing flight operations around the Bashi Channel and Miyako Strait. “The PLA doesn’t really have many other places to train,” according to Grossmann. “Flying over the Himalayas doesn’t simulate the realistic air and maritime domain warfighting scenarios the PLA seeks to experience, nor does it adequately send the deterrence messaging China has deemed necessary.” What appears certain is that as China’s military modernization, particularly in the naval realm, continues, the strategic importance of the two passages is bound<br /></b><br /></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: verdana; font-size: 15px;"></span><div class="post-meta date-color" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #99a9b5; font-family: verdana; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 20px;"><div class="entry-meta single-post-meta clearfix gem-post-date" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 8px;"><div class="post-meta-right" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: right; font-size: 16px; margin-left: 100px; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="comments-link" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://www.zenrooms.com/blog/post/facts-about-batanes/#respond" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #99a9b5; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">0</a></span> <span class="sep" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(212, 222, 225); box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 20px; margin: 0px 13px; vertical-align: middle;"></span> <span class="post-meta-likes" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"><a class="zilla-likes" href="https://www.zenrooms.com/blog/post/facts-about-batanes/#" id="zilla-likes-12145" style="background: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #bc1f36; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" title="Like this"><span class="zilla-likes-count" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;">25</span><span class="zilla-likes-postfix" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span></a></span></div><div class="post-meta-left" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></div></div></div></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-7414321736344604882023-10-06T10:16:00.016-07:002023-10-15T03:07:30.675-07:00<p style="text-align: left;"> </p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-overflow: ellipsis; word-break: break-word;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" force-default-style=""><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Pentagon Confirms Military </span></span></yt-formatted-string></h1><h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-overflow: ellipsis; word-break: break-word;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" force-default-style=""><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;">UFO Aircraft That Defies Physics </span></span></yt-formatted-string></h1><div style="text-align: left;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" force-default-style=""><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></yt-formatted-string></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2545" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Gp2n5-oXDD4" width="3060" youtube-src-id="Gp2n5-oXDD4"></iframe></div><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>The Pentagon confirmed that a mysterious “Pyramid” UFO video as well as photos of three other bizarre flying objects, dubbed “Sphere,” “Acorn,” and “Metallic Blimp," are authentic, were taken by members of the U.S. Navy, and have been included in an <a href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/rubio-biden-administration-may-miss-ufo-report-deadline">investigation</a> conducted by the military’s Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force.<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>“I can confirm that the referenced photos and videos were taken by Navy personnel. The UAPTF has included these incidents in their ongoing examinations,” Sue Gough, a spokeswoman for the Defense Department, told the Washington Examiner. “As we have said before, to maintain operations security and to avoid disclosing information that may be useful to potential adversaries, DOD does not discuss publicly the details of either the observations or the examinations of reported incursions into our training ranges or designated airspace, including those incursions initially designated as UAP.”<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>The website Extraordinary Beliefs <a href="https://www.extraordinarybeliefs.com/news4/navy-filmed-pyramid-ufos">said</a> it had gained insight into an alleged classified “intelligence briefing” held on May 1, 2020, related to the study of UFOs through the Office of Naval Intelligence, and contended that briefing contained an estimated 10 videos and roughly a dozen photos documenting a number of unnamed aerial phenomena. In particular, the website referred to an “event series” from July 2019 “involving Strike Group 9 within the warning areas off of San Diego” where the USS Russell, an Arleigh Burke-class naval destroyer, “observed and recorded multiple ‘pyramid’ shaped craft.” A video of the incident appears to show a triangular object floating in the sky, and photos of the event appear to show more than one such UFO.</b></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2403" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EaGI9Ji3myA" width="2892" youtube-src-id="EaGI9Ji3myA"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>The outlet described a separate “event series” involving an FA-18 pilot and a weapon systems officer in the “warning area off the coast of Oceana” on March 4, 2019. The officer reportedly took the photos in the cockpit using his personal mobile phone, and “the intelligence briefing clarifies that the WSO captured THREE different craft on the same sorti with the same cell phone.”<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>The Mystery Wire website <a href="https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/new-uap-photographs/">said</a> that the March 2019 photos taken while the officer was seated behind the pilot included three mysterious floating objects — Sphere, Acorn, and Metallic Blimp. One of the photos was first <a href="https://twitter.com/YoungGun8140/status/1334624483387305984?s=20">posted</a> to Twitter last May and has circulated since then, while a version of another photo appeared online in December. The website said it “has learned of sensitive briefings prepared by the UAP Task Force and delivered to multiple military and intelligence audiences” and that “the objects were able to remain stationary in high winds, with no movement, beyond the capability of known balloons or drones.” The outlet said it learned of the photos two years ago during a “private briefing” hosted by Robert Bigelow and others. Bigelow is the owner of Budget Suites of America, the founder of Bigelow Aerospace, and a UFO enthusiast.<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Gough, the Pentagon spokeswoman, added to the Washington Examiner, “Also, to clarify, I am only confirming that the photographs and videos — what the Mystery Wire article refers to as ‘Sphere,’ ‘Acorn,’ and ‘Metallic Blimp,’ and the videos in the Extraordinary Beliefs article — were taken by Navy personnel. I have nothing for you regarding any other images or depictions in those articles.”<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>The Biden administration may miss the deadline to release a report on what it knows about UFOs, according to Sen. Marco Rubio, who was chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee when it wrote up a 180-day directive for such a disclosure included in the <a href="https://rules.house.gov/sites/democrats.rules.house.gov/files/BILLS-116HR133SA-RCP-116-68.pdf">$2.3 trillion</a> bill that former President <a href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/tag/donald-trump?utm_campaign=autolink&utm_source=internal&utm_medium=autolink">Donald Trump</a> signed in December.<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>The deadline is in June, and a spokesperson for Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines told the Washington Examiner that the intelligence community is "aware of the requirement and will respond accordingly.”The Senate Intelligence Committee directed the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, in consultation with the Pentagon and other agencies, to submit to Congress a report “on unidentified aerial phenomena (also known as ‘anomalous aerial vehicles’), including observed airborne objects that have not been identified.”<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>John Ratcliffe, who served as director of national intelligence under Trump, <a href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/former-intelligence-chief-quite-a-few-more-ufos-detected-than-public-knows">told</a> Fox News that reports of "unidentified aerial phenomena" already in the public eye are only part of the bigger picture.<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>"When we talk about sightings, the other thing I will tell you is, it's not just a pilot or just a satellite, or some intelligence collection," Ratcliffe said. "Usually, we have multiple sensors that are picking up these things, and ... some of these are unexplained phenomenon, and there is actually quite a few more than have been made public."<br /></b></span></span><a href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/former-intelligence-chief-quite-a-few-more-ufos-detected-than-public-knows" style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>FORMER INTELLIGENCE CHIEF: 'QUITE A FEW MORE' UFOS DETECTED THAN PUBLIC KNOWS<br /></b></span></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Ratcliffe added: “We are talking about objects that have been seen by Navy or Air Force pilots, or have been picked up by satellite imagery that frankly engage in actions that are difficult to explain. Movements that are hard to replicate that we don’t have the technology for, or traveling at speeds that exceed the sound barrier without a sonic boom.”<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>The Defense Department announced the establishment of a UFO task force in August, saying the group would be led by the Navy under the cognizance of the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security.<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Last year, videos from the Navy were <a href="https://www.navair.navy.mil/foia/documents">released</a> through the Freedom of Information Act that showed <a href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/unidentified-navy-releases-mysterious-ufo-videos-following-leaks">UFOs</a> moving at incredible speeds and performing seemingly impossible aerial maneuvers. One of the videos was shot in November 2004; the other two were shot in January 2015. The three videos were code-named “FLIR1,” “Gimbal,” and “GoFast.” In the 2015 videos, Navy pilots can be heard expressing disbelief.<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Earlier this month, Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Michael Gilday was <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/40071/navys-top-officer-says-mysterious-drones-that-swarmed-destroyers-remain-unidentified">asked</a> about reports about unidentified “drones” approaching U.S. naval vessels off the coast of California.<br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>“I am aware of those sightings, and as it’s been reported there have been other sightings by aviators in the air and by other ships not only of the United States but other nations — and of course other elements within the U.S. joint force,” Gilday said, adding, “Those findings have been collected, and they still are being analyzed.”</b></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>The Defense Department has confirmed that leaked photos and video of <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/24/politics/us-navy-ufo-guidelines/index.html">“unidentified aerial phenomena”</a> taken in 2019 are indeed legitimate images of unexplained objects.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Photos and videos of triangle-shaped objects blinking and moving through the clouds were taken by Navy personnel, Pentagon spokeswoman Sue Gough said in a statement to CNN. She also confirmed that photos of three unidentified flying objects – one “sphere” shaped, another “acorn” shaped and one characterized as a “metallic blimp” – were also taken by Navy personnel.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>“As we have said before, to maintain operations security and to avoid disclosing information that may be useful to potential adversaries, DOD does not discuss publicly the details of either the observations or the examinations of reported incursions into our training ranges or designated airspace, including those incursions initially designated as UAP,” Gough said.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>She also said that the <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/13/politics/pentagon-ufo-task-force/index.html">Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force</a>, created in August to investigate UFO sightings observed by the military, has “included these incidents in their ongoing examinations.”</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>The Navy photos and videos were published by <a href="https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/new-uap-photographs/">Mystery Wire</a> and on <a href="https://www.extraordinarybeliefs.com/news4/navy-filmed-pyramid-ufos">Extraordinary Beliefs’</a> website last week but had been circulating online since last year.</b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>There have been “a number of reports of unauthorized and/or unidentified aircraft entering various military-controlled ranges and designated air space in recent years” the Navy said in 2019. Last year, the Pentagon released <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/27/politics/pentagon-ufo-videos/index.html">three videos</a> showing “unidentified aerial phenomena” – clips that the US Navy had previously confirmed were real.</b></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2444" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/p_MXDxH9Fs0" width="2941" youtube-src-id="p_MXDxH9Fs0"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></span></span></h1><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></div><div id="dsk-banner-ad-g" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Montserrat, serif; font-size: 24px; text-align: left;"></div><div id="dsk-banner-ad-g" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Montserrat, serif; font-size: 24px; text-align: left;"></div><div class="Enhancement" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Montserrat, serif; font-size: 24px; text-align: left; width: 954px;"><div class="Enhancement-item" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="TweetUrl" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 20px; text-align: center;"><div class="twitter-tweet twitter-tweet-rendered" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 1920px; width: 954px;"></div></div></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-69081928335647725162023-10-04T07:16:00.018-07:002023-10-12T23:37:53.174-07:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><h1 class="sc-gkv9lo-4 fYdwKf" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 64px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1180px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 1180px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2687" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nGD9yrkVj7g" width="3234" youtube-src-id="nGD9yrkVj7g"></iframe></div></span></h1></blockquote><h1 class="sc-gkv9lo-4 fYdwKf" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 64px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1180px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 1180px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br />FINAL SOLUTION TO China's ARTIFICIAL ISLANDS built within other Nations' EEZ ; should be destroyed as they are just mere squaters according to international law, its neighbors, or marine life, and tribunal rules</span></h1><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2190" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TzManq3vaFc" width="2634" youtube-src-id="TzManq3vaFc"></iframe></div><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><br /><br /><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">To stake its claim in the strategic South China Sea, China is building airstrips, ports, and other facilities on disputed islands and reefs. Scientists say the activities are destroying key coral reef ecosystems and will heighten the risks of a fisheries collapse in the region.</b></div></span></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: 700;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><b>In the late 1980s, marine biologist John McManus and his colleagues made a surprising discovery while studying near-shore Philippine reefs in the South China Sea: Some fish species seemed to disappear, only to reappear a year or two later. “We figured they weren’t coming from other parts of the coast because the entire South China Sea, with the exception of Brunei, is equally overfished,” says McManus, a professor of marine biology and fisheries at the University of Miami.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;">The researchers’ hunch, which proved to be correct, was that larvae were floating to the near-shore reefs from the Spratlys — an offshore archipelago that lies between Vietnam and the Philippines and is a key spawning ground for one of the world’s most productive fisheries. Scientists later reported that the South China Sea, which is the size of India and has hundreds of islands and islets, has some of the highest marine biodiversity on earth, with 571 known species of reef corals alone. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">But the South China Sea’s rich natural heritage, long threatened by overfishing, now faces a new ecological danger: A campaign by China to build artificial islands on disputed reefs in the Spratlys and elsewhere in the sea. China’s island-building initiative signals an aggressive stance intended to secure dominance in the South China Sea, a strategic area that contains some of the world’s busiest shipping lanes and is a potential source of oil deposits. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Over the past several years, Chinese President Xi Jinping has ordered engineers to pile sand onto some of the sea’s disputed offshore reefs, mostly in the Spratlys, with the apparent goal of building military bases there. Satellite imagery shows that China has so far constructed seven artificial islands in the Spratlys, and added ports, radar equipment, and airstrips. Three of the seven islands were designed as military bases, U.S. military officials say, and one has an anchorage larger than Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor. Marine scientists worry that the next target for dredging and construction will be Scarborough Shoal off the Philippine coast — which, like the Spratlys, is also known for its rich biodiversity. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Based on satellite information, computer-modeling data, and previous studies of human impacts on coral reefs, scientists are concerned that China’s campaign may be causing irreparable damage. Coral reefs in the Spratlys and other offshore regions, including the Paracel Islands and Scarborough Shoal, supply larvae for fisheries that feed hundreds of millions of people. They also are a living seed bank that could help the region’s marine communities deal with the long-term impacts of climate change. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">“You’re talking about destroying the equivalent of seven worldwide natural heritage areas,” says one expert.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="3139" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rEc5hsWNsCQ" width="3774" youtube-src-id="rEc5hsWNsCQ"></iframe></div><br />The scientists’ concerns stem partly from the island-construction process. Ships more than 300 feet long have been dredging deep-water channels and harbors, while smaller boats have dredged in shallower waters around reef flats and lagoons by digging up corals with their propellers, according to a forthcoming study by McManus. Both activities produce plumes of sand and silt that coat living reefs and block their access to sunlight. Deep-water dredging can also lower the existing seafloor by up to 30 feet, the study said, changing wave patterns and inhibiting the growth of the red algae that </span><a href="http://eatlas.org.au/content/crustose-coralline-algae-and-sedimentation" style="font-weight: bold;">are essential to reef calcification and sedimentation</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Additional local and regional damage to reefs and fish stocks will occur, scientists say, if China turns some of the new artificial islands on the Spratlys into harbors for the country’s commercial fishing fleet. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">“What you’re essentially talking about is destroying the equivalent of seven worldwide natural heritage areas,” says Kent Carpenter, a professor at Old Dominion University in Virginia who has studied coral reefs in the Philippines for four decades. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The long-term environmental impacts of China’s activities on the seven Spratly reefs it occupies may never be known unless the Chinese military allows independent experts to conduct research there, scientists say. But nearly six square miles of artificial islands have been built recently on disputed reefs in the sea, primarily in the greater Spratly Islands, according to the McManus study. Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, and the Philippines accounted for just a tiny percentage of that construction, the study said, while China’s activities were responsible for 99 percent of the resulting damage to offshore coral reefs. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Although six square miles may seem like a small area, the McManus study indicates that the total damage from island building and dredging has already affected more than 10 percent of the Spratlys’ total shallow reef area. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Slide bar from left to right to view satellite images showing construction on Gaven Reef in the South China Sea. (Image courtesy of the Maritime Awareness Project)</span></span><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2091" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZbbbxUk2t6g" width="2515" youtube-src-id="ZbbbxUk2t6g"></iframe></div><br /></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">China has long claimed offshore territories in as much as 90 percent of the South China Sea. Its </span><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/11/world/asia/south-china-sea-philippines-hague.html" style="font-weight: bold;">claims</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> overlap with competing ones by Vietnam, the Philippines, and other nations. Tensions over the claims have simmered for decades, and some countries have conducted limited land reclamation work on disputed islands and atolls. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">In July, the Philippines won a landmark case at a United Nations tribunal, successfully challenging China’s territorial claims in the sea. (Both McManus and Carpenter worked as paid science advisors to the Philippines on the case.) But President Xi has </span><a href="https://www.ft.com/content/3cdcbf42-4814-11e6-8d68-72e9211e86ab" style="font-weight: bold;">vowed to ignore the tribunal’s ruling</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">, and some analysts think that China’s island-building efforts could raise geopolitical tensions and eventually lead to military conflict with rival claimants or the United States. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">At the center of this drama lie the 12 main islets and more than 100 coral reefs of the Spratlys. Scientists describe the Spratlys as biological “stepping stones” for successive generations of corals and fish, meaning that larvae float hundreds of miles toward the Spratlys on ocean currents and stop in eddies near their corals to breed. Successive generations then travel further </span><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1002422" style="font-weight: bold;">to create or repopulate marine communities elsewhere</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> in the South China Sea, the Gulf of Thailand, or the Coral Triangle between Indonesia, the Philippines, and the Solomon Islands. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Spratlys are “positioned very neatly to transfer biodiversity” across open water, says Clive Wilkinson, the former lead coordinator for the non-profit </span><a href="http://www.icriforum.org/gcrmn" style="font-weight: bold;">Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">. In addition to producing larvae, the Spratly reefs also function as biological “roadside cafes” for migratory fish, including tuna, that travel through the South China Sea on their way to the Indian Ocean and stop at the Spratlys to feed, he adds. “So any damage to them [the reefs] will have long-term repercussions,” says Wilkinson. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The South China Sea is chronically understudied, in large part because so many of its offshore rocks, reef, and atolls are military-patrolled zones that scientists cannot access. Chou Loke Ming, a coral reef expert at the National University of Singapore, says that nearly all on-the-ground scientific research on the South China Sea has so far been confined to near-shore areas where territorial ownership is not as murky as it is in the Spratlys. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">But the existing science already paints a portrait of abundant biodiversity. For example, a 2015 computer-modeling study found that larvae from the coral species Acropora millepora, whose intricate branches help to shelter other organisms, float from the Spratlys across large swathes of the South China Sea and the Coral Triangle, “further highlighting the importance of the Spratly Islands to the greater region.” And a 2015 species survey said previous estimates of the South China Sea’s reef biodiversity have been “exceedingly low,” largely because of a lack of data for the Spratlys and some reefs off the Philippine island of Luzon. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Scientists think the Spratly reefs’ genetic diversity could help them weather the impacts of storms, ocean acidification, and other impacts linked to global warming. Larvae from the reefs could help repopulate distant marine communities that are less biologically resilient. If patches of biodiversity “blink out” occasionally across the South China Sea, “the idea is that if you have a lot of exchange, they’ll be reseeded in the near future,” says Eric Treml, a marine biologist at the University of Melbourne who has created computer models of regional fish-larvae movement.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Slide bar from left to right to view satellite images showing construction on Mischief Reef in the South China Sea. (Image courtesy of the Maritime Awareness Project)</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Scientists say China’s island building may imperil that system of genetic diversity and biological connectivity. But how great is the cumulative threat from reef building and fishing? McManus estimates that China has already caused 55 square miles of “decadal-scale” damage through giant-clam harvesting and seafloor dredging near its new islands. That is worrying because seafloor dredging can kill corals by blocking their access to sunlight as has happened near Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, where sediment plumes extended for up to 28 miles from a seafloor dredging site.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">By contrast, only 6.5 square miles of South China Sea reefs have been damaged by China’s island building and dredging for channel and harbor projects, according to McManus’ forthcoming study. Yet he describes that damage as “essentially permanent.” </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">“You cannot grow a coral on an airstrip because they don’t grow on airstrips; they grow underwater,” says Edgardo D. Gomez, a marine biologist and a professor emeritus at the University of the Philippines. And because the Spratly reefs have such a high degree of species endemism, Gomez adds, “We may have lost a number of species that we never discovered.” </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Scientists also worry that China’s island-building campaign could exacerbate the risk of a fisheries collapse in the South China Sea. Decades of commercial trawl fishing in the sea’s coastal areas have already led to declining catches in most of its fisheries, and many Chinese and Southeast Asian fishing fleets — some with support from government programs — have </span><a href="http://oceancanada.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/FCWP_2015_99_Witter.pdf" style="font-weight: bold;">begun to target deep-water habitats</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">, according to the Fisheries Center at the University of British Columbia. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Spratlys and other offshore reefs have long been somewhat protected from these pressures because fishermen saw them as difficult and dangerous to access, scientists say. But China’s new islands could change the equation by providing offshore harbors for Chinese fishing fleets. Wilkinson says that once ports are established on the new islands, “fishing boats will use the area more and more until eventually they deplete populations.” </span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">In June, China’s State Oceanic Administration said in a statement that environmental protection measures, including advanced dredging techniques, had been implemented during planning and construction of its artificial islands, and that the islands would eventually have facilities that deal with environmental protection. “Impact on coral reef ecology is localized, temporary, controllable, and restorable,” the agency added. Two coral reef experts from China — at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the government’s South China Sea Institute of Oceanology — did not respond to interview requests for this article. </span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Carpenter says the South China Sea is so politically sensitive that marine biologists from Taiwan, Hong Kong, and mainland China typically do not feel comfortable discussing the ecological impacts of the island-building campaign in public. But in private, he adds, “they’ll tell you they’re incensed, just like we are.”</span></div></span><header class="sc-e0r41v-0 cXEcGJ" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-direction: column; height: auto; position: relative; width: 1519.2px;"><div class="sc-gkv9lo-3 ePxMzu" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; margin: 0px; padding: 15px 20px;"><br /><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Within the short span of a year, China’s rapid construction of artificial islands in the disputed Spratlys has radically changed the geographical and security landscapes in the South China Sea.</b></span></span></span></h1><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br />This island construction has so far created over eight million square metres of real estate in the open sea, outstripping other countries’ reclamation activities by far, and shows no sign of abating. Hundreds of millions of tons of sand and coral have been dredged from the seabed and dumped atop fragile coral reefs that are vital components of the maritime ecology. Marine experts expect that the work has already caused disastrous and essentially irreversible environmental impacts.<br /><br />The newly created and enlarged islands will be infrastructure that facilitates China’s projection of force and assertion of control not just in the disputed Spratlys area but also over most of the South China Sea, deep into the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) that by any reasonable interpretation of international laws on maritime delimitation would rightfully belong to other countries. Although conflicting claims have existed over the islands and these EEZs for decades, a precarious balance has endured until now partly because China’s nearest military infrastructure is hundreds of miles further to the north. Defence planners in other claimant countries now have to face a future without this protection by distance.<br /><br />Another concern is whether China will to use the newly created or enlarged islands to attempt to make new maritime claims. First, China might well claim a 12-nautical-mile territorial sea, or some sort of vague “military alert zone”, around each of Mischief Reef and Subi Reef, which would infringe on the international community’s the freedom of navigation and overflight that currently exists these areas. Second, China might assert territorial seas around other newly created or enlarged islands that are close to islands being garrisoned by other countries, which would bring it into direct conflicts with the other claimants. Third, the creation and enlarging of the islands may embolden China in its claim for EEZ for the entire Spratly archipelago, exacerbating the maritime disputes in the region.<br /><br />China justifies the island building by arguing that “China’s activities on relevant islands and reefs of the Nansha Islands fall entirely within China’s sovereignty and are totally justifiable.”</b></span></span><a href="https://amti.csis.org/massive-island-building-and-international-law/#_ftn1"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>[1]</b></span></span></a><span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"> Some analysts have argued further that it is not breaking any maritime law. However, these arguments can be shown to be flawed in a number of respects.<br /><br />First, Fiery Cross Reef, Johnson South Reef, Cuarteron Reef, Hughes Reef and Gaven Reef are the subjects of a sovereignty dispute. It is therefore bad faith for a claimant to completely and irreversibly alter their geographical characters. If one day an international court is given the jurisdiction to resolve the dispute and rules that these islands belong to a country other than China then the damage to these reefs from today’s island building activities has already and irretrievable impaired that country’s rights.<br /><br />Second, since Mischief Reef and Subi Reef in their natural state are under water at high tide and more than 12 nautical miles from other islands, customary international law does not allow any country to claim sovereignty over them. Therefore the island building activities at these reefs cannot be within China’s sovereignty. Furthermore, it would be illegal for China or any country to claim sovereignty over the newly created artificial islands at these locations.<br /><br />Third, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) does not allow China to use the artificial islands at Mischief Reef and Subi Reef to claim 12-nautical-mile territorial seas or EEZs beyond: artificial islands are only entitled to a safety zone that can extend to at most 500 metres.<br /><br />Fourth, China is violating UNCLOS articles 192 and 123, which are on the protection of the marine environment, especially in enclosed and semi-enclosed seas such as the South China Sea. Article 192 states that “States have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment”, while article 123 requires the countries bordering an enclosed sea to “coordinate the implementation of their rights and duties with respect to the protection and preservation of the marine environment”. While each of the parties in the Spratlys dispute would naturally think that it, and it alone, has the rights to build on the disputed islands and reefs, it is undeniable that they all have a duty to protect and preserve the marine environment of the semi-enclosed and environmentally vulnerable South China Sea.<br /><br />In its 2003 ruling on the Malaysia vs Singapore dispute over the latter’s reclamation activities, the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) directed “Singapore not to conduct its land reclamation in ways that might cause irreparable prejudice to the rights of Malaysia or serious harm to the marine environment, taking especially into account the reports of the group of independent experts.” Singapore complied with the tribunal’s ruling. China, however, has completely disregarded it obligations to UNCLOS by dredging hundreds of millions of tons of sand and coral from the seabed and dumping them over eight million square metres of coral reefs that are vital fish spawning grounds, without any assessment by independent experts, and without any coordination or even consultation with other littoral countries.<br /><br />Fifth, the fact that the Spratlys area is subjected to territorial and maritime disputes brings us to another violation of UNCLOS. Articles 74 and 83 of the Convention requires that in areas of conflicting EEZ or extended continental shelf claims, the claimants “in a spirit of understanding and cooperation, shall make every effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical nature and, during this transitional period, not to jeopardize or hamper the reaching of the final agreement.” In its 2004 ruling on the Guyana vs Suriname dispute, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) has interpreted this clause to mean that the claimants are not allowed to unilaterally cause permanent changes to the area under dispute.<br /><br />By all accounts, Mischief Reef is an area of EEZ under dispute, while Subi Reef could be an area of EEZ or extended continental shelf under dispute, where UNCLOS articles 74 and 83 and the Guyana-Suriname ruling are clearly applicable. The building of islands on Mischief Reef and Subi Reef clearly violates these articles.<br /><br />Unlike Mischief Reef and Subi Reef, Fiery Cross Reef , Johnson South Reef, Cuarteron Reef, Hughes Reef and Gaven Reef are either naturally above high tide or situated within 12 nautical miles of other islands. According to UNCLOS, they are surrounded by territorial seas. Therefore, China’s island building at these reefs takes place within the territorial seas and it might seem that UNCLOS articles 74 and 83 and the Guyana-Surinam ruling (which apply only to the EEZ and the extended continental shelf) are not relevant. However, a closer look suggests otherwise. It is well known that coral reefs are important fish spawning grounds of the oceans and sea, and their destruction affects fish stock far beyond the reefs’ adjacent waters. Massive island building on reefs can therefore have permanent effects on the EEZ beyond these reefs’ territorial seas. In the case of the Spratlys, that EEZ is disputed, therefore UNCLOS articles 74 and the Guyana-Surinam ruling apply, which means actions that cause permanent changes to that EEZ are illegal even if the actions themselves take place in the territorial sea.<br /><br />In summary, China’s massive island building is both a provocative alteration of the security situation in the South China Sea and blow for the marine environment, but it cannot be justified either as “entirely within China’s sovereignty” or as consistent with maritime law. In fact, if China claims sovereignty over Mischief Reef and Subi Reef and maritime zones based on those features, that will be an audacious attempt to rewrite international law.<br /></span><br /></span><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /><br /></span></span><h1 class="sc-gkv9lo-4 fYdwKf" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 64px; line-height: 1.1; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1180px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; width: 1180px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;">China has no respect for international law, its neighbors, or marine life, and tribunal rules</span></span></h1></div><div class="sc-gkv9lo-0 iRbqPw" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: Archivo, -apple-system, "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, "Hiragino Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 37.975px; position: relative; width: 1519.2px;"><div class="sc-gkv9lo-1 fqmmFy" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1180px; padding: 0px; width: 1180px;" width="1180px"><div class="sc-gkv9lo-2 gSWFNd" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 1600px; padding: 0px; z-index: 1;"><picture class="sc-epkw7d-0 eYFrCu" style="aspect-ratio: auto; box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; height: auto; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 1180px; z-index: 1;"><source media="(max-width: 37.31em)" srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,g_center,q_60,w_645/789842b274c6e81e72109b5cac00a6c1.jpg" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; box-sizing: inherit;" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width: 37.37em) and (max-width: 49.94em)" srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,g_center,q_60,w_965/789842b274c6e81e72109b5cac00a6c1.jpg" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; box-sizing: inherit;" type="image/jpeg"></source><source media="(min-width: 50em)" srcset="https://i.kinja-img.com/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,g_center,q_60,w_1600/789842b274c6e81e72109b5cac00a6c1.jpg" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; box-sizing: inherit;" type="image/jpeg"></source><img alt="Chinese dredging vessels seen in the waters around Mischief Reef in the disputed Spratly Islands in the South China Sea." data-alt="Chinese dredging vessels seen in the waters around Mischief Reef in the disputed Spratly Islands in the South China Sea." data-anim-src="" data-chomp-id="789842b274c6e81e72109b5cac00a6c1" data-format="jpg" src="https://i.kinja-img.com/image/upload/c_fill,f_auto,g_center,h_900,q_60,w_1600/789842b274c6e81e72109b5cac00a6c1.jpg" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></picture></div></div></div></header><div class="sc-1b7600m-2 dRpLcn" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 1519.2px;"><br /></div><div class="sc-1b7600m-2 dRpLcn" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 1519.2px;"><br /></div><div class="sc-1b7600m-2 dRpLcn" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 1519.2px;"><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>Chinese dredging vessels seen in the waters around Mischief Reef in the disputed Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.</b></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>The tribunal’s findings will have far-reaching impacts. The ruling essentially squashes any justification China might have had for harassing ships passing by its controversial artificial islands,<br /> </b></span><a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-southchinasea-idUSBREA1N0F820140224"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>blocking Filipino fishermen<br /></b></span></a><span style="color: #e69138;"><b> from areas like Scarborough Shoal, or interfering with other nations’ attempts to explore for oil off their coasts.<br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>ADVERTISEMENT</b></span></span></h1><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /><br />Indeed the tribunal ruled that China’s </span></b></span><a href="https://qz.com/705223/where-exactly-did-chinas-nine-dash-line-in-the-south-china-sea-come-from"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">nine-dash line</b></span></a><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> is essentially illegal and without basis under the 1982 UN </span></b></span><a href="http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Convention on the Law of the Sea</b></span></a><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> (UNCLOS), which is at the core of modern maritime law and has been signed by over 160 nations (including China). The treaty for instance grants exclusive economic zones (EEZs) to coastal nations extending 200 nautical miles from the shore baseline, giving them sole exploitation rights over all natural resources in that zone.<br /><br />Below are some of the main points of </span></b></span><a href="https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">the 500-page “award”</b></span></a><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> issued by the Permanent Court of Arbitration, in The Hague:China’s “claims to historic rights, or other sovereign rights or jurisdiction” related to the “nine-dash line” are unlawful, the tribunal found, “to the extent that they exceed the geographic and substantive limits of China’s maritime entitlements” under UNCLOS. The treaty supersedes “any historic rights or other sovereign rights or jurisdiction” and there was “no evidence that China has historically exercised exclusive control over the waters or their resources.”<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></b><a href="https://qz.com/these-are-the-countries-with-the-highest-and-lowest-min-1850894843?traffic_source=Connatix" style="display: inline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">These are the countries with the highest and lowestminimum wages</b></span></a></span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br />China built a large artificial island on Mischief Reef, a low-tide elevation located in the EEZ of the Philippines. The construction “caused permanent, irreparable harm to the coral reef ecosystem and permanently destroyed evidence of the natural condition of the features in question.” The project infringed the Philippines’ sovereign rights in its EEZ and continental shelf.<br />China has prevented the Philippines from using non-living natural resources and fishing in the waters that lie within 200 nautical miles of its EEZ, infringing on the country’s sovereign rights. China’s People’s Liberation Army protected its own fishermen in the Philippines economic zone, while blocking Filipino fishermen from traditional waters—at one point rigging together 28 utility boats to prevent others from entering a shoal.<br />Chinese fishermen have been harvesting endangered species including corals, sea turtles, and sharks at at least two shoals in the Spratly Islands—and Beijing has tolerated and protected these activities. In addition, China’s artificial island-building program at seven reefs in the Spratly Islands has caused “devastating and long-lasting” damage to the marine environment. For instance, 60% of the shallow reef habitat at the seven reefs has been directly destroyed, a 2016 study found.<br />China sent law enforcement ships into the sea surrounding the Scarborough Shoal, creating “serious risk of collision and danger” to Philippine vessels and personnel. In some cases, these Chinese ships passed the Filipino ships at distances of 100 or fewer yards (91 meters), almost “ramming” one ship.<br />The tribunal agreed with the Philippines that Scarborough Shoal, Johnson Reef, Cuarteron Reef, and Fiery Cross Reef are high-tide features and that Subi Reef, Hughes Reef, Mischief Reef, and Second Thomas Shoal were submerged at high tide in their natural condition. (Low tide features have no territorial sea of their own, unless they are within a certain distance of a country’s mainland or undisputed island).<br />Throughout the course of the proceedings, China “aggravated and extended the disputes” by “dredging, artificial island-building, and construction activities” in the areas in question.<br /><br />It “goes without saying that both Parties are obliged to resolve their disputes peacefully and to comply with the Convention and this Award in good faith,” the ruling concludes.<br /><br />China’s foreign-affairs ministry stated soon after the ruling was released that “the People’s Republic of China solemnly declares that the award is null and void and has no binding force.” Beijing has long maintained that it will ignore today’s ruling, and it refused to participate in the case at all. Indeed it resorted to </span></b></span><a href="https://qz.com/724288/choice-insults-beijing-has-hurled-at-the-international-tribunal-about-to-rule-on-the-south-china-sea"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">insulting the tribunal</b></span></a><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">, with state-controlled media recently </span></b></span><a href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-06/29/c_135476350.htm"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">describing the PCA</b></span></a><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> as a “law-abusing tribunal” with “widely contested jurisdiction.”<br /><br />But it might be hard for China to ignore a ruling that so thoroughly, and in such fine detail, discredits its position.<br />A long time coming<br /><br />The Philippines filed its case with the international court in 2013, asking the tribunal to rule on various aspects of China’s sweeping claims.<br /></span></b></span><img src="https://i.kinja-img.com/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,g_center,q_60,w_645/29601802e171cb7d54581db3d503582b.jpg" /><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br />Albert F. del Rosario—the Philippines’ foreign affairs secretary—at the Permanent Court of Arbitration in July 2015.Image: Permanent Court of Arbitration<br /><br />In recent years China has been acting aggressively in the sea, justifying its actions based largely on the nine-dashed line, which first appeared in a </span></b></span><a href="https://qz.com/705223/where-exactly-did-chinas-nine-dash-line-in-the-south-china-sea-come-from"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">map published in the 1940s</b></span></a><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> (originally with 11 dashes). Beijing submitted the map to the United Nations </span></b></span><a href="http://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/vnm37_09/chn_2009re_vnm.pdf"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">in 2009</b></span></a><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> (pdf), saying that China had “sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the relevant waters as well as the seabed and subsoil.”<br />ADVERTISEMENT<br /><br /><br /><br />The Philippines and other nations immediately objected.<br /><br />For the Philippines, tensions ratcheted up in 2012, when its navy apprehended Chinese fishing trawlers illegally operating at Scarborough Shoal—well within its EEZ. After a standoff between Chinese and Philippine forces, the US mediated a deal in which both sides were to pull back from the shoal while the dispute was negotiated. The Philippine forces left, but the Chinese ones remained, gaining control that they </span></b></span><a href="http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/scarborough-%E2%80%98shoaldown%E2%80%99-opportunity-push-back-against-china-15919"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">still have today</b></span></a><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">.<br /><br />Significantly, the tribunal ruled that none of the islands in the contested Spratly archipelago, nor Scarborough Shoal, generate an EEZ. Instead, the most that any “island” in question generates is a territory of 12 nautical miles.<br /><br />To simplify a bit, any feature that in its natural state is under water at low tide is not an island. A feature that does jut above the water at high tide is considered an island. But if it’s just a rock, it generates nothing more than a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles. If it’s a “real” island capable of sustaining human habitation or economic life of its own, it might generate an EEZ. Under the law, these determinations are made based on the natural state of the feature—regardless of what’s been built on top of them.</span></b></span><span style="color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="3041" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yxdEZ_968OE" width="3657" youtube-src-id="yxdEZ_968OE"></iframe></div><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></b></span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Leading up to the ruling China pushed for what it calls </span></b></span><a href="http://bostonglobalforum.org/wp-content/uploads/BGF-Report-16-10-2015-official.pdf"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">a “win-win” strategy in the sea</b></span></a><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> (pdf, p. 19), where if other nations have oil and gas reserves that fall within both their own EEZs and China’s nine-dash line, then the two parties should share revenue on the project. Needless to say, other nations are </span></b></span><a href="http://bostonglobalforum.org/wp-content/uploads/BGF-Report-16-10-2015-official.pdf"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">not too keen on the idea</b></span></a><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> (pdf, page 19). Now they have a ruling to cite showing they don’t need to share these resources with China.</span><br /></b></span></div><div class="sc-kf1sa9-0 cefHRJ" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: auto; max-width: 1600px; padding: 0px 1.125rem; width: 1519.2px;"><div class="js_regwalled-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="sc-goou3z-0 iVaXtO" data-is-expanded="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; max-height: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="sc-xs32fe-0 ksfdEx js_post-content" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 1600px; padding: 0px; width: 1483.2px;"><div class="sc-r43lxo-1 cwnrYD" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><p class="sc-77igqf-0 fnnahv" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "PT Serif", -apple-system, "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, "Hiragino Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 29px; margin: 0px auto 1.25rem; max-width: 636px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"></p><div class="js_ymal-below-post" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Archivo, -apple-system, "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, "Hiragino Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div><figure class="sc-1eow4w5-1 rlnFM align--center js_lazy-image js_marquee-assetfigure" contenteditable="false" data-alt="South China Sea" data-format="jpg" data-height="1350" data-hide="false" data-id="8fa7950dd83a8b82f4bf7d86101bcaba" data-lightbox="false" data-recommend-id="image://8fa7950dd83a8b82f4bf7d86101bcaba" data-recommended="false" data-width="2400" draggable="false" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto 1.5rem; max-width: 636px; position: relative;"><div class="sc-1eow4w5-2 fDJNBs has-data img-wrapper" contenteditable="false" data-alt="South China Sea" data-hide="false" data-hidecredit="false" data-imagerights="other-license" data-link-reference="" data-link-target="" data-notes="" data-syndicationrights="true" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 2400px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="sc-1eow4w5-4 bPszDw image-meta" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><figcaption class="sc-1ptbguh-0 aUlrP caption" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline; line-height: 21px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><img height="497" src="https://i.kinja-img.com/image/upload/c_fit,f_auto,g_center,q_60,w_645/8fa7950dd83a8b82f4bf7d86101bcaba.jpg" width="883" /><span face="Archivo, -apple-system, Helvetica Neue, helvetica, Hiragino Sans, sans-serif" style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><b>A contested sea.</b></span></span></figcaption></div></div></figure></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-14849634731584544722023-10-01T13:02:00.000-07:002024-03-18T18:04:48.619-07:00Far over the misty mountains cold To dungeons deep and caverns old<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><p><br /></p> <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2647" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LY0lLcz3Qis" width="3185" youtube-src-id="LY0lLcz3Qis"></iframe></div><br /><p></p> <p> <font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="7"><strong><span style="background-color: black;">FAR OVER THE MISTY MOUNTAINS</span> <span style="background-color: black;">COLD TO DUNGEONS DEEP AND CAVERNS OLD</span></strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="199"> </td> <td valign="top" width="199"> </td> <td valign="top" width="199"> <p align="left"><img height="1732" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-n4AfCmZLsso/VFSQybmHT-I/AAAAAAADVNc/aek_WBIUee8/w3434-h1732/IMG_9684.JPG" width="3434" /><strong><font size="5"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#ff8000"><font size="7"></font></font></font></font></strong></p> <div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d3ed2f4b-664b-425e-a661-f861975422fc" style="display: inline; 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margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div></div> <p align="left"><strong><font size="5"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#ff8000"><font size="6">Far over the misty mountains cold<br />To dungeons deep and caverns old<br /></font>We must away ere break of day<br />To seek the pale enchanted gold.<br />The dwarves of yore made mighty spells,<br />While hammers fell like ringing bells<br />In places deep, where dark things sleep,<br />In hollow halls beneath the fells.<br />For ancient king and elvish lord<br />There many a gleaming golden hoard<br />They shaped and wrought, and light they caught<br />To hide in gems on hilt of sword.<br />On silver necklaces they strung<br />The flowering stars, on crowns they hung<br />The dragon-fire, in twisted wire<br />They meshed the light of moon and sun.<br /></font></font></font></strong></p> <p align="left"><strong><font size="5"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#ff8000"></font></font></font></strong> </p> <p align="left"><strong><font size="5"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#ff8000">Far over the misty mountains cold<br />To dungeons deep and caverns old<br />We must away, ere break of day,<br />To claim our long-forgotten gold.<br />Goblets they carved there for themselves<br />And harps of gold; where no man delves<br />There lay they long, and many a song<br />Was sung unheard by men or elves.<br />The pines were roaring on the height<br />The winds were moaning in the night.<br />The fire was red, it flaming spread;<br />The trees like torches blazed with light.<br />The bells were ringing in the dale<br />And men looked up with faces pale;<br />Then dragon’s ire more fierce that fire<br />Laid low their towers and houses frail.<br />The mountain smoked beneath the moon;<br />The dwarves, they heard the tramp of doom.<br />They fled their hall to dying hall<br />Beneath his feet, beneath the moon.<br />Far over the misty mountains grim<br />To dungeons deep and caverns dim<br />We must away, ere break of day,<br />To win our harps and gold from him!</font></font></font></strong></p> <p align="left"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"></font></strong> </p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img height="1324" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-burBQaDdDMA/VFvZ8b-ZiJI/AAAAAAADWV0/FxjReAFp0hA/w1764-h1324/IMG_9785.JPG" width="1764" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"></font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">The word "dungeon" comes from </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Old French</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> <i>donjon</i> (also spelled <i>dongeon</i>), which in its earliest usage meant a </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">keep</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">, the main </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">tower</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> of a </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">castle</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">. The first recorded instance of the word in </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">English</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> was near the beginning of the 14th century when it held the same meaning as <i>donjon</i>. Though it is uncertain, both <i>dungeon</i> and <i>donjon</i> are thought to derive from the </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Latin"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Middle Latin</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> word <i>dominio</i>, meaning "lord" or "master".</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img height="1338" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-gcIQdE1AtSE/VFvZsBDN1NI/AAAAAAADWTE/LT3Ny5_hsYQ/w1784-h1338/IMG_9663.JPG" width="1784" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">In French the term <i>donjon</i> still refers to a "keep", and the term <i>oubliette</i> is a more appropriate translation of English "dungeon". <i>Donjon</i> is therefore a </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_friend"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">false friend</font></strong></a><strong><font size="5"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#ff8000"> to "dungeon" (for instance, the game <i>"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_and_Dragons">Dungeons and Dragons</a>"</i> is titled <i>"Donjons et Dragons"</i> in its French editions<sup>.</sup></font></font></font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img height="1353" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-yglnNPNH4bA/VFvZtE3ddWI/AAAAAAADWTM/7Nz86vSlCqY/w1805-h1353/IMG_9664.JPG" width="1805" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">An oubliette (from the French <i>oubliette</i>, literally "forgotten place") was a form of dungeon which was accessible only from a hatch in a high ceiling. The word comes from the same root as the </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">French</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> <i>oublier</i>, "to forget", as it was used for those prisoners the captors wished to forget.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img height="1373" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-JGrwEU5ghPs/VFvZuTOYVII/AAAAAAADWTc/OjQJkRxL9Fo/w1829-h1373/IMG_9666.JPG" width="1829" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">The earliest use of <i>oubliette</i> in French dates back to 1374, but its earliest adoption in English is </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Walter Scott</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe</a></i> in 1819: "The place was utterly dark—the oubliette, as I suppose, of their accursed convent.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img height="1524" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-GTCL2CjTeiY/VFvZvF9EL3I/AAAAAAADWTk/c4i--BeM5z8/w2031-h1524/IMG_9667.JPG" width="2031" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Few </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Norman</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> keeps in English castles originally contained prisons, though they were more common in Scotland. Imprisonment was not a usual punishment in the </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Middle Ages</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">, so most prisoners were kept pending trial or awaiting a penalty, or for political reasons. Noble prisoners would not generally be held in dungeons, but would live in some comfort in castle apartments.</font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><img height="1368" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-ADwSAI5vDZU/VFvaFArCzdI/AAAAAAADWXU/_YWu-W4itaQ/w1824-h1368/IMG_9810.JPG" width="1824" /></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"></font></strong> </p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img height="1546" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-I9k372-QZJs/VFvZv0DI9ZI/AAAAAAADWTw/ylsKlxAW5qU/w2061-h1546/IMG_9668.JPG" width="2061" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"></font></strong> </p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">The </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Tower of London</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> is famous as a prison for political detainees, and </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontefract_Castle"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Pontefract Castle</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> at various times held </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Lancaster"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Thomas of Lancaster</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> (1322), </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Richard II</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> (1400),</font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Woodville,_2nd_Earl_Rivers"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Earl Rivers</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> (1483), </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_le_Scrope"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Scrope</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">, </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Archbishop of York</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> (1405), </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">James I of Scotland</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> (1405–1424) and </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Charles, Duke of Orléans</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> (1417–1430). Purpose-built prison chambers in castles became more common after the 12th century, when they were built into </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatehouse"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">gatehouses</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> or mural towers. Some castles had larger provision for prisoners, such as the prison tower at </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caernarvon_Castle"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Caernarvon Castle</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">.</font></strong></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><img height="1355" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-MLYtqQNKsbE/VFvaJbZiyUI/AAAAAAADWX8/k3Bu-X-mVvE/w1806-h1355/IMG_9891.JPG" width="1806" /></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img height="876" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-hDeTbTllRvg/VFvZxwM4KbI/AAAAAAADWUE/-Uk403qeMFo/w1168-h876/IMG_9671.JPG" width="1168" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">The identification of dungeons and rooms used to hold prisoners is not always a straightforward task. </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwick_Castle"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Alnwick Castle</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> and </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockermouth_Castle"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Cockermouth Castle</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">, both near England's border with Scotland, had chambers in their gatehouses which have often been interpreted as oubliettes.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"></font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img height="919" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-fa7pyeRYrY8/VFvZysJi3vI/AAAAAAADWUM/aiXpgfM0mUE/w1225-h919/IMG_9672.JPG" width="1225" /> However, this has been challenged. These underground rooms (accessed by a door in the ceiling) were built without latrines, and since the gatehouses at Alnwick and Cockermouth provided accommodation it is unlikely that the rooms would have been used to hold prisoners. An alternative explanation was proposed, suggesting that these were strong-rooms where valuables were stored.</font></strong></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 499px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="249"><br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oubliettes.Bastille.png"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img alt="" height="1193" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Oubliettes.Bastille.png/220px-Oubliettes.Bastille.png" width="1279" /></font></strong></a><br /><br /> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Diagram of alleged oubliette in the Paris prison of <i>La Bastille</i></font></strong></p></td> <td valign="top" width="249"> <div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:3599585b-96d8-4286-a46c-3e0641e1980c" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="f99ddb0d-ce5a-4994-bdf1-5bde18797b8a" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DP1_CUW137U" target="_new"><img alt="" galleryimg="no" height="904" onload="var downlevelDiv = document.getElementById('f99ddb0d-ce5a-4994-bdf1-5bde18797b8a'); downlevelDiv.innerHTML = "<div><object width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><param name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/DP1_CUW137U&hl=en\"><\/param><embed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/DP1_CUW137U&hl=en\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><\/embed><\/object><\/div>";" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-StGd3UCaqS8/VGAl3KQjKYI/AAAAAAADZM4/bI_HGPVbIrM/w1083-h904/video49b801d65dc6%25255B2%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-style: none;" width="1083" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">from <i>Dictionary of French Architecture from 11th to 16th Century</i> (1854–1868), by</font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">; the commentary speculates that this may in fact have been built for storage of ice.</font></strong> </p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"></font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img height="1536" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-uI4GBoV2X2M/VFvZzW5SNuI/AAAAAAADWUU/EqSNed3ieQs/w2048-h1536/IMG_9673.JPG" width="2048" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Although many real dungeons are simply a single plain room with a heavy door or with access only from a </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchway"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">hatchway</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> or </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapdoor"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">trapdoor</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> in the floor of the room above, the use of dungeons for </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">torture</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">, along with their association to common human fears of being trapped underground, have made dungeons a powerful </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">metaphor</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> in a variety of contexts.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"></font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img height="1706" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDtSpFjq_fThUDIEhL1BQrWgEr010ahZXYSDGZ6EzSL25qKHMyKEjsSj9TpgqcI0XS18-w9DZ-utfxRG2fOVRlkGmpmM4o5v14tl95OSl7zp7EiCHaLR4rXXtUt63epAPw_CaUcPk1zG4T/w2275-h1706/IMG_9674.JPG" width="2275" /> Dungeons, in the plural, have come to be associated with underground complexes of cells and torture chambers. As a result, the number of true dungeons in castles is often exaggerated to interest tourists. Many chambers described as dungeons or oubliettes were in fact storerooms, water-cisterns or even </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garderobe"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">latrines</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">.</font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img height="1590" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNBL9bIIS7ejAhJ8GlgC1fkvLJAWVtsK7QYJ5am3SM1qmmjAP3Bw7WGGLrClfXrN7TRNB0hWzn_4AC3WL2Yr2wv_1VYxK5fpTjA7tG0sBeNlZcNqsFACU7OzysyjEAGgva7PICWlWmJEbc/w2121-h1590/IMG_9675.JPG" width="2121" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">An example of what might be popularly termed an "oubliette" is the particularly claustrophobic cell in the dungeon of </font></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Castle"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Warwick Castle</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">'s Caesar's Tower, in central England. The access hatch consists of an iron grille. Even turning around (or moving at all) would be nearly impossible in this tiny chamber.</font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img height="1640" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-0BsPJjB9ECY/VFvZ1X6F0_I/AAAAAAADWUs/5PgzNyPfWr8/w2188-h1640/IMG_9676.JPG" width="2188" /></font></strong></p> <h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">What Was the Purpose Of the Castle Dungeon?</font></h4> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Most castles built during the early Medieval period didn't truly have dungeons. Why not? Well, in Medieval times, it wasn't a particularly common punishment to keep someone imprisoned in a confined space.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Often, one baron would kidnap the children of another baron, and hold the poor kids hostage at his home or his castle. However, the unfortunate children would be free to roam the castle - but wouldn't be able to leave it.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Medieval castles did have an area called the don-jon - a term which comes from French. But back in Medieval times, the don-jon was the name for the Great Keep, or the main tower of the castle.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img alt="Prague Castle Dungeon" height="1738" src="http://www.exploring-castles.com/image-files/castle_dungeons3.jpg" title="Prague Castle Dungeon" width="2316" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"></font></strong> </p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">A wooden skull, placed to spook tourists in Prague Castle. Credit: </font></strong><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/adam_jones/"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Adam Jones</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> CC-BY-SA-2.0</font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Originally, the Great Keep was the most secure part of the castle - and, in Early Medieval times, nobles tended to live in the Keep, as it reflected their importance.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">However, as time progressed, the nobles began to live in more comfortable and luxurious areas of the castle - in bedrooms designed for warmth and luxury.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">However, the Great Keep remained as the most secure place at the heart of the castle. Valuable items - such as jewels, money and also important prisoners - began to be stored in this secured tower.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"> </p><p align="justify"><img height="1655" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqovT1hGMifQgXP7ULPgtJWl1auIn7DJawPT04A1Utqz3rZcD-tcMRe3HA5UbLcBG2wDcQ4eVW67MUeNyifp99GmbjBz7Yibj0dLzVrBseukXCFKGwjc8IqeQDDuAA5uQmljim1FaiqRtc/w2205-h1655/IMG_9814.JPG" width="2205" /></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">"Edward I's new castles had prisons, to keep the rebellious Welsh at bay"</font></strong> </p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">In later Medieval times, the concept of taking political prisoners became much more common. When Edward I was trying to subdue the frequent </font></strong><a href="http://www.exploring-castles.com/welsh_castles.html"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">rebellions in North Wales</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">, he saw the value of capturing and imprisoning the biggest trouble-makers.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><img height="1709" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-dUe8Cy1E9GQ/VFSS2udmWNI/AAAAAAADVdU/2SMop_t8YI0/w2278-h1709/IMG_9815.JPG" width="2278" /> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Therefore, his new castles of the late 1200s - including </font></strong><a href="http://www.exploring-castles.com/caernarfon_castle.html"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Caernarfon</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">, for example - contained new prisons to keep the rebellious Welsh at bay.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Initially, these prisons were in towers - these were considered to be the strongest parts of the castle, and the areas which could be best-defended if a prisoner wanted to escape. Eventually, these new prisons began to be called 'castle dungeons', which was an English adaptation of the old French words of 'don-jon'.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">Remember that 'don-jon', in Medieval times, just meant a secured tower, or Great Leep.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"><img alt="Dunajec Castle Dungeons" height="1538" src="http://www.exploring-castles.com/image-files/castle_dungeons2.jpg" title="Dunajec Castle Dungeons" width="2051" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"></font></strong> </p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">The dungeons of Dunajec Castle, in Poland. Credit: </font></strong><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/dalee/"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">DaLee</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"> CC-BY-2.0</font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">During the later Medieval period, castles became grander and more ornate - designed more for entertaining, and as luxurious residences of nobles.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">As castles changed, these 'don-jons' - prisons - began to be located in the least desirable (but still secure!) areas of the castle, where people certainly didn't want their bedrooms or apartments. This meant the cold, wet and dark storerooms or castle basements became these new castle dungeons.</font></strong> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5">It's strange, isn't it, that dungeons moved from within the highest castle towers, down into the lowest castle cellars.</font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"></font></strong> </p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"></font></strong> </p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"></font></strong> </p> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"></font></strong> </p> <div class="blogger-post-footer"></div> <div class="blogger-post-footer"> </div> <div class="blogger-post-footer"><span class="wlWriterPreserve" id="preserve079cfe2121e74a148e4f505629f447d0"><embed allownetworking="all" allowscriptaccess="always" flashvars="i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" height="220" quality="high" src="http://rd.revolvermaps.com/f/g.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="220" wmode="window"></embed> <script async="async" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" type="text/javascript"></script> </span></div> <div class="blogger-post-footer"> </div> <div class="blogger-post-footer"> </div> <div class="blogger-post-footer"> </div><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="blogger-post-footer"> </div> <div class="blogger-post-footer"> </div> <div class="blogger-post-footer"> </div> <div></div> <div class="blogger-post-footer"> </div> <div class="blogger-post-footer"> </div> <div class="blogger-post-footer"> </div><br /><br /><br /> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="5"></font></strong> </p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; 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text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2453" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KakeJnD1ayQ" width="2949" youtube-src-id="KakeJnD1ayQ"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2452" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/atawT3whjPY" width="2949" youtube-src-id="atawT3whjPY"></iframe></span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /><b><br /></b></span></span><p></p><header class="meta meta--detail" style="margin-bottom: 45px;"><h1 class="detail__title detail__title--large" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: chunk; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 5.6em; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; letter-spacing: 0.02px; line-height: 1; margin: 23px 0px 19px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Is the Aircraft Carrier Already Obsolete?</span></span></h1><p class="detail__sub" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-color: rgba(150, 150, 150, 0.25); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px; line-height: 1.61905; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 16px 0px;"></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: georgia, "palatino linotype", "book antiqua", palatino, "times new roman", Times, serif; font-size: xx-large; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">The battleship’s past could be the carrier’s future. Plan accordingly. </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;">The SR-71 Blackbird stands as the fastest operational military aircraft in history, boasting a top speed that surpassed Mach 3. Today, Lockheed Martin is actively developing a successor for this iconic aircraft under the SR-72 project. This new aircraft utilizes ramjet propulsion technology with the aim of achieving and maintaining hypersonic speeds, which are defined as speeds exceeding Mach 5. Up until now, only missiles have achieved such velocities. However, recent revelations from the U.S. Military have unveiled an aircraft that seems to defy the laws of physics, one that has harnessed anti-gravity capabilities. But what is this mysterious aircraft, and what extraordinary capabilities does it possess? Let's delve into the details.The Air Force's secretive test facility located in Groom Lake, Nevada, famously known as Area 51, has been a sanctuary for various experimental aircraft that the Pentagon prefers to keep hidden from public view. Area 51 has emerged as a potentially ideal location for testing new hypersonic glide vehicles, which are currently receiving substantial research investments from the Pentagon. These hypersonic weapons combine the remarkable speed of ballistic missiles with the low-profile, more difficult-to-detect flight path characteristic of cruise missiles.</b></div><p></p><span face="Roboto, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); color: #131313; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: normal; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <br /></span><h1 style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">A news report claims that the ballistic missile launchs successfully hit a moving vessel and did not just fall into the sea. The US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin swiftly issued a statement condemning the missile test, describing it as a reckless and provocative act that endangered regional stability. The incident marked a significant escalation of tensions in the South China Sea, where China has been increasingly assertive in its territorial claims, often conflicting with those of neighboring countries and the United States.</span></span></h1><h1 style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Here’s What You Need to Remember: If the march of technology has relegated flattops to auxiliary status, then Corbett’s fleet-design precepts should apply. Top priority should go to capital ships, whatever they may be in the future. Today as always, winning the battle for command is Job One. Meanwhile, the U.S. Navy should acquire smaller, less expensive flattops that can be built in batches to perform support duty. <br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><em>Iowa</em>-class fast battleships were castles of steel built for an era of flux in naval warfare not unlike our own. In fact, battleship history casts doubt on the future of über-expensive behemoths like the U.S. Navy’s <em>Ford</em>-class nuclear-powered aircraft carriers (CVNs). The question isn’t just whether the aircraft carrier is obsolete, a floating target in the missile age. That reduces the question to technology. The question is whether the carrier is worth its cost in strategic and political terms. If flattops remain survivable enough to bear the brunt of dueling the Russian Navy or China’s People’s Liberation Army Navy for maritime command, they may remain a worthwhile investment. </b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">With the U.S. Air Force’s growing influence post World War 2 and the development of the atomic bomb, the U.S Navy began to seek its own strategic nuclear force and pursued seaplanes that could not only conquer the sea, but also land, and air. This ambitious goal and bitter rivalry led the Navy to partner with aerospace manufacturers to prototype at least four different seaplane models, including the only one to ever break the sound-barrier.</span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left;">Among them were orders with the Glenn L. Martin company to design the P6M SeaMaster and with Convair to create the F2Y-1 Sea Dart, the XFY-1 Pogo, and the 3RY Tradewind. These experimental seaplanes promised to change naval and aviation history, conquering the world with their sea-based flexibility and ability to launch and stay below detection by most conventional radar systems. It was thought that the program would render the aircraft carrier obsolete… - As images and footage of actual events are not always available, Dark Docs sometimes utilizes similar historical images and footage for dramatic effect. All content</b></h1><div style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><br /></span><h3 align="left" style="letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2230" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/g8HNkxOZEP8" width="2680" youtube-src-id="g8HNkxOZEP8"></iframe></div><br />The Defense against Russia's </span><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">hypersonic missile capable of destroying an aircraft carrier</span></b><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: justify;"> </b><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">! Japan fires world's most powerful laser to produce energy equal to 1,000 times the planet's power consumption</span></span></span></h3><ul style="letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;"><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><div align="justify"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">LFEX device produced 2-petawatts (2 quadrillion-watts) of energy</strong></span></div></li><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><div align="justify"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The energy used for the laser beam itself would only be powerful enough to run a microwave for around two seconds, the Osaka researchers claim</strong></span></div></li><li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><div align="justify"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The high output was produced by firing the beam for just 1 pico-second</strong></span></div></li></ul><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3179045/The-Death-Star-weapon-Japan-just-fired-world-s-powerful-laser.html#comments" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong></span></a></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Japan claims to have fired the most powerful laser ever created.</strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Researchers in Osaka were able to produce a 2-petawatt laser beam using a device known as the Laser for Fast Ignition Experiment (LFEX).</strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The power of the 'Death Star'-like beam is equivalent to 1,000 times the world's total electricity consumption, the scientists claim.</strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The 328ft (100 metre)-long LFEX device has strategically-placed glass panels that are used to amplify the laser beam. The team were able to produce such a high output by concentrating the power to 1 pico-second, or around a trillionth of a second" height="2019" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/07/29/20/2AF1A0F500000578-3179045-The_328ft_100_metre_long_LFEX_device_has_strategically_placed_gl-m-60_1438198018703.jpg" width="2724" /></strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The 328ft (100 metre)-long LFEX device has strategically-placed glass panels that are used to amplify the laser beam. The team were able to produce such a high output by concentrating the power to 1 pico-second, or around a trillionth of a second</strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">While it produced a huge amount of power, the energy required for the beam itself is equivalent to that needed to power a microwave for two seconds.</strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The team were able to produce such a high output from low energy by only firing the laser beam for 1 pico-second, or a trillionth of a second.</strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">To amplify the beam's power, energy was applied to strategically-placed glass panels along the 328ft (100 metre)-long LFEX device.</strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">These glass lamps were able focus the beam to boost its energy as it passed through. </strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="In the experiment, energy was applied to glass sections using devices similar to fluorescent lamps. These glass lamps were used to boost the energy of the beam as it passed through" height="1727" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/07/29/20/2AF1A24400000578-3179045-image-a-49_1438197596562.jpg" width="3079" /></strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In the experiment, energy was applied to glass sections using devices similar to fluorescent lamps. These glass lamps were used to boost the energy of the beam as it passed through</strong></span></div><h5 align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">HOW POWERFUL IS IT?</span></h5><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The device produced a 2-petawatt - or 2 quadrillion-watt - laser beam.</strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">This is equivalent to 1,000 times the world's electricity consumption. </strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">To put that in context, Rheinmetall Defense was recently able to shoot a drone down a mile away using a 50kW laser.</strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The 50kW laser was 10 billion times less powerful that the one used in Japan.</strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Up until today's announcement, the world has only ever within a 1-pettawatt laser created by the University of Texas, Austin. </strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'With heated competition in the world to improve the performance of lasers, our goal now is to increase our output to 10 petawatts,' said the institute's Junji Kawanaka, an associate professor of electrical engineering at the university</strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong>To put that into context, according to </strong><a href="http://www.popsci.com/researchers-japan-fired-worlds-most-powerful-laser" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><strong>Popular Science,</strong></a><strong> a 50,000 watt laser successfully took down a drone just a mile away.</strong></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">That 50kW laser was 10 billion times less powerful that the one used in Japan. </strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Up until today's announcement, the world has only ever witnessed a 1-pettawatt laser created by the University of Texas, Austin.</strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Not only did the Japanese laser generate twice as much power, but the team says it also has 100 times as much energy as its Texas rival. </strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The laser, liked to the Death Star laser in Star Wars, is currently mainly of scientific interest rather than having any real-world purpose.</strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong>Details of the experiment have been published in the</strong><a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0741-3335" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><strong> journal Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion.</strong></a></span></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span><br /></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span><br /></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Researchers in Osaka were able to produce a 2-petawatt - or 2 quadrillion-watt - laser beam using the Laser for Fast Ignition Experiments (LFEX). This is equivalent to 1,000 times the world's electricity consumption, causing the laser to be compared to that on the Death Star in Star Wars (pictured)" height="1847" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/07/29/20/2AF19ACA00000578-3179045-image-a-48_1438197580338.jpg" width="2949" /></strong></span></div><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3179045/The-Death-Star-weapon-Japan-just-fired-world-s-powerful-laser.html#comments" style="text-decoration-line: none;"></a></span></span><br /></span></span><div align="justify" style="letter-spacing: normal;"><h1 style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong>Researchers in Osaka were able to produce a 2-petawatt - or 2 quadrillion-watt - laser beam using the Laser for Fast Ignition Experiments (LFEX). This is equivalent to 1,000 times the world's electricity consumption, causing the laser to be compared to that on the Death Star in Star Wars (pictured)</strong></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><br /></strong></span></span><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Russia has built a hypersonic missile capable of destroying an aircraft carrier with a single impact, it has been reported.<br /></span></b></span><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Kremlin chiefs claim to have constructed a Zircon cruise missile which travels between 3,800mph and 4,600mph - five to six times the speed of sound.<br /></span></b></span><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Experts warn the 'unstoppable' projectiles could spell disaster for the Navy's new £6.2billion aircraft carriers, the HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales.</span></b></span></h1><div><div itemprop="articleBody" style="line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><div class="artSplitter mol-img-group" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><div class="mol-img" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="2049" id="i-ef4951506f12cf7c" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/03/26/12/3EA5E6ED00000578-4350360-image-m-32_1490527030498.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="3014" /></span></b></span></div><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-1" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="overlay-icon mobile-gallery" style="background-position: 0px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; border-radius: 3px; bottom: 11px; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; height: 36px; line-height: 34px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 10px;"><div class="mobile-gallery-icon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/furniture/mobile/icon_camera_90x68.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 10px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 27px; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; float: none; height: 20px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 7px 10px 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 24px;"></div><span style="display: table-cell; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></span></div></div></div><div class="clear" style="border: 0px; clear: both; float: none; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; width: auto;"></div><div class="imageCaption" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Russia has reportedly built a Zircon hypersonic missile which is capable of traveling up to six times the speed of sound, making it 'unstoppable'</span></b></span></div><div class="imageCaption" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="imageCaption" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="The Zircon is capable of traveling twice as fast as the Royal Navy's Sea Ceptor missile (pictured) which would be responsible for shooting it down" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1657" id="i-c631902a1b59ee47" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/03/26/11/3EA59B1400000578-4350360-image-a-20_1490525540063.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2927" /></span></b></div></div><div class="artSplitter mol-img-group" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><div class="mol-img" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-2" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="overlay-icon mobile-gallery" style="background-position: 0px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; border-radius: 3px; bottom: 11px; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; height: 36px; line-height: 34px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 10px;"><div class="mobile-gallery-icon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/furniture/mobile/icon_camera_90x68.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 10px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 27px; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; float: none; height: 20px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 7px 10px 0px; vertical-align: middle; width: 24px;"></div><span style="display: table-cell; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></span></div></div></div><div class="imageCaption" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div class="imageCaption" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div class="imageCaption" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div class="imageCaption" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The Zircon is capable of traveling twice as fast as the Royal Navy's Sea Ceptor missile (pictured) which would be responsible for shooting it down</span></b></span></div></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Current Navy anti-missile defenses are only equipped to shoot down projectiles traveling 2,300mph, meaning they would be useless against the Zicron.</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">This would force aircraft carriers to anchor outside of their estimated 500 mile range</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">That would make it impossible for the carrier's jets and helicopters to reach their target, carry out their mission, and return without running out of fuel - effectively rendering them useless.</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Pete Sandeman, a naval expert, told the <a href="http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/russia-builds-unstoppable-4600mph-missile-10098362" rel="nofollow" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Sunday People</a>: 'Defence against hypersonic missiles presents a huge challenge to surface ships.</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">'There is so little time to react that even if detected, existing defences may be entirely inadequate.</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">'Even if the missile is broken up or detonated by close-in weapons, the debris has so much kinetic energy that the ship may still be badly damaged.'</span></b></span></div><div class="artSplitter mol-img-group" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><div class="mol-img" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="The new weapon has entered the testing phase, according to reports, and could be fitted to Russian carrier Pyotr Velikiy by 2022" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1639" id="i-18a0fbfd977813eb" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/03/26/11/3EA5C0E400000578-4350360-image-m-18_1490525498682.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2791" /></span></b></span></div></div><div class="imageCaption" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div class="imageCaption" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div class="imageCaption" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The new weapon has entered the testing phase, according to reports, and could be fitted to Russian carrier Pyotr Velikiy by 2022</span></b></span></div></div><div class="artSplitter mol-img-group" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><div class="mol-img" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="The missile could render the Navy's new £6.2billion aircraft carriers the HMS Queen Elizabeth (pictured, artist's impression) and HMS Prince of Wales redundant, experts have warned" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1637" id="i-3be10946edf29f59" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/03/26/12/3EA5CDFF00000578-4350360-image-a-23_1490526646157.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2868" /></span></b></span></div><div class="share-pictures-overlay" id="share-pictures-3" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"></div><div class="overlay-icon mobile-gallery" style="background-position: 0px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; border-radius: 3px; bottom: 11px; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; height: 36px; line-height: 34px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 10px;"><div class="mobile-gallery-icon" style="background-attachment: initial; 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font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div class="imageCaption" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div class="imageCaption" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The missile could render the Navy's new £6.2billion aircraft carriers the HMS Queen Elizabeth (pictured, artist's impression) and HMS Prince of Wales redundant, experts have warned</span></b></span></div></div><div class="moduleFull mol-video" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a class="namedLink" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="video" style="cursor: pointer; 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height: 150px; inset: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s; vertical-align: middle; width: 300px;"><div class="vjs-title" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; height: 36px; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 10px; position: absolute; width: 636px; z-index: 1;"><div style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Lockheed test Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system</span></b></span></div></div></div><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; 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min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The weapon entered testing earlier this year, and could be fitted to nuclear-powered cruiser Pyotr Velikiy as soon as 2018, Russian state media reports.</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">It can be fired from land, sea and submarines carrying payloads ranging from high explosive to nuclear.</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The Zicron uses Scramjet technology which mixes fuel with air and allows it to burn at hypersonic speeds.</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">That means the projectile can travel at astonishing speeds - covering 155 miles in 2.5 minutes, which is faster than a sniper's bullet.</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The setback is just the latest in a long line of problems with the Royal Navy's new carriers after a report earlier this month found they were beset with technical issues, facing delays and could go over-budget. </span></b></span></div><div class="art-ins mol-factbox floatLHS news" data-version="2" id="mol-bc6c7290-1210-11e7-bb67-e7cae59a0bcf" style="border-top: 4px solid rgb(0, 170, 210); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; float: left; margin: 0px 0px 16px 16px; min-height: 50px; padding: 12px 16px 0px; width: 308px;"><h3 class="mol-factbox-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 170, 210); line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; position: relative;"><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></h3><h3 class="mol-factbox-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 170, 210); line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px 0px 12px; position: relative;"><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">ZIRCON MISSILE</span></span></h3><div class="ins cleared mol-factbox-body" style="line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Role: Offensive, capable of carrying explosive or nuclear payloads</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Speed: 3,800mph to 4,600mph</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Range: Up to 500 miles</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Status: In testing, deployed by 2022 </span></b></span></div></div></div><div class="art-ins mol-factbox floatLHS news" data-version="2" id="mol-bc6d5cf0-1210-11e7-bb67-e7cae59a0bcf" style="border-top: 4px solid rgb(0, 170, 210); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; float: left; margin: 0px 0px 16px 16px; min-height: 50px; padding: 12px 16px 0px; width: 308px;"><div class="ins cleared mol-factbox-body" style="line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">SEA CEPTOR MISSILE</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Role: Defensive, designed to take out incoming missiles</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Speed: 700mph to 2,300mph</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Range: 15 miles</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Status: In use by the Royal Navy </b></span></span></div></div></div></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span><br /></span></span><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; position: relative;"><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>However these missles can be neutralized by the US Navy new 150 kw lasers by 2020. These flying ships can carry 6 F35 or more depending on the designed size. For armaments and defense,150 kw lasers with, s</b><b>ome form of energy storage can be acommodated. The demands of a pulsed load on the order of hundreds of kilowatts lasers in this amphivious flying crafts,with </b><b>a system for storing power for on-demand use by a laser weapon that can fire indefinitely. Rechargeable by batteries or flywheels.</b></span></span></h3><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 24px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="background-color: black; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span><br /><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>The service would ideally be able to recharge a laser's energy reserves almost instantaneously, allowing the laser to fire indefinitely.</b><b>While that would be the ideal scenario one of the firms developing the technologies has a system that can fire 'well over 100 shots' before needing to be recharged. </b></span></div><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b><b>See how the huge footprint of a modern Aircraft Carrier navigating with its armada of escorts in the Persian Gulf would be a tempting target for enemy missles. 20 equivalent cost of an aircraft carrier by these flying ships carrying fighter jets with its array of laser weapons can do a much better job of dominating the Persian Gulf.</b></b></span></div></span></h3><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"></span></b></span></div><div><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong></span><br /></span><div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: start;"></span><br style="text-align: start;" /></b></span></span><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">As American sailors watched the first Revolutionary Guard vessels appeared on the horizon of the Strait of Hormuz, beginning a daylong face-off that has become familiar to both Iranian paramilitary and U.S. naval forces that pass through the narrow mouth of the Persian Gulf.</span></b></span></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: start;"></span><span style="text-align: start;"></span><br style="text-align: start;" /></b></span></span><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">But these routine, if tense encounters may soon grow even more perilous.</span></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /></span></b></span></div><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: start;"></span><span style="text-align: start;"></span><br style="text-align: start;" /></b></span></span><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><br /></div></div></div></div></header><div class="detail__content" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(150, 150, 150, 0.25); margin-bottom: 31px; padding-bottom: 46px;"><div class="ad ad--center" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; text-align: center;"><div class="proper-ad-unit" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: auto; min-width: 550px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><div id="proper-ad-nationalinterest_content_12" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: auto; position: relative;"></div></b></span></span></div></div><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>If not, the carrier fleet’s outlook darkens. Taxpayers and their elected representatives have priorities, winning foremost among them. Justifying carriers’ expense is tough if other implements of war—submarines, small surface craft, whatever—will fight for maritime supremacy while carriers shelter out of harm’s way until the seas and skies are safe enough for them to do their work. Try explaining to the American people or Congress why they should plunk down <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/22279/cvn-81-the-fourth-ford-class-supercarrier-is-slated-to-cost-a-whopping-15b" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">$15 billion for a single hull</a> when that hull won’t do the heavy lifting in combat. CVNs might still have value, in other words, but not enough to justify their mind-boggling price.</b></span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>That was battleships’ fate. They never lost their value as fleet workhorses, even after naval aviation displaced them from frontline status during World War II. While battleships remained in the inventory, navies found uses for them. And why not? They had been bought and paid for. They served intermittently into the early 1990s. But new ones were never built. Nowadays few—not even the most fervent enthusiasts—argue for constructing new dreadnoughts. Their price would run to many billions per copy, a forbidding sum for a warship expected to play only a secondary part in sea battles.</b></span></span></p><h1 style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><b>A similar fate may await the CVN. The<em> Ford-class</em> may not be obsolete. But other ships or weapon systems could eclipse the CVN as a combat platform—meaning taxpayers would find themselves paying exorbitant sums for a nice-to-have but ancillary capability. That would make little budgetary sense.</b></span></span></h1><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">You have to credit interwar naval architects for foresight. Conceived during the 1930s, the Iowa class was the Swiss army knife of dreadnoughts. Warship design is a matter of managing tradeoffs among speed, protection, and armament. Back then it remained unclear whether advances in aircraft design would superempower carrier warplanes, extending flattops’ striking range and hitting power. (Spoiler alert: yes.) Shipwrights hedged against uncertainty, drawing up blueprints for a ship class versatile enough to flourish in a variety of potential futures.</span></h3><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>The four sister ships constituting the <em>Iowa</em> class boasted firepower and rugged construction sufficient to reprise the role played by armored capital ships for the previous half-century—dishing out and taking punishment in a firefight against battlewagons from the Imperial Japanese Navy or German <em>Kriegsmarine</em>. If armored dreadnoughts remained capital ships without peer—the fleet’s chief repository of battle strength—then the <em>Iowa</em> class was fit to don that mantle. If not—if naval aviation fulfilled its promise—then <em>Iowa</em>-class battlewagons housed steam propulsion plants powerful enough to let them keep up with fast-moving aircraft-carrier task forces.</b></span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><b><em>Iowa</em> designers, that is, constructed gunships able to provide value in a world where naval aviation ruled the oceans. Like past battleships, <em>Iowa</em>-class vessels were fitted with gunnery, radar, and fire control heavy-hitting and accurate enough to conduct shore bombardment. Battleships went on to support amphibious landings throughout the Pacific, Mediterranean, and Atlantic theaters of World War II, as well as fleet engagements against Japan. The fledgling class of battleships, in other words, could contribute to the fight for sea command, regardless of what the future held. And they could perform a variety of functions once command belonged to the U.S. Navy. <em>Iowa</em>s were as complete a package as designers could devise.</b></span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>Hedging—diversifying a vessel’s portfolio of functions and technical attributes to fit a variety of circumstances—only makes sense. For instance, interwar submarine designers intended the U.S. Navy’s <em>Gato</em>-class fleet boats to raid Japanese battleship or cruiser formations. But <em>Gato</em>s could also assail mercantile shipping if deftly handled. These were midsized boats with middling capability by such metrics as tonnage and cruising range. Design choices suited them for a variety of missions—reducing the likelihood that some future evolution of sea warfare would render them useless. Enterprising skippers ravaged Japanese merchantmen throughout the Pacific Ocean.</b></span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>Indeed, <em>Gato</em>-class subs rank among the most successful classes ever to take to the depths. Their combat performance is a tribute to the naval architects who dreamt them up. There is more to fleet design than newfangled widgets. Hedging is an art—and an attitude—worth rediscovering.</b></span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>Now look at ship design through the prism of sea-power theory. Maritime strategy comes in threes for historian <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15076" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Julian Corbett</a>. Roughly speaking, naval wars unfold in three phases. A weaker navy can dispute a stronger navy’s command of important waters, denying the opponent victory while buying time to turn the tables and make itself the stronger contender. A stronger navy bids for maritime command when opportunity beckons. It strives to solve a multitude of problems in an afternoon. And, having won command of important waters, the victor reaps the fruits of victory. It enjoys options such as landing troops, bombarding hostile shores, raiding hostile shipping, and on and on. It holds down the vanquished foe while doing as it pleases on the briny main.</b></span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>To perform these three functions, says Corbett, fleet designers craft three types of ships: capital ships, “cruisers,” and the “flotilla.” Capital ships serve in the battle line, vying for command of the sea against enemy battle fleets. These are the navy’s brawlers. Cruisers are smaller, more lightly armed, cheaper craft. They’re affordable enough to build in bulk. They, not capital ships, are the true executors of maritime command for Corbett. Cruisers—akin to frigates or corvettes in today’s lingo—fan out in large numbers to police the sea. They safeguard the sea lanes for friendly shipping while barring the sea to antagonists. Flotilla craft are still smaller, cheaper, unarmed or lightly armed vessels that can likewise be built in bulk. They conduct the mundane administrative chores all navies must conduct.</b></span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span></p><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="detail-hero" style="background-image: none;"><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">THE US SHOULD USE AIRPOWER FIRST TO KNOCKOUT AII CHINESE, NORTH KOREAN AND RUSSIAN BASES WITH B-2 B=21, B-1, ARSENAL AIRSHIPS (RAPID DRAGONS) FOR AS LONG AS THERE ARE MILITARY ASSETS EXIST OF THE ENEMIES, WITHOUT THE USE OF SURFACE SHIPS. AIR SUPERIORITY FIRST BEFORE THE NAVY ACCORDING TO THE WAR GAMES BELOW.</b></span></div><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2554" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lu6wmemSJYU" width="3073" youtube-src-id="lu6wmemSJYU"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The first Zumwalt-class destroyer, the largest ever built for the U.S. Navy, heads down the Kennebec River after leaving Bath Iron Works, This future battleship would give the Navy— and by extension the president—warfighting options other than the total annihilation of the enemy. Regular FONOPs already demonstrate the need for such options. </span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><br /></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2560" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Qa_FH-qM6IM" width="3080" youtube-src-id="Qa_FH-qM6IM"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The A2/AD threat will likely generate even more dangerous missions that only a durable battleship of the future can safely perform.</span></b></h2></div></div></div><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"></span></p><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="detail-hero" style="background-image: none;"><div itemprop="articleBody" style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"></div></div></div></div><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>In effect the carrier’s debut as the premier capital ship demoted battleships to secondary status in U.S. naval strategy. <em>Iowa</em>s steamed with carrier groups in the Pacific, using their abundant secondary armament to protect flattops against air assault. Battleships resumed their place as capital ships from time to time, but only when the battleground was relatively safe from hostile aircraft. In October 1944, for instance, Admiral Jesse Oldendorf oversaw a surface task force that repulsed a Japanese battleship group making its way through Surigao Strait in the central Philippines. By then, though, gunnery duels had become the exception rather than the rule in naval warfare.</b></span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>At most battleships—even the vaunted <em>Iowa</em> class—hovered at the fringes of Corbett’s capital-ship contingent.</b></span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>Technology and tactics, then, had reduced battlewagons to subordinate status—to a fleet auxiliary bearing a hefty price tag. Much like Corbett’s cruisers or flotilla ships, they furnished naval gunfire support and performed other duties <em>after</em>carrier planes had rendered embattled expanses mostly harmless for surface vessels. Their capabilities were wildly excessive for such modest missions—which is why the final two <em>Iowa</em>s, <em>Kentucky</em> and <em>Illinois</em>, were canceled along with plans for the future <em>Montana</em> class. Their subsidiary functions in the fleet simply weren’t worth the expense. Lesser craft would do.</b></span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>A likewise dismal destiny could await the <em>Ford</em>-class aircraft carriers if fleet design is undergoing another phase change. If the CVN is no longer a capital ship in Corbett’s sense—if it no longer spearheads the fight for nautical command—then lawmakers and ordinary citizens may ask why they should bear the expense.</b></span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>If the march of technology has relegated flattops to auxiliary status, then Corbett’s fleet-design precepts should apply. Top priority should go to capital ships, whatever they may be in the future. Today as always, winning the battle for command is Job One. Meanwhile the U.S. Navy should acquire smaller, less pricey flattops that can be built in batches to perform support duty. A capital ship may be worth $15 billion if it can sally out to crush the likes of Russia and China in high-seas combat. That’s a tough sell for a fleet auxiliary.</b></span></span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2485" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/d5upa_CNcVE" width="2987" youtube-src-id="d5upa_CNcVE"></iframe></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><b><br /></b></span><p></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br />A series of technological trends, however, have upended this dynamic and raise a question of whether the Japanese model of carrier employment may be coming into its own seventy years after the fact. Firstly, range no longer favors the aircraft carrier in its interactions with surface vessels. Anti-ship cruise missiles such as the hypersonic Russian <a href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/russias-lethal-hypersonic-zircon-cruise-missile-enter-15909">Zircon</a> could evolve to hold carriers at risk over a distance of over five hundred nautical miles—beyond the reach of carrier-based aircraft. Moreover, cruise missiles are being joined in the category of ranged weapons by tools such as the electromagnetic <a href="http://web.mit.edu/2n/Abst-ExecSum/2004/Conversion/DD(X)-RAILGUN.pdf">railgun</a>, which relies on opposing charged electromagnetic rails to fire high-velocity projectiles at a rate of ten rounds per minute over long distances that may, in due time, extend as far as two hundred nautical miles.<br />Moreover the carrier’s second great advantage—the fact that ship based anti aircraft fire was in its infancy, is also waning. The<a href="https://missilethreat.csis.org/defsys/sm-6/"> SM-6</a> missiles based on board the vertical launch system of a Ticonderoga class destroyer can in principle intercept aircraft at a 240 km range while Chinese and Russian platforms such as the Luzhou and Kirov class destroyers host the S-300 FM missile capable of operating at similar ranges similar punch. Even relatively modest vessels such as frigates now carry increasingly sophisticated air defences. Compounding the issue further, the extended reach of shore based anti aircraft batteries such as the S-400 means that carrier based aircraft might also find itself within the range of shore based batteries if it finds itself confronting an opponent within the four hundred kilometers of a platform such as the S-400, for example.<br /><br /><br />Instead, the idea of a superbattleship such as the Yamato, ludicrous in its own time, may well be coming into its own. Navies have long experimented with the idea of <a href="http://web.mit.edu/2n/Abst-ExecSum/2016/Design/AFG-16.pdf">arsenal ships,</a> relatively small platforms capable of holding up to sixty-four vertical launch cells and launching large stocks of cruise missiles for some time now. In principle, however, the number of cells a ship can hold is a function of its size and capacity for power generation. A battleship the size of the Yamato with a length along the waterline of 263 meters could in principle hold substantially more cells carrying mixed loads of offensive missiles and defensive interceptors. Recent reports of the addition by China of a railgun to one of its amphibious landing craft and the nascent interest in ship-based lasers raises the prospect of new additions to this conceptual craft. Finally, the size of such a ship could allow navies to reintroduce<a href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/the-lesson-the-uss-fitzgerald-tragedy-us-navy-warships-need-21233"> naval armor</a> without sacrificing other capabilities. Given that many anti-ship weapons such shore based ballistic missiles rely on high explosive warheads with limited armor-piercing capabilities, such a vessel would be optimal for an A2/AD environment. While the size of such a behemoth might seem to work against it, this very size may aid it in the capacity for power generation at levels needed to support the electromagnetic railgun and, should nascent technology bear fruit, ship based antimissile lasers.<br /><br /><br /><br />Additionally, the sheer number of vertical launch cells such a ship could carry would mean that it would have coverage against missile attacks greater than that which is provided by the guided-missile destroyers accompanying a carrier. Moreover, as the nuclear powered Gerald R. Ford-class carriers have illustrated, generating the power to sustain enormous vessels with on board nuclear reactors such as the A1B which powers the Gerald Ford. If brought to fruition, such a vessel may have the same transformative role that the dreadnought and carrier did in their day.<br />That being said, mothballing carriers may well be a bit premature. Many of the tools which threaten a carrier are arguably only operable in conjunction with organic air support. Cruise missiles such as the zircon can fly distances of up to five hundred nautical miles but the platforms that host them cannot spot targets over these distances. A ship-based radar such as the U.S. AN/SPY1 typically has a range of one hundred nautical miles while submarines have even shorter range radar. While space-based assets could extend a navy’s line of sight over the horizon, coordinating these assets with fielded forces in the face of invariable attempts at disruption promises to be a nightmare for most navies.<br />A range of air-based assets, however, can reliably provide a platform with targeting information over long distances and, moreover, can be produced at relatively low costs. Kratos Corporation’s <a href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/heres-1-way-replace-navy-aircraft-carriers-31532">QX222 drone</a> for example, would have had an operational radius of over fifteen hundred miles, which would be more sufficient than providing reconnaissance and spotting to a modern battleship. Alternatively, light aircraft such as Saab’s Sea Gripen can provide the modern equivalent of laying smoke screens by operating in their specialized role as electronic-warfare platforms. Finally, of course, carrier-based fighters can augment ship-based air defenses to provide additional air cover to a battleship fleet.<br />It may be then that the carrier is not being rendered obsolete but is evolving (or regressing) into the role that interwar strategists had in mind for it—a platform geared towards spotting and perhaps providing fighter cover for a twenty-first century variant of the battleship.<br />Within this context, the carriers of the future may well be relatively small vessels capable of hosting drones and fighter and electronic-warfare-optimized aircraft but not the heavier strike platforms that the carriers of today sustain. Rather than being the centrepiece of a fleet carriers could well play a role analogous to the destroyers of today—supporting a nucleus of superbattleships. Purchases such as the Chinese Liaoning, which does not have the STOBAR launch system to carry heavy-strike aircraft but can carry fighter aircraft such as the J-15 and can conceivable carry drones in due time may be more compatible with a twenty-first century combat environment than is sometimes assumed. Instead of larger CATOBAR equipped strike platforms, the carrier of tomorrow may be smaller cheaper STOBAR equipped platforms geared towards providing cover, targeting data and air and ASW support to battleships.<br /><br /><br />The role of carriers, then would become analogous to that of guided missile destroyers, cruiser and submarines at present—namely a supporting arm of a central strike platform. Within this context carriers would perform the function that interwar tacticians had in mind for them that is, providing fire control and cover for the capital ships of the twenty-first century.</span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2505" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gMVEjCXUms0" width="3011" youtube-src-id="gMVEjCXUms0"></iframe></div><br /></span></h1><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.7; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;">The battleship’s past could be the carrier’s future. Plan accordingly.</span></b></span></p></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-22363957055826295112023-09-29T03:02:00.000-07:002024-02-24T22:28:17.302-08:00LOST PYRAMID OF ALASKA: NICOLA TESLA SUPPRESSED KNOWLEDGE ON ZERO POINT ENERGY (Updated)<p> </p> <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><p></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="412"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:b023fd84-53f6-431a-a63b-98a3eb7e3da9" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="ea3ca1b7-ebae-4246-9a7f-a63b0c447939" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/G5BQZaYw90A&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div></td> <td valign="top" width="586"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:0ab175ac-c179-499f-ac62-deb350e8b791" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="e6d39b5b-5454-4a67-8ae7-8cb672fbbd87" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></div></div><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <strong style="color: #ff8000; font-size: xxx-large;"><span style="background-color: black;">LOST PYRAMID OF ALASKA: NICOLA TESLA SUPPRESSED KNOWLEDGE ON ZERO POINT ENERGY</span></strong></p><p><strong style="color: #ff8000; font-size: xxx-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></strong></p><p><strong style="color: #ff8000; font-size: xxx-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2233" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/73qursfFaSg" width="2688" youtube-src-id="73qursfFaSg"></iframe></span></strong></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2242" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cIZ7625Ts6A" width="2702" youtube-src-id="cIZ7625Ts6A"></iframe></div><br /><p></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="721"> <p align="left"><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="7"><strong></strong></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="7"><strong><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2243" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ft1waA3p2_w" width="2699" youtube-src-id="Ft1waA3p2_w"></iframe></strong></font></div><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="7"><strong><br /><span style="background-color: black;">LOST PYRAMID OF ALASKA: NICOLA TESLA SUPPRESSED KNOWLEDGE ON ZERO POINT ENERGY</span></strong></font><p></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The great inventor Nikola Tesla, was a man whose genius was far beyond the great minds of his day. He had an intellect that at times seemed almost unearthly. </strong><strong>I suppose this is why some have speculated that such a remarkable individual could not have sprung from the bosom of mother Earth, but instead was the product of extraterrestrial intervention. </strong><strong>His name, in its absence, spoke of dark conspiracies and downright thievery. In public, only the Tesla-coil stands out in honor of its namesake, but few know of the person for whom it is christened.</strong> </font></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Textbooks held no place between its pages for this great man, and teachers rarely uttered his name. Thankfully, some have come to recognize the great injustice that has been done to Tesla and have found a place in some classrooms to teach his history. It would be safe to say that Nikola Tesla was the man who invented the 20<sup>th</sup> Century. </strong><strong>But a mystery remains.</strong> </font></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong style="background-color: black;"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"></font></strong></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2237" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/z97iOZQd-B4" width="2688" youtube-src-id="z97iOZQd-B4"></iframe></font></strong></div><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><br />We know that the United State Patent Office granted patents to many of Tesla’s inventions. These were inventions that Tesla and his investors saw as potentially profitable – the AC motor is an excellent example of one of Tesla’s inventions that changed the world. However, Tesla also invented an unknown number of other items that were never patented for one reason or another. Tesla had a keen sense of what would garner financial interest, but he also worked on and developed technology that was simply for his own curiosity. Of these inventions, we know practically nothing.</font></strong><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="277"> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:253e6c20-03f4-44f6-b189-25ab72e38dd3" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="0994d19d-6b44-4e7b-a716-381def30e0ec" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></div></div><br /> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:60536733-f7b8-4593-9c74-3be998596cdb" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/G_5_hJTJpRc" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" wmode="transparent"></embed></div></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2012/08/lightning-strikes/100356/"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l01_RTR36UYJ.jpg" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Lightning pierces a dark sky above buildings in central Shanghai during a storm on August 15, 2012. (Reuters/Aly Song)</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Worldwide, lightning strikes around 50 times every second (more than 4 million times every day). Electrical imbalances generated by turbulent skies are suddenly balanced by a spectacular discharge tracing across a darkened sky -- a display that is both frightening and awe-inspiring. Collected below are recent images of lightning around the world, including a rare image of an upper atmosphere "red sprite" flash captured by NASA astronauts aboard the International Space Station. </strong></font><font color="#ff8000"><strong><img src="http://ad.doubleclick.net/imp;v1;f;259197106;0-0;0;83336844;1|1;49032302|49028550|1;;cs=a;%3fhttp://ad.doubleclick.net/dot.gif?3340208" /> </strong></font></span></p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img02"></a> </span><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l02_RTR35UWW.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Storm chaser photographer Mike Meadows is silhouetted as lightning strikes outside Lake Havasu City, Arizona as monsoon moisture continues to invade the Mojave deserts area, on July 30, 2012. (Reuters/Gene Blevins)</strong></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2223" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SfAAO9eNqTg" width="2672" youtube-src-id="SfAAO9eNqTg"></iframe></strong></font></div><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong><br /></strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2221" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WgjElzbEhn4" width="2672" youtube-src-id="WgjElzbEhn4"></iframe></div><br /></font><p></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"><a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2012/08/21/serbian-geniusnikola-tesla-tesla-museum-belgrade-serbia/screenhunter_543-aug-21-13-06/"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></a></td><td valign="top" width="499"></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Is There A Large Pyramid Underground<br />Between Mt. McKinley and Nome, Alaska?</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>“The TV news showed the whole world and they had it sliced out where the pyramid was and how big it was in proportion. I mean the thing was huge in the proportional graph they showed.”</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">- Douglas A. Mutschler, Chief Warrant Officer, U. S. Army Counterintelligence</strong></font></p><p align="justify"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"></strong></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1161" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HEH3qLofMaU" width="1397" youtube-src-id="HEH3qLofMaU"></iframe></strong></font></div><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><br /> </strong></font> </span><p></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br />Mount McKinley is north of Anchorage. Nome is upper left red circle on Norton Sound west of Mount McKinley. The region between Mount McKinley and Nome is where the large pyramid structure was allegedly found during geophysical studies of the May 22, 1992, Chinese underground detonation of a large nuclear bomb at Lop Nor.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>I received the following email from a retired Navy Captain and professional engineer who provides analysis of a large “square” he found in Google maps in which each side of the square measures exactly twice the length of each side of the Cheops Great Pyramid in Egypt.</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Following his email and Alaska pyramid or square Google map discovery, I received another email from an unidentified source about the relationship between electrical properties and pyramids.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">I am a retired Navy Captain that served as a Navigator/Communicator, Tactical Coordinator, Mission Commander in 3 active duty and Naval Air Reserve Patrol Squadrons over my 25-year career. I have been both an Executive Officer and Commanding Officer of two reserve units. I have a Bachelor’s Degree in Aerospace Engineering from Ga Tech, a Master’s Degree in Ocean Engineering from Fla Atlantic Univ, and am a Professional Engineer. </strong></font></p> <blockquote> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">I found your interview on the Alaskan Pyramid quite interesting. Having spent two deployments in Adak with my Navy Patrol Squadron, I have always been interested in articles about Alaska. I don’t have any specific knowledge of the Pyramid subject matter, however after listening to the interview and reading the information linked to it on C2CAM, I did the following:<br />1. Signed on to Google Earth<br />2. Drew a line between Mt. McKinley and Nome<br />3. Set my altitude above the ground to@ 15,000ft-20,000ft<br />4. Proceeded to transit the line from SE to NW towards Nome looking for any anomalies that caught my eye. Specifically looking for “non-natural” features like straight lines or “non-natural” geometric shapes. Approximately 50 miles northwest of Mt. McKinley just to the north of the line connecting it to Nome, I came across a square shape that was very distinct in the ground. The area is a flat plain approximately 1950 ft ASL. The coloration of the anomaly is a darkish green and there doesn’t appear to be any type of surface structure. This is a very desolate area in the center of the state. However, the coloration is distinctly different than the immediate surrounding area. There are other areas nearby that have the same color, but are irregular in shape. The area that I noticed is a distinct “square”. My assumption is that if there is something below the surface it could be impacting the flora at the surface which somehow mirror the shape (dimensions) of a structure below. Perhaps it is a thermal differential that promotes growth or some other chemical/physical effect. I have no way to know other than observing the square anomaly. </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>I am forwarding to you for your inspection two jpeg files that I made from the Google map. One of the jpegs shows a reference Lat/Long that is @ 0.37mi from the anomaly. This reference Lat/Long is 63°18’North 152°32’ West. The red line just to the South of the reference position and the anomaly is the line connecting Mt. McKinley to Nome. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><u><font color="#ff8000"><strong>1) Google Map Image of “Square”</strong></font></u> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><br /><img alt="Image" height="779" src="http://i.imgur.com/RoUK0.jpg?1" width="1076" /><br />Google Map Image of “Square” Outlined<br /></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The second jpeg shows the anomaly outlined with the lines I created detailing the four sides of the square, as well as the lines bisecting the four corner angles and the lines bisecting the four sides. These lines all conform to a square with a base of 1510 Ft on a side and as you can see they match up perfectly with the square green anomaly in the first jpeg. You can duplicate what I have done by just going to Google earth the reference Lat/Long where you will see the anomaly.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><u><font color="#ff8000"><strong>2) Google Map Image of “Square” Outlined</strong></font></u> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Image" height="586" src="http://i.imgur.com/Wdx1d.jpg?1" width="801" /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>“The red line just to the South of the reference position and the anomaly is the line connecting Mt. McKinley to Nome. The length each of the 4 side equals @ 1510 Ft. The interesting thing about this dimension is that it is exactly twice the length of the sides of the Great Pyramid at Gisa, which are 755 Ft on a side. The coincidence is interesting to say the least. This would make this square anomaly on the surface 4x the area of the base of the Great Pyramid, which at least is consistent with </strong></font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Our witness (Doug Mutschler) who said the underground pyramid that was supposedly identified during the May 22, 1992, Chinese underground test was much larger than the Great Pyramid at Giza.”</strong></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></blockquote> <p align="justify"><font><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Compare above Google image to infrared satellite image below taken of 17 pyramids <br />hidden underground in Egypt and reported by U. K.'s BBC on May 26, 2011.</strong></font></font></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Egypt" src="http://cdn.ghosttheory.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/egypt-buried-pyramids-e1343696652156.jpg" /> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br />Infrared satellite images have discovered 17 underground hidden pyramids and 3,000 ancient settlements in Egypt. NASA-funded archaeologist Sarah Parcak told the BBC: “I couldn't believe we could locate so many sites. To excavate<br />a pyramid is the dream of every archaeologist.” 2011 infrared satellite image of underground pyramid at center of image by NASA. </strong></font></p> <blockquote> <p align="justify"><font><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Retired U. S. Navy Captain: “This location is near the western boundary of the Danali National Park; @ 150mi west of Talkeetna, the nearest large settlement; and some 230 mi from both Anchorage and Fairbanks. Therefore it is not logical to assume that there would be any type of agriculture or timber operations in this area that would create any type of straight lines or rectangular shapes of fields or forests.<br />What is even a little more interesting is that I measured the dimensions of the square that is visible. The length each of the 4 side equals @ 1510 Ft. The interesting thing about this dimension is that it is exactly twice the length of the sides of the Great Pyramid at Gisa, which are 755 Ft on a side. The coincidence is interesting to say the least. This would make this square anomaly on the surface 4x the area of the base of the Great Pyramid which at least is consistent with your witness who said the underground pyramid that was supposedly identified during the May 22, 1992, Chinese underground test was much larger than the Great Pyramid at Giza.<br />I have tried to measure the orientation of the anomaly and it appears as if the NE side is oriented to 330°/150° to true North. I don’t know if there is any relevance to this number. However, in checking out the Magnetic Declination for the area 63°N 152W° the current declination is some 18°East which means the magnetic compass direction today of this line would be close to 312°. Looking at the historic records that go back to 1900, magnetic declination was closer to 29°E which is significantly higher. This range in declination is due to the relatively close proximity of this location to the magnetic north pole whose position relative to true north varies greatly. It is not inconceivable that in the distant past the magnetic declination was a very high westerly reading which means that the magnetic compass heading could have approached 360°N, indicating that whatever might be causing the square anomaly could have been built pointing to the magnetic north pole at the time it was created. More likely however is that if there is a structure below the surface it was probably oriented to some astronomical feature such as a specific star.<br />One additional feature that I found interesting was looking at the elevation of the anomaly moving along the various sides. If you go to Google and place lines outlining the four sides of the anomaly, and right click the line and select the elevation feature, you will see an elevation plot of the line. When you move the line in the elevation drawing an arrow will detail your transit down the selected line. If you do this with the NE-NW boundary, the SE-NE boundary and the NE to SW diagonal, you will see a very distinct vertical sheer that exists in the NE corner of the square. The vertical sheer is from 6ft to 9ft located some 300ft from the NE corner down both sides and 400 feet down the NE-SW diagonal. The sheer face appears to create a vertical wall perpendicular to both the SE-NE side and the NE-NW side of the anomaly. I don’t know if there is any significance to these sheer walls, but they don’t exist at any other point on the anomaly which is relatively flat across its full dimension.<br />I hope this information is of interest to you. I would be curious to see if anyone else has identified this anomaly or if you believe it bears further investigation.<br />Best regards,<br />MW, Professional Engineer<br />CAPT USNR-Ret.<br />p.s. – for what it is worth - In August of 1986 while out on a morning jog at about 5:30 am or so in St. Petersburg, Florida with my girlfriend, we witnessed a large (747 size or larger) triangular shaped UFO (with 5 white globe type lights on the leading edge forming a V-shape) fly over the area about 2-4 miles away from us moving from North to South at about 2500 Ft and absolutely silent. Two weeks after the sighting I went to a UFO seminar being held in St. Petersburg and heard several other people discussing what they had seen and it was the same object that we had seen. Having an aerospace engineering degree, having held a Top Secret clearance my entire 25 year career in the Navy and Naval Air Reserve I know for a fact that what we saw was a physical object, it was being intelligently controlled, it was of a design that I know far exceeded the capabilities of any heavier than air object existing at the time and being operated by the U.S. Military. I am a believer and I appreciate the work that you and others are doing to break through this fog of secrecy. Keep up the good work."</strong></font></font></p></blockquote> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Electrical Properties of Pyramids </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><u>Subject: Alaska, Sacred Geometry, Aether</u><br />Date: July 30, 2012 <br />To: earthfiles@earthfiles.com</strong></font></font></p> <blockquote> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>“Certain geometries cause Aether to accumulate at various focal points. Applying electricity to these focal points will convert certain amounts of Aether into electricity. The electrical charge must be through static, in small prototypes this done via is a spark jump. The geometry of a pyramid has many of these focal points, one of them being top. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When a static charge jumps from the source node, to a destination node(The Aether focal point) the charge received is greater than the charge used to create the spark. How the Aether is converted to electricity is still unknown, but it is clearly a state of energy just like Heat, Light, Electricity, and Kinetic. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Aether penetrates all matter, it also exists in a perfect vacuum. Applying various frequencies to vacuums will cause light to be emitted, we believe the Aether is being transformed into light. Again more evidence that suggested to us that Aether is a form of energy, also demonstrating its ability to exist in a vacuum, and the ability for sounds frequencies to travel in a vacuum to some degree.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>I am not in Alaska or have any knowledge of that program. My assignment is in a much different area, and the current hypothesis is that the Egyptians somehow discovered or were shown about these geometric occurrences. That the pyramids were an attempt to attract lightning strikes. So that the discharge into the pyramid would be greater than the charge released from atmosphere. This causes a reversal of polarity, sometimes affecting gravity. It is still unclear if the effect on gravity has any connection to electricity or if it is the imbalance of Aether. The gravitational effects slowly weaken over time with no observable interference. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Consider the analogy of trying to force two south poles of magnets together, you are storing energy in that magnetic field and when you let go they push apart again. This energy is being released in the form of kinetic energy and sometimes heat. Somehow during the energy release an upwards force is created, or the downward force of gravity is reduced. This effect slowly diminishes.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Nikola Tesla, discovered these same behaviors. However he had a less effective method of accumulating the Aether. I can't comment on his death or the reason they did not want his latest book going public. I don't know who controls things at the highest level, but it should be clear why free energy would be a threat to control. My team was reassigned and we will be moving to a undisclosed location in Asia. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>I've essentially give you a blueprint to free electricity, you can research it further or dismiss as pseudoscience, it's of no consequence to me.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">This is all I have to say on the matter, I don't know who you really are. This is the first and last time I will ever use this email account and if you try to track me be aware that this message was sent through a dozen countries from a public connection. It would be a futile effort.”</strong></font></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></blockquote> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Continuation of interview with Douglas Alan Mutschler, retired U. S. Army Commissioned Warrant Officer in Counterintelligence (CW2), Fairborn, Ohio, followed by Paul Vincent, Ph.D., Geophysicist, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. </strong></font></p> <div align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Interview:</strong></font> </span></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Douglas Alan Mutschler, physical disability retirement as CW2 Commissioned Warrant Officer in Counterintelligence from U. S. Army on October 31, 1995, Fairborn, Ohio: “AND THE QUESTION IS: WHO IS 'THEM'? AND EXACTLY WHAT'S UP THERE? AND WHY WOULD THE TV BROADCAST ABOUT A PYRAMID LARGER THAN CHEOPS FOUND BETWEEN MOUNT MC KINLEY AND NOME, ALASKA, BE OFF LIMITS TO ANYBODY IN THE WORLD KNOWING?</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Right. You know, when I first thought of this, I was thinking archaeologically. This was underground so it must have been covered over by the ice age. And I was thinking, 'God, I wonder what's in there?' You know, it might have the capstone still. But when those guys (in Fort Meade archive) talked about 'they,' my whole mind started going. Who are They? What am I stepping into here? It stuck with me.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>WHAT ARE THEY DOING IN ALASKA IF IT'S TRUE THERE IS SOME SORT OF UNDERGROUND PYRAMID - WHOSE PYRAMID? CONSTRUCTED WHEN? AND WHO HAS BEEN INVOLVED UNDERGROUND? WHAT DOES ALL THIS MEAN?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Well, they said it was greatly larger than the one in Egypt.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>GREATLY LARGER THAN - AND THAT WOULD BE CHEOPS?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That's the way they were talking and that's why I want to get this program. I mean, they did a great job. The TV news showed the whole world and they had it sliced out where the pyramid was and how big it was in proportion. I mean the thing was huge in the proportional graph they showed. And I was like, 'Whoaa! This has got to be news!' But everybody covered it up. So what's up there? And now, who is up there? (laughs) That's the thing that kept me trying to find somebody who could help me find this information. That's why I contacted you. There's got to be not only those guys who were in the Orderly Room that day, but the geologists who did that research. You know, one of you has got to have the information about that pyramid. It's been long enough. It's been 20 some years. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>YOU GOT OUT OF THE ARMY IN NOVEMBER 1995. WE'RE TALKING IN JULY 2012. WHAT IS IT THAT FINALLY PROVOKED YOU TO SEEK ME AND OTHERS OUT ?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>My age. (laughs) The clocks running. It's been long enough.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>YOU ARE HOW OLD IN JULY 2012?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>55.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>SO AT AGE 55, WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES, THIS HAS HAUNTED YOU SINCE NOVEMBER OF 1992.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>It has haunted me. I mean really!"</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Geophysicist Paul Vincent, OSU</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">I wondered how a large pyramid-shaped structure discovered in the Earth's crust during an underground nuclear test could be hidden from seismologists and geophysicists. So I took the question to Paul Vincent, Ph.D., Geophysicist in the College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University in Corvallis. In the 1990s, Prof. Vincent studied Earth crustal changes during underground nuclear tests for Lawrence-Livermore Laboratory in Berkeley, California. Here now is professor and geophysicist Paul Vincent, Ph.D., from Oregon State University.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Paul Vincent, Ph.D., Geophysicist, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon: “Talking about a pyramidal structure, I suspect they might be talking about some of the oil traps up there.</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>WHAT WOULD BE THE IMAGE THEY WOULD HAVE USED ON TV IF THEY WERE SHOWING THIS, WHICH THIS MAN (MUTSCHLER) SAID HE SAW - WOULD IT BE GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR? OR WHAT?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Well, it depends on how deep they are talking about, but if there are manmade structures, I would be looking at a seismic reflection profile and those are things that oil companies do all the time. They thump the ground with a stimulation source like a big piston that hits the ground at known frequency and then they have a whole string of geophones, or seismometers, strung out at known distances from their source or thumping positions and they get seismic arrival times at each of those geophones at known distances and they can map that travel time to depths. And so you get kind of a cross-section of what is underground that way.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Ground-penetrating radar is for more shallow stuff, for shallow mines or to find buried pipe or shallow archaeological structures. But if you want to go deeper, you use seismic reflection and seismic refraction studies with an active source - an active source being either hitting a steel plate with a sledge hammer or you have a seismic device.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>OR ON MAY 22, 1992, THE CHINESE UNDERGROUND TEST WOULD HAVE AT LEAST GIVEN SEISMOLOGISTS AND GEOPHYSICISTS SOME SORT OF REVERBERATION THROUGH THE EARTH'S CRUST TO STUDY?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Yes, seismic waves, but not to resolve any manmade structures. When the waves arrive at seismic stations from the source, there is more in the crust than it does in the mantle. And so our biggest source of uncertainty is in travel times, which is critical in locating events, is through the crust.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>So the reason why nuclear tests are so valuable for understanding the Earth's crustal structure is because it's a large seismic source that is very shallow. Earthquakes happen at much deeper depths - several kilometers - and so they are not embedded in the shallow crust like underground nuclear tests are.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>AND HAVE YOU PERSONALLY IN ALL OF YOUR WORK EVER SEEN A SEISMIC PROFILE FROM THE NOME AREA BECAUSE OF UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TESTS - THOSE KIND OF PROFILES FROM THERE?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>No, you don't get profiles from teleseismic distances. The profiles are from the seismic reflection and refraction surveys. In order to get a profile, you would have to string a string of geophonews or seismometers out at relatively short distances - one every 100 meters or less apart. And when we're talking about China, we're talking about a source like that would look like the exact same thing on an array of geophones you would use for doing these cross-section imaging stuff I'm talking about. They would all look the same, so it would make no sense to do that.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>WE'RE TALKING ABOUT THE NUCLEAR UNDERGROUND TEST SITE IN CHINA VERSUS NOME, ALASKA?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Right.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>HOW MANY MILES WOULD THAT BE? I DON'T KNOW.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>China to Alaska, a few thousand miles.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>FROM YOUR LONG EXPERIENCE, AN UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TEST IN CHINA AND THEN SOMEBODY PICKING UP THE SIGNATURE IN NOME, ALASKA - WHAT WOULD BE TYPICALLY KNOWN TO GEOPHYSICISTSTHAT WOULD BE THE ONLY POSSIBLE DATA THAT YOU COULD LEARNIN NOME, ALASKA, FROM AN UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR TEST AT THE UNDERGROUND TEST SITE IN CHINA?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The only information that we can get from underground nuclear test source that far away is the crustal structure between China where the test is and the seismic stations that pick up the signal.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>BACK IN 1992, COULD WE HAVE PICKED UP ANY DETAILED UNDERGROUND DATA FROM THAT CHINA TEST IN NOME, ALASKA?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Sure, yes. We did.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>WHAT YOU ARE SAYING IS THAT IF WE WERE LOOKING AT THAT DATA, WHAT WOULD WE SEE?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A seismogram. We would see a typical explosion source time function. It's an explosive source so everything around that test, the rock is compressed - meaning the seismic trace goes up. That's not counting any complicated reflections and phase transitions between P waves and S waves.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Source: <em>Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America</em>, Vol. 94, No. 5, pp. 1879-1889,<br />October 2004: Lop Nor Revisited: Underground Nuclear Explosion Locations, 1976-1996, <br />from Double-Difference Analysis of Regional and Teleseismic Data by Felix Waldhauser et al.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>IF YOU YOURSELF HAD BEEN IN NOME, ALASKA, SAY LOOKING AT EQUIPMENT THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN SET UP BY SOMEBODY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THAT TEST, WHAT COULD YOU HAVE SEEN THAT MIGHT BE UNDERGROUND IN NOME, ALASKA, OR IN THAT AREA?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Nothing. You cannot use teleseismic data to image something manmade that is very shallow underneath you.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>I DON'T FULLY UNDERSTAND WHY WE WOULDN'T SEE SHAPES OF THINGS.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Because there are so many more things that affect the data - the seismic energy - because it's coming from such a long distance. There are so many more things in the crust that will perturb that seismic ray that by the time it gets to you in Alaska, there are the unknowns and what's affecting the propagation of that seismic ray. So it's an integrated effect of thousands of miles of rock. Any affect of any structure locally would only be observed if your station happened to be - the chances of having this supposed structure between you and the test in China - the odds would be astronomical.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>If you drew several curved rays between the test location in China and different points in Alaska and then you imagine this supposed pyramidal structure that's buried, then you would have to draw it pretty small if it's manmade. Even if you were to bury the Great Pyramid (Cheops), it would be like a tiny dot, a small perturbation in the seismic data.” </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Continued in </strong></font><a href="http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2002&category=Environment"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Part 3:</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> Purckeypile and Telida Seismic Stations, Alaska</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Return to </strong></font><a href="http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=2000&category=Environment"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Part 1.</strong></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>If any Earthfiles viewer or <em>Coast to Coast AM</em> radio listener has any information about the alleged underground pyramid structure between Mount McKinley and Nome, Alaska, found during Earth crust studies in conjunction with China's May 22, 1992, one megaton nuclear underground test, please email me: </strong></font><a href="mailto:earthfiles@earthfiles.com"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>earthfiles@earthfiles.com. </strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>All requests for confidentiality are honored.</strong></font></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Bosnian pyramid of the Sun</strong></font><a href="http://www.bosnianpyramid.com/images/BosnianPyramidOfTheSun/BosnianPyramidOfTheSun_NorthSide.JPG"><font color="#ff8000"><strong> (massive hand made blocks)</strong></font></a></span></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:020b796f-aee0-4633-8e7a-3a07a51841f9" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 425px;"> <div id="28a0e136-e2dd-4fef-947a-accba16f2783" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/YWpsINN4KSw&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></span></div></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Bosnian Pyramid, Visocica Hill, is the first European pyramid to be discovered and is located in the heart of Bosnia, in the town of Visoko. The pyramid has all the elements: four perfectly shaped slopes pointing toward the cardinal points, a flat top and an entrance complex. On top of the pyramid are also the ruins of a Medieval walled town, once the base of a Bosnian king Tvrtko of Kotromanic (1338-1391). Because of its similarities to the Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan, Mexico, it has been named the “Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun” ('Bosanska Piramida Sunca'). There are also a four more ancient structures on the site, the Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon ('Bosanska Piramida Mjeseca'), Bosnian Pyramid of the Dragon ( 'Bosanska Piramida Zmaja'), Bosnian Pyramid of the Love ('Bosanska Piramida Ljubavi') and Temple of the Earth, ('Hram Zemlje').'We have already dug out stone blocks which I believe are covering the pyramid', said </strong></font><a href="http://www.bosnianpyramid.com/index_Files/Semir.html"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Semir (Sam) Osmanagic</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, a Bosnian American archaeologist who has spent the last 15 years studying the pyramids of Latin America. 'We found a paved entrance plateau and discovered underground tunnels'..... (October 2005)</strong></font></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="499"> <blockquote> <p></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:ebb02b02-bd3b-4561-98e0-1476fe65fc69" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="5db67aca-e145-4412-99c5-e21f17af1211" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></div></div> </span><p></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>With the melting of the ice and snow in the Antarctic several pyramid like structures have been located. There are several pictures of what may be pyramids in Antarctica, that may be manmade or alien made. All over the world and even under the sea there are pyramids hundreds of feet tall being found that are thousands of years old. Several hundred in China/Tibet are thought to be12, 000 years old. They provide strong evidence of extraterrestrial intervention or that advanced civilizations once existed on Earth.</strong></font> </span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramid Mountain located at (77°47′S 160°40′E77.783°S 160.667°Eis a mountain resembling a pyramid, rising to 2,120 meters (6,955 ft) in Antarctica. The name first appears on maps of the British Antarctic Expedition (R.F. Scott), in 1910-13, but the mountain was almost certainly seen for the first time during Scott’s first expedition in 1901. Pyramid Mountain is just short of 7,000 feet or more than a mile high and would have been a tremendous feat to build.</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The picture below shows one and possibly two or three pyramids lined up Giza style. They look like natural mountains, but they could have been used as power plants to energize the craft. Christopher Dunn book, “The Giza Power Plant: Technologies of Ancient Egypt,” explains the technology of how the pyramids gather electrical energy.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids02.jpeg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Antarctica Pyramids" height="195" src="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids02.jpeg" title="Antarctica Pyramids" width="350" /></strong></font></a></p><p></p><p></p></blockquote> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The article, which goes on to explain that this may in fact be the lost continent of Atlantis which perhaps sunk and froze. If this is true, we may be on the verge of the Archaeological discovery of the millennium! But being realistic we may never find out the truth, ‘they’ always cover everything up.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Visit beforeitsnews.com to read more about it: </strong><a href="http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2012/09/antarctica-pyramids-2466756.html"><strong>Antarctica Pyramids?</strong></a></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">And just because I had some spare time to put it together, here’s a gallery with some of the photos I found online, enjoy.</strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 599px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="199"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids.jpg"><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="Antarctica Pyramids" height="150" src="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids-150x150.jpg" title="Antarctica Pyramids" width="150" /></font></a><font color="#ff8000"> <br /><br /><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids04.jpg"><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="Antarctica-Pyramids04" height="150" src="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids04-150x150.jpg" title="Antarctica-Pyramids04" width="150" /></font></a><font color="#ff8000"> </font></font></span></td> <td valign="top" width="199"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids02.jpeg"><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="Antarctica Pyramids" height="150" src="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids02-150x150.jpeg" title="Antarctica Pyramids" width="150" /></font></a><font color="#ff8000"> <br /><br /><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids05.jpg"><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="Antarctica-Pyramids05" height="150" src="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids05-150x150.jpg" title="Antarctica-Pyramids05" width="150" /></font></a><font color="#ff8000"> </font></font></span></td> <td valign="top" width="199"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids03.jpg"><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="Antarctica-Pyramids03" height="150" src="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Antarctica-Pyramids03-150x150.jpg" title="Antarctica-Pyramids03" width="150" /></font></a><font color="#ff8000"> <br /><br /><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/antarctic-pyramid06.png"><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="antarctic-pyramid06" height="150" src="http://paranoidnews.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/antarctic-pyramid06-150x150.png" title="antarctic-pyramid06" width="150" /></font></a><font color="#ff8000"> </font></font></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl> <dt> <div align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Photos courtesy of Google Image Search</strong></font></div></dt></dl> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And just for the record, these are not the only newly discovered pyramids. Oh yes, there is more! Recently two complexes of pyramids were discovered through Google Maps/Google Earth, you can read more about it right </strong></font><a href="http://news.discovery.com/history/lost-egyptian-pyramids-found-120810.html"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>HERE</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> but essentially all it says is that they found two previously unknown pyramid complexes in Egypt.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And there you have it, Folks, new pyramids found all around the world! Not to mention </strong></font><a href="http://paranoidnews.org/2012/07/submerged-millennium-falcon-ufo-from-the-baltic-disables-electronic-equipment/"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>that one Millenniun-Falcon-shaped settlement at the bottom of the Baltic sea</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>. I am not sure what to make of all of this. I don’t know if ‘they’ are preparing us for some sort of disclosure or if this is just a big coincidence. For now only one thing is sure: Something big is coming I just hope it doesn’t hit us on the head.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">For now, if you need me I will be building my own pyramid-shaped helmet, just in case it does hit us on the head.</strong></font></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:7a948b27-2260-4843-acc3-ba4aa54d1f37" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 425px;"><div id="b1068682-5c35-4dbe-a2a0-42934b741d16" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dpn33EunGSM" target="_new"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" galleryimg="no" onload="var downlevelDiv = document.getElementById('b1068682-5c35-4dbe-a2a0-42934b741d16'); downlevelDiv.innerHTML = "<div><object width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><param name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/Dpn33EunGSM&hl=en\"><\/param><embed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/Dpn33EunGSM&hl=en\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><\/embed><\/object><\/div>";" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-uEDzy3PF0vc/UkJgMTCb8zI/AAAAAAACwhE/VxwbZkbCjuk/video63dd063b3139%25255B3%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-style: none;" /></span></a></div></div></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span><h3 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Nikola Tesla – Serbian scientific genius</font></h3> <h4 align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000">by </font><a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/author/milosevic/"><font color="#ff8000">Sir Vojislav Milosevic</font></a><font color="#ff8000">, Director</font></span></h4> <h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Center for Counter-terrorism & World Peace Serbia</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The great inventor Nikola Tesla, was a man whose genius was far beyond the great minds of his day. He had an intellect that at times seemed almost unearthly. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>I suppose this is why some have speculated that such a remarkable individual could not have sprung from the bosom of mother Earth, but instead was the product of extraterrestrial intervention.</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>His name, in its absence, spoke of dark conspiracies and downright thievery. In public, only the Tesla-coil stands out in honor of its namesake, but few know of the person for whom it is christened.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Textbooks held no place between its pages for this great man, and teachers rarely uttered his name. Thankfully, some have come to recognize the great injustice that has been done to Tesla and have found a place in some classrooms to teach his history. It would be safe to say that Nikola Tesla was the man who invented the 20<sup>th</sup> Century.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>But a mystery remains.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>We know that the United State Patent Office granted patents to many of Tesla’s inventions. These were inventions that Tesla and his investors saw as potentially profitable – the AC motor is an excellent example of one of Tesla’s inventions that changed the world. However, Tesla also invented an unknown number of other items that were never patented for one reason or another. Tesla had a keen sense of what would garner financial interest, but he also worked on and developed technology that was simply for his own curiosity. Of these inventions, we know practically nothing.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Tesla was always a very thin man, and even as far back as the 1890′s, he drove himself to exhaustion on many occasions. In 1893, speaking at the Chicago World’s Fair, the dignitaries attending were so concerned about him that he said the following:</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>“A number of scientific men asked a group of electricians to deliver a lecture. A great many promised that they would come [but] when the program was sifted down, I was the only healthy man left, and so I have managed to take some of my apparatus and give you a brief outline of some of my work.”</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Katharine Johnson also, on many occasions, worried about Tesla’s health and refusal to eat a substantial meal.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Through the years, Tesla began to give up meat, and eventually some time in the 1930′s, he just about gave up solid foods altogether. He drank bowls of warm milk and a combination potion made from the hearts of numerous vegetables such as artichokes and celery. He also ate honey.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>By the time he was in his 80′s he was cadaverously thin. The last published photo of him when he was He is much thinner in this picture than the famous one taken just a few months before when he met with his nephew, Sava Kosanovic, ambassador from Yugoslavia, and the exiled King Peter, of Serbia.</strong></font> </span></p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Nikola Tesla (in the middle) with King Petar Karadjordjevic, Serbian Dinasty and King of Yugoslavia (in uniform)</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Tesla certainly discussed the idea of using a Wardenclyffe like tower to shoot down incoming aircraft, via a particle beam weapon, and as a completely separate concept, he also discussed the idea of creating earthquakes, which could be engendered in a variety of ways, e.g., by bringing buildings down by placing oscillators on their main support beams, or by setting off gigantic dynamite charges timed to a resonant earth frequency.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>So where did the idea that Tesla caused the explosion in Tunguska originate?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The answer is probably threefold:</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Through Tesla’s own writings whereby he says on May 3, 1907, in the New York World, just one year before the Tunguska explosion, that his “magnifying transmitter” has already produced 25 million horse power, and that “a similar and much improved machine now under construction, will make it possible to attain maximum explosive rates of over 800 million horse power.” Tesla also states in this article and in an article the following year in Wireless Telegraphy & Telephone, 1908, pp. 67-71, that he will be able to direct electrical energy “with great precision” to any point of the globe.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Tesla was working on the Philadelphia Experiment. To what extent did he participate?</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>As you probably know, there is a lot of controversy about the Philadelphia Experiment, and what really occurred. There is one theory that an entire ship was made to disappear and then reappear someplace else.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>One explanation is that this was done by dematerializing and then rematerializing the ship. A more likely scenario is that the ship disappeared on the radar screen and then reappeared later. This can be done in a variety of ways, by either creating a special electrical field that is hard to detect, or by making the skin of the ship out of some material, such as Kevlar, which is a polyurethane fiber that absorbs the electromagnetic energy thereby preventing the radar beams from bouncing off the hull, and thus giving the position of the ship away. The stealth bomber has a skin made up of a compound that absorbs radar beams.Tesla’s link to the Philadelphia Experiment is often tied to his supposed association with Albert Einstein. I have completed an exhaustive study of Tesla’s relationship to Albert Einstein and found out that there is no correspondence between them other than the famous letter Einstein sent to Tesla on Tesla’s 75th birthday. There are no letters in either the Tesla Museum in Belgrade or the Einstein archives which are in Israel at the University of Jerusalem.</strong></font> </span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Tesla lost his financing for Wardenclyffe because he ran out of money, in part, because he decided to build a larger tower than was contracted for with J.Pierpont Morgan. Tesla’s first major falling out with Morgan occurred in August of 1901, shortly after Morgan’s return from Europe, and this was during the Wall Street Panic of 1901.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Essentially, Morgan feared that a new wireless system of power distribution might threaten such companies that he had control over as General Electric or AT & T.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A question remains as to whether or not Tesla actually constructed a particle beam weapon. I believe that when looks at this question from a historical standpoint, we see that he had been working on this and similar devices for over 30 years. Thus, it is my opinion, that Tesla did, indeed, construct a working model. At the age of 81, at a luncheon in his honor, concerning the Death Ray, Tesla stated,</strong></font> </span></p><blockquote> <p align="justify"><font><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">“But it is not an experiment…. I have built, demonstrated and used it. Only a little time will pass before I can give it to the world.” </strong></font></font></p></blockquote> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>We now know that Tesla was interested and experimented in such “wild” ideas as free energy, antigravity, invisibility and even time travel. Its no surprise that Tesla in his day was loathe to speak of these kinds of interests – after all, even today these areas of study still come under fire by some “mainstream” scientists, who refuse to use their imaginations and intellect, and scorn such interests with terms such as “bad science” and quackery.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In 1895, while conducting research with his step-up transformer, Nikola Tesla had his first indications that time and space could be influenced by using highly charged, rotating magnetic fields. Part of this revelation came about from Tesla’s experimentation with radio frequencies and the transmission of electrical energy through the atmosphere. Tesla’s simple discovery would, years later, lead to the infamous Philadelphia Experiment and the Montauk time travel projects. But even before these highly top-secret military programs came about, Tesla made some fascinating discoveries on the nature of time and the real possibilities of time travel.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>With these experiments in high-voltage electricity and magnetic fields, Tesla discovered that time and space could be breached, or warped, creating a “doorway” that could lead to other time frames. But with this monumental discovery, Tesla also discovered, through personal experience, the very real dangers inherent with time travel.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Tesla’s first brush with time travel came in March 1895. A reporter for the New York Herald wrote on March 13 that he came across the inventor in a small café, looking shaken after being hit by 3.5 million volts, “I am afraid,” said Tesla, “that you won’t find me a pleasant companion tonight. The fact is I was almost killed today. The spark jumped three feet through the air and struck me here on the right shoulder. If my assistant had not turned off the current instantly in might have been the end of me.”</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Tesla, on contact with the resonating electromagnetic charge, found himself outside his time-frame reference. He reported that he could see the immediate past – present and future, all at once. But he was paralyzed within the electromagnetic field, unable to help himself. His assistant, by turning off the current, released Tesla before any permanent damage was done. A repeat of this very incident would occur years later during the Philadelphia Experiment. Unfortunately, the sailors involved were left outside their time-frame reference for too long with disastrous results.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">In the 1930′s Nikola Tesla got involved with a group with was experimenting with moving through the Time/Space continuum. In the early 1930′s, the University of Chicago investigated the possibility of invisibility through the use of electricity.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">It is believed that the Philadelphia Experiment was mostly an investigation into how Einstein’s Unified Field Theory for Gravitation and Electricity could be used in the development of electronic camouflage to keep naval ships from being seen by the enemy. The research was aimed at using intense electromagnetic fields to hide a ship from incoming torpedoes. This was later extended to include a study of creating radar invisibility by a similar field in the air rather than in the water.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The idea for the experiment came from investigations and experiments by a group involving Tesla for the possibility of invisibility through the use of electricity. The experiments succeeded for small objects, and around 1939, it was presented to the government. The military was particularly interested in this, possibly due to the fact that there was a war going on at the time, and technology like this would be monumental.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2012/08/21/serbian-geniusnikola-tesla-tesla-museum-belgrade-serbia/screenhunter_545-aug-21-13-09/"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="673" src="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/ScreenHunter_545-Aug.-21-13.09.jpg" title="ScreenHunter_545 Aug. 21 13.09" width="566" /></font></strong></a></p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Tesla had a vivid imagination and an intuitive way of developing scientific hypotheses. After seeing a demonstration of the “Gramme dynamo” (a machine that when operated in one direction is a generator, and when reversed is an electric motor), Tesla visualized a rotating magnetic field and developed plans for an induction motor applying the concept. This electric motor was the first step toward the successful application of alternating-current. Telsa used his imagination to prove and apply his hypotheses.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Tesla, the prodigal genius, the forgotten genius, the sorcerer, the man out of time, the wizard with lightning in his hands. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Tesla’s abstruse, esoteric electric technology is beyond the average intellect and is best interpreted by qualified, degreed experts in quantum physics and scaler electromagnetics<br />In his old age, forgotten and penniless, Tesla was murdered by agents of the NAZZI government,Otto Skorzzeny and Reinhard Gehlen, in a seedy Manhattan hotel room, his papers confiscated and disappeared by the FBI. Tesla’s technology continues to be undisclosed to the public and instead is directed into black projects, like the Philadelphia Experiment, and HAARP.</font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Antigravitic UFO’s are Tesla technology, as are the quantum-vacuum, zero-point energy generators that drive them. Tesla’s technology has brought us such products as the Tesla Scaler Potentizer, the Teslar wristwatch, the Tesla Teletransporter, and the Tesla Male-Enhancement Helix, as well as the Tesla electric sportscar. It was Tesla’s magnifying transmitter that caused the devastating Tunguska explosion of 1908. A contemporary black-project version underground in Canada accidentally brought about the East Coast blackout of 2003.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The Mystique sentimentalizes, romanticizes, and mystifies the memory of Nikola Tesla. The Mystique is determined to make Tesla awesome, fantastic, and beyond comprehension. The Mystique is an intellectual fashion wave that distorts biography, history, science, and consciousness.</font></strong></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="546" src="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-yCOX6QI_igs/Ty_inWggo_I/AAAAAAAABGM/H0C2Tq_xQHc/w692-h546/profecias-mayas%25255B4%25255D.jpg" width="692" /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Possible Pyramid submerged within the Bermuda Triangle?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Bermuda Triangle: mysterious, unworldly, sometimes deadly. For decades intrepid researchers delved into the maze of mysteries hidden deep within this most enigmatic place on Earth.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Some speculate the bizarre time anomalies, disappearances and weird phenomena can be explained by natural occurences. Others are insistent that relics of an advanced, unknown culture left behind fantastic technology…great energy machines that literally warp spacetime and open portals to other realities.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Now American and French explorers have made a monumental discovery: a partially translucent, crystal-like pyramid rising from the Caribbean seabed— its origin, age and purpose completely unknown.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d786dcc2-cf21-4a06-a0ef-d71e7fc24d4b" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 425px;"><div id="3339538f-e021-4fc3-bc91-ee30b654bd07" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZR_uxDQMK8" target="_new"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" galleryimg="no" height="570" onload="var downlevelDiv = document.getElementById('3339538f-e021-4fc3-bc91-ee30b654bd07'); downlevelDiv.innerHTML = "<div><object width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><param name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/VZR_uxDQMK8&hl=en\"><\/param><embed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/VZR_uxDQMK8&hl=en\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><\/embed><\/object><\/div>";" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp3i6UNLkRa7pYvWpo8h6X8wPC55jG7au-mBLKk-4Su0RS69iFIE8mi-7mhIcrIl7OvPq_-YllZ6tKjJtVrntl24BKYrALRwfLKuyz7Dd0pnuc50XTUcgY2yuLC6LSv8PX3fjxOhVEsGtf/w682-h570/videoc404a2df1c62%25255B3%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-style: none;" width="682" /></span></a></div></div></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.pakalertpress.com/"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font></a> </span><h3 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Giant Crystal Pyramid Discovered In Bermuda Triangle</font></h3> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><ins><ins><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font></ins></ins> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Terrence Aym</strong></font></em> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1027" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1s1n5lRilXM" width="1235" youtube-src-id="1s1n5lRilXM"></iframe></strong></font></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><br />The Bermuda Triangle: mysterious, unworldly, sometimes deadly. For decades intrepid researchers delved into the maze of mysteries hidden deep within this most enigmatic place on Earth.</strong></font> </span><p></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Some speculate the bizarre time anomalies, disappearances and weird phenomena can be explained by natural occurences. Others are insistent that relics of an advanced, unknown culture left behind fantastic technology…great energy machines that literally warp spacetime and open portals to other realities.</strong></font> </span></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:9127dc3c-4802-40ea-a99c-600b1899c3b9" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 425px;"><div id="31ede311-6e76-468f-8acc-3162e5c50960" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqoUASO3k8g" target="_new"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" galleryimg="no" onload="var downlevelDiv = document.getElementById('31ede311-6e76-468f-8acc-3162e5c50960'); downlevelDiv.innerHTML = "<div><object width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><param name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/lqoUASO3k8g&hl=en\"><\/param><embed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/lqoUASO3k8g&hl=en\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><\/embed><\/object><\/div>";" src="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-_yZazhOsEgU/UkJACcd6RBI/AAAAAAACwhU/o-nso2zX8W4/video0e498013f1be%25255B3%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border-style: none;" /></span></a></div></div></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="300" src="http://www.pakalertpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Giant-Crystal-Pyramid-Discovered-In-Bermuda-Triangle.jpg" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Giant Crystal Pyramid Discovered In Bermuda Triangle" width="400" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Now American and French explorers have made a monumental discovery: a partially translucent, crystal-like pyramid rising from the Caribbean seabed— its origin, age and purpose completely unknown.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:1b6dfd1e-759d-4091-852b-b3d0d2b94248" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 425px;"><div id="47befad8-af2d-4274-9dce-d134e896a88a" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKqCHOq6Y0k" target="_new"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" galleryimg="no" onload="var downlevelDiv = document.getElementById('47befad8-af2d-4274-9dce-d134e896a88a'); downlevelDiv.innerHTML = "<div><object width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><param name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/GKqCHOq6Y0k&hl=en\"><\/param><embed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/GKqCHOq6Y0k&hl=en\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><\/embed><\/object><\/div>";" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW8VXrN03pEo4z0UTwZMJOQXtPpuSqU70Gc3F5FgRG_fNixlp7FAS2WJhw9Tb5vVvBSvr5NG7d87caqHrjRdjr8Wze6M8pLFySAeh5Wbkdu1JbOiJKVj_J38UDqZOUkL9HF-GJ2b_rTi_5/?imgmax=800" style="border-style: none;" /></span></a></div></div></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramid discovery challenges current archaelogical theory</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A gigantic structure, perhaps larger than the Great Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt, and initially identified by a doctor in the 1960s, has been independently verified by diving teams from France and the U.S.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The discovery has rocked scientists around the world. Will they rush to investigate it? No, they’re more likely to studiously ignore it. If pressed, they’ll officially position themselves as highly skeptical—especially in light ofthe potential ramifications.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The pyramid could confirm some engineers’ contentions that pyramids were originally created as massive power sources, support the claim that the ancient city-state of Atlantis</strong></font></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:a11154b2-c451-4837-9d53-0c5033a6700d" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 425px;"><div id="a3e05d40-734f-4ab7-a2c5-49731c143ec6" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=stKJJ6xWYFY" target="_new"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" galleryimg="no" onload="var downlevelDiv = document.getElementById('a3e05d40-734f-4ab7-a2c5-49731c143ec6'); downlevelDiv.innerHTML = "<div><object width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><param name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/stKJJ6xWYFY&hl=en\"><\/param><embed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/stKJJ6xWYFY&hl=en\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" width=\"425\" height=\"355\"><\/embed><\/object><\/div>";" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMOe0RqP0p_mrwaai06N-Og5QyMhex4I_LkFMcJkQw_UjHX4EEJJvnKhMfzLRfos_SOEoIOdImEuecZsprMMkVkM4lZM2qoj5ovZeCpOAUubDfzU54SjvQsDc_1xakP2bpnupVpTOGBgFI/?imgmax=800" style="border-style: none;" /></span></a></div></div></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /> </span></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Possible Pyramids found in Antarctica</font></strong> </span></p><p><em><strong><a href="http://api.ning.com:80/files/xG8ctPQndda8EE9ljtKJz-iq8aldaEBhVR15GjpY2q7kcJIkF*Lf0fmGBpbhWECsEmX0DnDIIjUdHOVBmArT10UHD*nqBhQu/antarcticpyramid3.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img height="413" src="http://api.ning.com:80/files/xG8ctPQndda8EE9ljtKJz-iq8aldaEBhVR15GjpY2q7kcJIkF*Lf0fmGBpbhWECsEmX0DnDIIjUdHOVBmArT10UHD*nqBhQu/antarcticpyramid3.jpg" width="672" /></font></a></strong></em></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><strong><font color="#ff8000">Above: Another pyramid structure, notice the dome type structure alongside the Pyramid - and there appears to be another smaller 'pyramid' like structure behind the main one</font></strong></em> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><strong><font color="#ff8000"></font></strong></em> </span></p><p><em><strong><a href="http://api.ning.com:80/files/tM0T5eoOh4I5TOE6IO**QSGDjWPbCwGiDQQZv928dWJWCCEibimFpNhfy03ypM--GGZizfgD8gzWuf6m645fu2W-y6KAGasm/AntarcticPyramid5_5.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img height="411" src="http://api.ning.com:80/files/tM0T5eoOh4I5TOE6IO**QSGDjWPbCwGiDQQZv928dWJWCCEibimFpNhfy03ypM--GGZizfgD8gzWuf6m645fu2W-y6KAGasm/AntarcticPyramid5_5.jpg" width="669" /></font></a></strong></em></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><strong><font color="#ff8000">Above: This picture fascinates me - after playing around with the settings in photo-shop and enlarging the area, you can really notice a lot of geometry. It looks like a temple of some sort next to a pyramid!</font></strong></em> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><strong><font color="#ff8000"></font></strong></em> </span></p><p><em><strong><a href="http://api.ning.com:80/files/GJGx3NZYkUSlgwQ7gG7L0Y3Uu5fh8Mgd*awCTn9u*jsddBZIo5KTxLj*ohpHnSKaQAC6ypnE5p4YWGSh5PSy9IZu6RTN1JJd/AntarcticaSteppedStructurenexttopyramid.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img height="416" src="http://api.ning.com:80/files/GJGx3NZYkUSlgwQ7gG7L0Y3Uu5fh8Mgd*awCTn9u*jsddBZIo5KTxLj*ohpHnSKaQAC6ypnE5p4YWGSh5PSy9IZu6RTN1JJd/AntarcticaSteppedStructurenexttopyramid.jpg" width="676" /></font></a></strong></em></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><strong><font color="#ff8000">Above: The left Pyramid highlighted red is the same structure(s) as the photo above this one. To the right there is a giant mound with 'looks' structured in some way. Almost reminds me of the sphinx. To the back which I did not amplify with photo'shop are what 'looks' like 'steps'</font></strong></em> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><strong><font color="#ff8000"></font></strong></em> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000"></font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">These photo's have been floating around the internet causing a buzz. As the ice cover rapidly melts - it is possible that structures will reveal themselves to us - or, as some of the photo's above show - Have (possibly) revealed themselves. </font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"></font> </span></p><p><a href="http://www.apparentlyapparel.com/uploads/5/3/5/6/5356442/417429.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img height="424" src="http://www.apparentlyapparel.com/uploads/5/3/5/6/5356442/417429.jpg" width="631" /></font></a></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img03"></a> </span><p align="justify"><strong><a href="http://api.ning.com/files/B2*q5wUg7qRRjaUiEljUybiJsdZc8ubBCi8VCTgZzn4dD2QiB8rQQQjVBk6F7IOP7b3oR8qr0pVy24flgxQjBGJ6323fz26v/BosnianPyramidofSun.jpg"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://api.ning.com/files/B2*q5wUg7qRRjaUiEljUybiJsdZc8ubBCi8VCTgZzn4dD2QiB8rQQQjVBk6F7IOP7b3oR8qr0pVy24flgxQjBGJ6323fz26v/BosnianPyramidofSun.jpg" /></span></a></strong></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong>INDONESIA</strong><a href="http://api.ning.com:80/files/nSaPG1NCN0twgL7Mu5nCx6oE49TFpWedy6-1vro*q6*7zzeZSx8KoEfIAzO2XNTuu8QBcPF3xfR*6fILzcmgaFPx9hnIxVWz/images.jpg"><br /></a></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"> <p align="justify"><a href="http://api.ning.com:80/files/nSaPG1NCN0twgL7Mu5nCx6oE49TFpWedy6-1vro*q6*7zzeZSx8KoEfIAzO2XNTuu8QBcPF3xfR*6fILzcmgaFPx9hnIxVWz/images.jpg"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="304" src="http://api.ning.com:80/files/nSaPG1NCN0twgL7Mu5nCx6oE49TFpWedy6-1vro*q6*7zzeZSx8KoEfIAzO2XNTuu8QBcPF3xfR*6fILzcmgaFPx9hnIxVWz/images.jpg" width="406" /></span></a></p></td> <td valign="top" width="499"> <p align="justify"><a><strong><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://api.ning.com:80/files/ywUKQz08*cIebf3yfCZX-wzhu7-xiO7kkqjebRnvNa9NrgfOSjzioYPIGqc3ZIJ*K6kPnFj*XYjqbjgahiHvbBnhYN7Sq6b8/03.jpg" width="400" /></font><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://api.ning.com:80/files/ygZjfdjvheX07pziLYJsIpTJPrM0CswkhLIztee-WDaBiPnjhmSj-lOER39qgWd22xwSFYePg4Mp-Bh3mC8jWF2YFHI4z2q8/01b.jpg" width="320" /></font></span></strong></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Security efforts so far undertaken is still limited in the area of safety wiring the top of the pyramid. Chairman of the Indonesian Architects Association (IAI) of West Java, Pon S. Purajatnika add to this process of excavation can not be done, both in the peak area covering four acres and an estimated total area of 50 hektar.Bila this continues, it is feared objects scattered sites in the area used as a stone by bida population of the village of Karya Mukti tersebut.Berdasarkan various sources, site of Mount Padang is punden staircase-shaped megalithic sites of the largest in Southeast Asia. Is considering a building area of approximately 900 m2 purbakalanya with area around the site itself approximately 3 acres. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The existence of this site first appeared in the report Rapporten kundigen van de oudheid-Dienst (ROD), in 1914, later reported to NJ Krom 1949. in 1979 concerned officials in the development and research of cultural bend is followed by the overseers of local culture and Pulit ditlinbinjarah Arkenas to review the site location. Since that time research efforts toward the site of Mount Padang began to do well from the point of archaeological, historical, geological and lainnya.Bentuk berundaknya punden building reflects the tradition of megalithic (meaning great and Lithos mega means stone) as is common in some areas in West Java. Gunung Padang site located 50 kilometers from Cianjur said to be the greatest megalithic sites in Southeast Asia. Among the local community, the site is believed to be evidence of attempts to build castles in King Siliwangi semalam.Dibantu by his troops, he tried to collect the stone blocks that are only found in the area. However, the night seemed to pass faster.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Burst of dawn in the eastern horizon was thwarting his hard, then it is of Regional and then he left. He let the stones scattered on the hill which is now called Mount Padang. Gunung Padang Padang means terang.Punden staircase, built with massive volcanic rocks are rectangular. The building consists of five terraces with different sizes. The stones have not had a touch of human hands in a sense, has not worked or shaped by human hands. Blocks of stone which the sums are so many that spread almost over the top of Mount Padang.Penduduk local dub some stones of the terraces with the names of the smell of Islam. For example there is a table called Milled Pangancingan Kiai, Chair Bonang Grandmother, Grandmother Jojodog or Swasana seat, backrest stone Suhaedin Sheikh alias Sheikh Abdul Rusman, grandparent households Marzuki Sheikh, and Sheikh Abdul Fuko </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><a href="http://api.ning.com:80/files/bhyDOjdOiXKXCpOwJluAiW9qW-wiE12oPOnSk9qmLe1m55f4zHfbsoDOU7QJUO0*rzZFJnOQaQdDmBf0d3vWJf0wTN9bWFW-/11.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://api.ning.com:80/files/bhyDOjdOiXKXCpOwJluAiW9qW-wiE12oPOnSk9qmLe1m55f4zHfbsoDOU7QJUO0*rzZFJnOQaQdDmBf0d3vWJf0wTN9bWFW-/11.jpg" width="275" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://amazingodd.blogspot.ca/2012/07/pyramid-mountain-in-prehistoric-relics.html"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Source</strong></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Possible New Pyramids Found in Egypt with Google Earth</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><div align="justify"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgihjPc0LcSowOjL2TsJuysvCXO58aQyZ86YDV9s55D6_iIjH-_-wqsTX9Gv0aZ74kXtCqFnz8SEfpAKlwQZ7MnTGDcnJGOXG9NlvjiJQinfBQ-zgKq5batRMqljLbzMGFVL74O-VzgbPE/s400/Egypt_Google_02.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgihjPc0LcSowOjL2TsJuysvCXO58aQyZ86YDV9s55D6_iIjH-_-wqsTX9Gv0aZ74kXtCqFnz8SEfpAKlwQZ7MnTGDcnJGOXG9NlvjiJQinfBQ-zgKq5batRMqljLbzMGFVL74O-VzgbPE/s400/Egypt_Google_02.jpg" width="543" /></strong></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="499"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2YurqMEB2-jjm5DF7_y7L3gviVKojqBHD9hOVOT84viYjbNDGhIEecDah9bMUP_4-89f02GF_VxQduqoFmLNS2Epqqs2HO5g0c8qcdgkI7_ZEHHRSdHvrNfiU0NMdh7uZa-T253AeUG0/s400/Egypt_Google_01.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2YurqMEB2-jjm5DF7_y7L3gviVKojqBHD9hOVOT84viYjbNDGhIEecDah9bMUP_4-89f02GF_VxQduqoFmLNS2Epqqs2HO5g0c8qcdgkI7_ZEHHRSdHvrNfiU0NMdh7uZa-T253AeUG0/s400/Egypt_Google_01.jpg" width="541" /></strong></font></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Two unidentified, possible pyramid complexes have been located with satellite imagery from Google Earth. </strong></font></em> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">One of the complex sites contains a distinct, four-sided, truncated, pyramidal shape that is approximately 140 feet in width. This site contains three smaller mounds in a very clear formation, similar to the diagonal alignment of the Giza Plateau pyramids. <br />The second possible site contains four mounds with a larger, triangular-shaped plateau. The two larger mounds at this site are approximately 250 feet in width, with two smaller mounds approximately 100 feet in width. This site complex is arranged in a very clear formation with the large plateau, or butte, nearby in a triangular shape with a width of approximately 600 feet. <br />The sites have been documented and discovered by satellite archaeology researcher Angela Micol of Maiden, North Carolina. Angela has been conducting satellite archaeology research for over ten years, searching for ancient sites from space using Google Earth. Angela is a UNC Charlotte alumnus and has studied archaeology since childhood. Google Earth has allowed her to document many possible archaeological sites, including a potential underwater city off the coast of the Yucatan peninsula that has sparked the interest of scientists, researchers and archaeologists. Angela is also a board member of the APEX Institute, founded by archaeologist William Donato, who is pioneering underwater archaeological research in the Bahamas. Angela has been assisted by Don J. Long, fellow APEX researcher and colleague. <br />The sites have been verified as undiscovered by Egyptologist and pyramid expert Nabil Selim. Nabil’s discoveries include the pyramid called Sinki at Abydos and the Dry Moat surrounding the Step pyramid Complex at Saqqara. Nabil has stated the smaller 100 foot “mounds”, at one of the proposed complex sites, are a similar size as the 13th Dynasty Egyptian pyramids, if a square base can be discovered...</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.ca/2012/08/possible-egyptian-pyramids-found-using.html#.UCHVXE1lQ4w"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>MORE</strong></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><em><font color="#ff8000"><strong>(Following Images and text found </strong></font><a href="http://www.googleearthanomalies.com/Anomalies/tabid/56/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/40/Unexplained-Features-Upper-Egypt-Mounds.aspx"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>here</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>)</strong></font></em> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The image below is approximately 620 feet wide. For comparison purposes the Great Pyramid is 208 feet in width. This mound feature is almost 3 times the size of the Great Pyramid. Upon closer examination of the formation, it appears to have a very flat top and a curiously symmetrical triangular shape that has been heavily eroded with time. </strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><div align="justify"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"><a href="http://www.googleearthanomalies.com/Portals/0/Anomalies/2010/9-2010/egypt_area2_4.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="393" src="http://www.googleearthanomalies.com/Portals/0/Anomalies/2010/9-2010/egypt_area2_4.jpg" width="655" /></strong></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="499"><a href="http://www.googleearthanomalies.com/Portals/0/Anomalies/2010/9-2010/egypt_area2_5.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="394" src="http://www.googleearthanomalies.com/Portals/0/Anomalies/2010/9-2010/egypt_area2_5.jpg" width="657" /></strong></font></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When zooming in on the top of the triangular formation it is very interesting to see two circular features almost in the very center of the triangle.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The cirular features are approximately 20 feet in width and almost appear to be well or shaft like features that have been dug out.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><a href="http://www.googleearthanomalies.com/Portals/0/Anomalies/2010/9-2010/egypt_area2_6.jpg"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="384" src="http://www.googleearthanomalies.com/Portals/0/Anomalies/2010/9-2010/egypt_area2_6.jpg" width="640" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramid discovery challenges current archeological theory</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:266308e5-095d-49d7-ba5b-b7c66d265d54" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="6b31615c-40c9-4cc5-8103-a92edbf5018a" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/1s1n5lRilXM&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A gigantic structure, perhaps larger than the Great Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt, and initially identified by a doctor in the 1960s, has been independently verified by diving teams from France and the U.S.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The discovery has rocked scientists around the world. Will they rush to investigate it? No, they’re more likely to studiously ignore it. If pressed, they’ll officially position themselves as highly skeptical—especially in light ofthe potential ramifications.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The pyramid could confirm some engineers’ contentions that pyramids were originally created as massive power sources, support the claim that the ancient city-state of Atlantis did exist, or even provide answers to the mysterious goings-on that have been recorded since the 19th Century in the region of the Atlantic dubbed the<em>Bermuda Triangle...</em></strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Bermuda Triangle: mysterious, unworldly, sometimes deadly. For decades intrepid researchers delved into the maze of mysteries hidden deep within this most enigmatic place on Earth.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Some speculate the bizarre time anomalies, disappearances and weird phenomena can be explained by natural occurences. Others are insistent that relics of an advanced, unknown culture left behind fantastic technology…great energy machines that literally warp spacetime and open portals to other realities.</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Now American and French explorers have made a monumental discovery: a partially translucent, crystal-like pyramid rising from the Caribbean seabed— its origin, age and purpose completely unknown.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Underwater_photo_01.jpg" /></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramid discovery challenges current archaelogical theory</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A gigantic structure, perhaps larger than the Great Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt, and initially identified by a doctor in the 1960s, has been </strong></font><a href="http://www.apparentlyapparel.com/2/post/2012/03/pyramids-of-glass-submerged-in-the-bermuda-triangle.html"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>independently verified by diving teams from France and the U.S</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The discovery has rocked scientists around the world. Will they rush to investigate it? No, they're more likely to studiously ignore it. If pressed, they'll officially position themselves as highly skeptical—especially in light of the potential ramifications.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></font></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1061" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/l4nYRRT8WeE" width="1276" youtube-src-id="l4nYRRT8WeE"></iframe></strong></font></font></span></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong><br />The pyramid could confirm some engineers' contentions that pyramids were originally created as massive power sources, support the claim that the ancient city-state of Atlantis did exist, or even provide answers to the mysterious goings-on that have been recorded since the 19th Century in the region of the Atlantic dubbed the <i>Bermuda Triangle.</i></strong></font></font> </span><p></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Researcher Zach Royer, has more on the discovery </strong></font><a href="http://www.apparentlyapparel.com/2/post/2012/03/pyramids-of-glass-submerged-in-the-bermuda-triangle.html"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>here</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Underwater_Pyramid_01.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Artist's conception of the incredible crystal pyramid</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>First discovered in 1968</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>According to the history, the pyramid was accidentally discovered during 1968 by a doctor of naturopathy, Ray Brown of Mesa, Arizona.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Brown was in the Caribbean on vacation and making dives with friends in a region off the Bahamas known as "the Tongue of the Ocean." The area acquired that name because a tongue-shaped portion of the seabed extends out from the island before sharply dropping off into much greater depths.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Underwater_Pyramid_02.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>When relating his discovery, the doctor explained he became separated from his diving friends underwater. While attempting to rejoin them he came upon a massive structure rising from the ocean floor: a black, hulking object silhouetted against the lighter sun-filtered water. The object was shaped like a pyramid.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Because he was low on air, he didn't spend much time investigating the pyramid, but did find a strange crystal sphere.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/sphere.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Images of 3 pyramids can be seen in Brown's crystal</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>He brought it to the surface with him and later when the ancient crystal was studied </strong></font><a href="http://www.sciforums.com/showthread.php?t=1184"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>researchers were astonished by its properties</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/crystal_sphere_pyramid.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Is the crystal pyramid causing the Triangle phenomena?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Some Triangle researchers have theorized for years that a strange energy source exists at the bottom of the sea within the region of the ocean affecting planes, ships, and boats.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A few investigators postulate that if the fabled Atlantis really did exist the remains of its mythical energy-vortex machine might still be intact at the bottom of the ocean. Such a machine, they claim, would likely be pyramidal-shaped and the original historical template that succeeding cultures around the globe copied much later.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Mysterious pyramids scattered across the world</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramid structures have been discovered across North, Central, and South America; Eastern Europe; the icy tundra of Siberia; Northern and Central China; and possibly Antarctica. The South Pole pyramid cannot be confirmed as it's deep under more than a mile of ice and images of it are controversial.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Years ago, mysterious ruins—the vestiges of an unknown culture—were discovered on a small island called </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malden_Island"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Malden</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The ruins were claimed to also have the remains of an ancient pyramid.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/malden-island.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Enigmatic Pacific Island Malden in the middle of nowhere</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Believers in the ancient land of Lemuria (also called Mu) proposed that the ruins might be all that were left of that ancient land, while others speculated it might have been an outpost colony of Atlantis.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>An anthropologist from the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii explored the ruins back in 1924 and found no pyramid. What scientist </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Emory"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Kenneth Emory</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> did find, however, was evidence that a small Polynesian tribe once settled there briefly, perhaps no further back in time than the 16th Century. </strong></font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Despite that finding, more revelations were to come from the tiny island during the ensuing years.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Researcher Mitch Williamson </strong></font><a href="http://mitchtestone.blogspot.com/2008/12/malden-island.html"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>dug deeper into the mysteries</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://overmanwarrior.wordpress.com/2011/08/13/"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Reporting on some of Williamson's amazing findings</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>, Rich Hoffman, explorer and investigator, writes: "There are 40 stone temples on Malden Island that are described as similar in design to the buildings of Nan Madol on Pohnpei, some 3,400 miles (5,475 km) away. In fact, there is a basalt road that runs along the bottom of the Pacific Ocean which connects these islands under hundreds of feet of water.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"This suggests a culture that is more than 50,000 years old and that this entire land mass was once above water supporting a civilization that had no trouble moving around tremendous stones to build very large, complicated societies which we know absolutely nothing about, other than the fact that someone built them and they are older than biblical history.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Yet, nobody discusses them because they don’t fit into our understanding of the human race and their origins. Scientists have their diffusion theories of how migrants arrived in North America using the land bridge of the Bering Straight and they are sticking with it."</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The same can be said of the scattered ruins of the Caribbean that suggest a very large civilization extending from the coastal waters off the Florida Keys, toward the Bahamian waters, crossing near Bimini, and east into the Atlantic.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Cuba too has underwater ruins off its coast that may have been part of the same city-state complex.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/SnorkellingBiminiRoad.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Two divers explore the rambling ruins off Bimini</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Hoffman also mentions, almost in passing, the incredible report of explorer Tony Benik who made the momentous discovery of yet another huge pyramid under 10,000 feet of water in the middle of the Atlantic. </strong></font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The pyramid, Benik claims, is capped with a huge crystal.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And if that's not enough, Hoffman shares the discovery of the Ari Marshall expedition in 1977. The team discovered a smaller pyramid off Cay Sal in the Bahamas. Marshall snapped underwater photos of the pyramid that's submerged beneath 150 feet of water.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>According to Marshall's account the mystery pyramid glows. He also reported the water around the pyramid was luminescent and glistening white water flowed out of openings in the pyramid.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Despite the water at that depth being dark (not much light reaches that far down), the water surrounding the amazing pyramid was lit by the glow from the structure and appeared like a phosphoresent green color.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>If Atlantis did exist, it probably existed during the end of the last Ice Age. The story of its sinking relates to the massive floods and rising ocean when the oversized Arctic icecap suddenly receded with catastrophic results for much of the Northern Hemisphere.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">At the end of last Ice Age sea levels were nearly 400 feet lower than present day levels. Once the waters began to rise, they rose swiftly. Conceivably, no technology then, or now, could have saved Atlantis from its watery grave.</strong></font></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="499"> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>World’s Pyramids Beaming Energy To Mysterious Space Cloud</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Pyramid_Power.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Although NASA covered up the strange photon cloud that's now enveloped the solar system, the word has leaked out from some scientists.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And now, as the ominous cloud approaches it's affecting the sun and planets in measurable ways.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Amazingly, as the bizarre energy invades our space, some of the world's most famous pyramids are generating intense energy.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Several incredible incidents of visible power beams shooting skywards into space towards the region of the alien photonic cloud are well-documented.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>At the same time, people around the world began hearing and recording frightening sounds—noises that seem as if the Earth itself is moaning and wailing.</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>All the phenomena—including measurements of the never-before-seen gigantic electrification of the turbulent sun—seem to be centered on the deadly photonic cloud that some have called a 'potential Doomsday space event.'</strong></font></font> </span></p><p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/pyramid11.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramids beam energy to approaching space cloud</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Ancient pyramids awake after centuries, millennia of slumber</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Tourists screamed, others shot hasty videos with their camera phones as the Mayan pyramid rumbled. But no earthquake followed, instead a brilliant beam of light shot skyward into space as awed onlookers gasped, wondering what it meant.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/MayanBeam.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Mayan energy beam. Processed image on right shows hidden lightning bolt</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>But the Mayan pyramid of Kukulkan transmitting a raw column of incredible energy into space was just the latest pyramid to do so.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/energy-beam-bosnia.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Artist's re-creation of what witnesses saw at Bosnian pyramid</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In 2009 and 2010 the Bosnian pyramid of the sun beamed a pencil thin ray of pure energy towards space.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Xing.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Recently, the Chinese government began closely monitoring the Xianyang pyramid for signs of activity. Last year a team of scientists investigated the pyramid and believe it may have extraterrestrial origins. [</strong></font><a href="http://beforeitsnews.com/story/1292/633/Alien_Base_Found_At_Chinese_Pyramid.html"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Alien Base Found At Chinese Pyramid</strong></font></i></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>]</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/energy-beam-Pyramid-of-the-Moon-in-Teotihuacan.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Aztec Pyramid of the Moon blasts energy vortex from apex</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>That amazing incident was followed by the vortex blast—witnessed and captured on film—shooting from the apex of the famous Aztec Pyramid of the Moon in Teotihuacan, Mexico.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/pyramidvortex.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Energy beams, vortexes, whirlwinds of intense force…what does it mean? Where is that energy being directed and why? What activated the mysterious power of these silent sentinels of stone quietly marking the passage of centuries…until something disturbed their slumber?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>What brought them to life may be something more incredible than the actions of the pyramids: the arrival of an unknown force from the galactic void that's now surrounded much of the solar system.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/The%20photon%20belt(2).jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The deadly photon belt</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>NASA and the European Space Agency have been warning the world for two years about the approaching catastrophes that may unfold during 2012 to 2013. Few listened.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/DrAlexeyDmitriev.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Astrophysicist Dr. Alexey Dmitriev</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Now the eminent astrophysicist, Alexey Demetriev ["</strong></font><a href="http://tmgnow.com/repository/global/planetophysical.html"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>PLANETOPHYSICAL STATE OF THE EARTH AND LIFE</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"] claims what is happening is worse—much worse—than NASA and the ESA's warnings. [</strong></font><a href="http://beforeitsnews.com/story/663/449/Claim:_NASA_Hiding_Approaching_Doomsday_Space_Event.html"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Claim: NASA Hiding Approaching Doomsday Space Event</strong></font></i></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>]</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Our entire solar system has entered an immense, potentially deadly, interstellar energy cloud.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/asteroidplanet.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramids reacting to unknown, alien cloud</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Dr. Demetriev has revealed that both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes reported the entire solar system is at risk. Worse, Merav Opher, a NASA Heliophysics Guest Investigator from George Mason University claims this interstellar energy cloud is unstable and turbulent.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/photonbelt2.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Russian scientist further asserts this photonic cloud of energy is exciting the atmospheres of the planets and especially our sun. As this interstellar energy cloud continues to excite and interact with the sun, it causes the sun to become more active, resulting in greater output and instability.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The magnetic flux, interaction with the solar magnetosphere and Earth's geomagnetic fields, can cause core mutations, anomalous field vortices, and polar magnetic permutations creating superstorms, wild weather swings, and—most amazing of all—atmospheric and subterranean harmonics capable of being heard all across the planet.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/PyramidSchematic.gif" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Illustration of how pyramids may generate power</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The pyramids—natural reservoirs of earth energy and advanced capacitors engineered to draw upon the planet's magnetic force field—are releasing and blasting pure energy into the drifting space cloud engulfing our defenseless planetary system.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The predicted harmonics have been heard, recorded, and heatedly discussed since the spring of 2011.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Recently, some recordings have appeared on Youtube from countries all over the globe posted by puzzled, sometimes frightened people, demanding to know what the sounds are. [</strong></font><a href="http://beforeitsnews.com/story/1645/370/Skyquakes:_Warnings_From_Earths_Destabilizing_Core.html"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Skyquakes: Warnings From Earth's Destabilizing Core</strong></font></i></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>]</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>While some are undoubtedly fakes and hoaxes, others are genuine recordings of subterranean and atmospheric harmonics.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Elchin_Khalilov2.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="center"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Professor Dr. Elchin Khalilov discusses the harmonics</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In a recent interview with </strong></font><a href="http://geochangemag.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=142:strange-sounds-in-sky-explained-by-scientists-&catid=1:global-news&Itemid=9"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Geochange Magazine</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> about the strange earth harmonics, eminent scientist, Professor Dr. Elchin Khalilov, gave this analysis:</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"[The]…possible cause of these sounds…may lie at the Earth's core. The fact is that the acceleration of the drift of the Earth's north magnetic pole which increased more than fivefold between 1998 and 2003 and is at the same level today points to intensification of energy processes in the Earth's core, since it is processes in the inner and outer core that form the Earth's geomagnetic field.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="center"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/earth.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>"Meanwhile, as we have already reported, on November 15, 2011 all ATROPATENA geophysical stations which record three-dimensional variations of the Earth's gravitational field almost simultaneously registered a powerful gravitational impulse. The stations are deployed in Istanbul, Kiev, Baku, Islamabad and Yogyakarta, with the first and last one being separated by a distance of about 10,000 km. Such a phenomenon is only possible if the source of this emanation is at the Earth's core level. That huge energy release from the Earth's core at the end of the last year was some kind of a start signal indicating the transition of the Earth's internal energy into a new active phase."[</strong></font><a href="http://geochangemag.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=142:strange-sounds-in-sky-explained-by-scientists-&catid=1:global-news&Itemid=9"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Geochange Magazine</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>]</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And the harmonics are emanating from the Earth's core as the good professor theorizes. Similar sounds are sometimes heard before great earthquakes strike.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">This time, however, the sounds are not presaging massive earthquakes, but are being generated by the twisting magnetic field and the pulsing permutations of the spinning Earth's core warping parts of the mantel. Everything's reacting to the arrival of the huge photonic cloud that's invaded our region of the Milky Way Galaxy</strong></font></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1273" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kxSzHjG14J4" width="1530" youtube-src-id="kxSzHjG14J4"></iframe></font></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Crystal_Pyramid_01.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Properties of crystal pyramids <font color="#ff8000"><strong>Some theories of Atlantis propose the island city's power pyramids were made of crystal, or their tops were capped with a crystalline substance.</strong></font></strong></font></p></td> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/kirlian%20photograph%20pyramid%20grid%20energy.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Kirlian photograph of pyramid grid energy</strong></font></i></p></td> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Image%20-%20Dr_%20Dee%20_%20Nelson%20University%20of%20Wyoming.gif" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Image by Dr. Dee J. Nelson, University of Wyoming</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Crystal has long been known to have energy applications and exhibits </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>natural piezoelectrical</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> properties.</strong></font></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></span></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></span><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Could such a thing actually generate, store, and distribute energy on demand?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Yes.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Experimenters discovered decades ago that pyramids do tend to act in some ways like a natural electrical capacitor gathering and storing energy around them. The larger the pyramid, the greater the capacity of gathering and storing energy. A pyramid's composition is important too. Having one made of crystal, or an apex made of crystal, could vastly increase its power.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Early radio used germanium crystals to capture the radiowaves and convert them into electrical signals that could be processed and broadcast through headphones into soundwaves duplicating the human voice, music, and other sounds.</strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Vortex%20energy%20apex%20discharge.gif" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Illustration of vortex energy and apex discharge <font color="#ff8000"><strong>Pyramid power, say investigators, is intrinsic to the pyramid shape. It's an architecture that's proven to function as an energy accumulator and amplifier of energetic force.</strong></font></strong></font></i></p><p align="justify"><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><font color="#ff8000"></font></strong></font></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong><font color="#ff8000" style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="793" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/27BhxoogQ6Q" width="953" youtube-src-id="27BhxoogQ6Q"></iframe></font></strong></font></i></div><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong><font color="#ff8000" style="background-color: black;"><br /><strong><br /></strong></font></strong></font></i><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/pyramid_power_01.gif" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="931" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XU49FSIx0_g" width="1119" youtube-src-id="XU49FSIx0_g"></iframe></strong></font></span></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><br />Pyramids and the 'Cavity Structural Effect'</strong></font> </span><p></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.subtleenergies.com/ormus/tw/pyramids.htm"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Barry Carter calls attention</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> to another property that pyramids exhibit called the "Cavity Structural Effect" (CSE) by its discoverer, Dr. Viktor S. Grebennikov. The scientist employed the CSE to construct a rudimentary anti-gravitic platform.</strong></font></span></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Viktor%20S_%20Grebennikov%20anti-gravity%20platform.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="515" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HEH3qLofMaU" width="620" youtube-src-id="HEH3qLofMaU"></iframe></strong></font></i></div><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br />Viktor S. Grebennikov demonstrates anti-gravity platform</strong></font></i><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>As if to prove the investigators' assertions true, recently some of the worlds pyramids began discharging beams of raw energy into space. [See: </strong></font><a href="http://beforeitsnews.com/story/1733/112/Worlds_Pyramids_Beaming_Energy_To_Mysterious_Space_Cloud.html"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>World's Pyramids Beaming Energy</strong></font></i></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>]</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The bottom line? Pyramids are intrinsically natural generators of power.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Carter explains that "Grebennikov also claimed that he could feel energies emitting from the apex of a pyramid: 'You will soon pick up an active zone, a "clot", where the Egyptians had their tombs. Another active zone (a "flame") above the top of the pyramid is also well-perceived by the indicator if you drag its end over the top. The "clot" and the "flame" are well-felt by the finger inserted into the pyramid, or your palm moved above it after some practice. The pyramid effect, which generated many scary and mysterious stories over the centuries, is one of the CSE manifestations.'"</strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Vortex_01.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><i><font color="#ff8000"><strong>A Bermuda Triangle 'Death Vortex'</strong></font></i> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Another deadly phenomenon pyramids may create: an energy vortex <font color="#ff8000"><strong>Besides the time and spatial anomalies reported in the Triangle, some survivors of terrifing incidents there have reported huge, swirling vortices suddenly appearing and disappearing .</strong></font></strong></font></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/Vortex_02.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Observations of some of the submerged pyramids reveals they sporadically generate intense vortices in the ocean water flowing around them. Those vortices may be caused by a discharge of internal energy.</strong></font></p></td> <td valign="top" width="333"> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" src="http://beforeitsnews.com/ckfinder/userfiles/0000000000005477/images/pyramid_power_06.jpg" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><i><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Computer simulation of pyramid creating vortices <font color="#ff8000"><strong>Evidence exists that some missing ships may have gone missing because of this phenomenon.</strong></font></strong></font></i></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 899px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="224"> <h3><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></h3> <h4> <p><span style="background-color: black;"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"></font></span></p></h4> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>If those submerged pyramids also discharge massive enegy through their apexes, that could account for the formation of deadly vortices on the surface of the sea that swallows up whole ships along with their doomed crews.</strong><strong> </strong></font></font></font> </span></p><h6><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Nasa reveals massive halo of hot gas that envelops our universe</font></h6> <ul> <li> <p><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The estimated mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of all the stars in the galaxy.</font></strong></p> </li><li> <p><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Prediction could also explain the astronomical mystery known as the 'missing bayron problem'</font></strong></p></li></ul> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>It is an astonishing reminder of just how large the universe is. </strong><strong>Nasa today revealed this incredible image showing our Milky Way Galaxy is embedded in an enormous halo of hot gas that extends for hundreds of thousands of light years.</strong></font></font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The estimated mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of all the stars in the galaxy.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="This artist's illustration shows an enormous halo of hot gas (in blue) around the Milky Way galaxy" height="710" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/09/25/article-0-15334C62000005DC-14_964x710.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">This artist's illustration shows an enormous halo of hot gas (in blue) around the Milky Way galaxy</font></strong> </span></p><h6><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">THE MISSING BARYONS</font></h6> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Baryons are particles, such as protons and neutrons, that make up more than 99.9 percent of the mass of atoms found in the cosmos.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Measurements of extremely distant gas halos and galaxies indicate the baryonic matter present when the universe was only a few billion years old represented about one-sixth the mass and density of the existing unobservable, or dark, matter.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">In the current epoch, about 10 billion years later, a census of the baryons present in stars and gas in our galaxy and nearby galaxies shows at least half the baryons are unaccounted for</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Astronomers have used NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to estimate the size.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">If the size and mass of this gas halo is confirmed, it also could be an explanation for what is known as the 'missing baryon' problem for the galaxy.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Baryons are particles, such as protons and neutrons, that make up more than 99.9 percent of the mass of atoms found in the cosmos.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Measurements of extremely distant gas halos and galaxies indicate the baryonic matter present when the universe was only a few billion years old represented about one-sixth the mass and density of the existing unobservable, or dark, matter.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">In the current epoch, about 10 billion years later, a census of the baryons present in stars and gas in our galaxy and nearby galaxies shows at least half the baryons are unaccounted for.</font></strong> </span></p><h6><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">In a recent study, a team of five astronomers used data from Chandra, the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton space observatory and Japan's Suzaku satellite to set limits on the temperature, extent and mass of the hot gas halo.</font></strong></h6> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Chandra observed eight bright X-ray sources located far beyond the galaxy at distances of hundreds of millions of light-years.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The data revealed X-rays from these distant sources are absorbed selectively by oxygen ions in the vicinity of the galaxy.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The scientists determined the temperature of the absorbing halo is between 1 million and 2.5 million kelvins, or a few hundred times hotter than the surface of the sun.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Other studies have shown that the Milky Way and other galaxies are embedded in warm gas with temperatures between 100,000 and 1 million kelvins.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Studies have indicated the presence of a hotter gas with a temperature greater than 1 million kelvins.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">This new research provides evidence the hot gas halo enveloping the Milky Way is much more massive than the warm gas halo.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">'We know the gas is around the galaxy, and we know how hot it is,' said Anjali Gupta, lead author of The Astrophysical Journal paper describing the research.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="The Milky Way galaxy. Researchers now believe a vast gas cloud covers our galaxy." height="956" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/09/25/article-0-073CEF74000005DC-577_964x956.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Milky Way galaxy. Researchers now believe a vast gas cloud covers our galaxy. </strong><strong>'The big question is, how large is the halo, and how massive is it?'</strong><strong>To begin to answer this question, the authors supplemented Chandra data on the amount of absorption produced by the oxygen ions with XMM-Newton and Suzaku data on the X-rays emitted by the gas halo.</strong></font></font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">They concluded that the mass of the gas is equivalent to the mass in more than 10 billion suns, perhaps as large as 60 billion suns.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">'Our work shows that, for reasonable values of parameters and with reasonable assumptions, the Chandra observations imply a huge reservoir of hot gas around the Milky Way,' said co-author Smita Mathur of Ohio State University in Columbus.</font></strong> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>'It may extend for a few hundred thousand light-years around the Milky Way or it may extend farther into the surrounding local group of galaxies.</strong><strong>'Either way, its mass appears to be very large.'</strong><strong>The estimated mass depends on factors such as the amount of oxygen relative to hydrogen, which is the dominant element in the gas.</strong></font></font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Nevertheless, the estimation represents an important step in solving the case of the missing baryons, a mystery that has puzzled astronomers for more than a decade. </strong><strong>Although there are uncertainties, the work by Gupta and colleagues provides the best evidence yet that the galaxy's missing baryons have been hiding in a halo of million-kelvin gas that envelopes the galaxy. </strong><strong>The estimated density of this halo is so low that similar halos around other galaxies would have escaped detection.</strong></font></font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong> </span></p><h3><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">From the TOP of the Great Pyramid: Illicit photos taken by tourists who secretly climbed wonder of the world at night</font></h3> <h4><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Almost everything they teach us about the ancient history is wrong: origin of men, civilizations and pyramids. Homo sapien sapiens is not a result of the evolution and biologists will never find a “missing link”, because the intelligent man is product of genetic engineering. Sumerians are not the beginning of the civilized men, but rather beginning of the most recent cycle of humanity. And finally, original pyramids, most superior and oldest, were made by advanced builders who knew energy, astronomy, geometry and construction better than we do.</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In order to understand the ancient monuments, we need to view them through three realms: physical, energy and spiritual. Our scientific instruments are simply not adequate to explain the purpose of oldest pyramids, for example. Mainstream scientists, archaeologists, historians and anthropologists with their rigid approach, are often main obstacle for scientific progress.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Gap between physical and spiritual science is to be bridged if we want to get fully understanding of the past.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Twelve hundred ton stone block in Baalbeck (Lebanon) needs explanation. Who was able to shape, move and install four times bigger blocks than our, 21st century, capabilities? Yonaguni megalithic monuments (Japan) do belong to the previous cycle of humanity. They are undeniable proof, on the bottom of the Pacific floor, 80 meters below the ocean level, that advanced culture lived in the area more than 12.000 years ago before huge quantities of ice melted and caused Pacific level to rise for 80 meters. Machu Picchu (Peru) tells the story of four distinctive civilizations and different construction styles, first civilization being the most advanced. At the same time, all the history books make up story of Inkas being the builders of their “royal retreat” in the recent times. New dating of oldest and superior Peruvian, Mexican, Chinese and Egyptian pyramids will take us back much before recognized history and known rulers. Same goes for the “unrecognized” and/or uncover pyramids in Mauritius, Canary Islands, Tahiti, Australia, Amazon, Crete, South Africa, Cambodia, Italy or Indonesia.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Oldest Chinese and Egyptian pyramids are much superior to those made later, as unsuccessful replicas. Older are built from granite, limestone and sandstone blocks, more recent ones are much smaller built from mudbricks. Traces of more advanced beings are everywhere around us. In the meantime, mainstream scientists try to fit those monuments into their time coordinates, falsifying the truth.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Two hundred Cahokia pyramids (USA) show astronomical knowledge of the builders who moved several millions tons of construction materials and who knew the difference between cosmic and magnetic north. Mayan world (Central America) is an example of the knowledge of Universe. Our Solar system circles Milky Way and that 26-thousand years cycle (“long count calendar”) affects all living life on our Planet. Anasazies, ancestors of Pueblo Indians (Southern USA), didn’t need alphabet or physical communication means to recognize danger in different dimensions coming from the depth of Universe.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>As long as they stay within the box, mainstream archaeologists will never be able to explain tooling and logistic needed to build stone heads on Easter Islands, machined granite blocks of Akapana pyramid complex in Bolivia or function of chambers in Giza pyramids.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Stone spheres of western Mexico, southern Costa Rica, Easter Island or twenty locations in remote Bosnia-Herzegovina, are obvious proof of understanding and manipulating of shapes and energy fields in the distant past.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>On top of all that, discovery of the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids is telling us that we don’t know our Planet. We might go to the Moon, but we still need to explore our Mother Earth. More secrets wait to be uncovered and, with the ancient knowledge, help us reach our balance back.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>2. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BOSNIAN PYRAMID DISCOVERIES</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In April 2005 I first traveled to the town of Visoko, 20 miles northwest from Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina. My attention was caught by two regularly shaped hills, which I later named the Bosnian Pyramids of the Sun and Moon. For thousands of years locals have considered those hills to be natural phenomena because they were covered by 3-foot of soil and vegetation. However, when I first saw their triangular faces, same slopes, obvious corners and orientation toward the cardinal points, I knew that they had to be constructed by a force other than nature. Since I had been investigating pyramids for decades I knew that the pyramids found in China, Mexico, Guatemala or El Salvador presented the same case of pyramids covered by dirt and vegetation.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In 2005 work was begun on this project and I paid construction companies and geologists to do the core drilling and geo-morphological analysis. I announced to the world, at the press conference in Sarajevo in October 2005, that the first pyramids in Europe had been discovered.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Shortly thereafter we established the non-profit Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation and since that time the pyramid investigations in Bosnia have become the world’s largest inter-disciplinary scientific project in the field of archaeology. We have spent over 340.000 man-hours in archaeological excavation, sample testing and radiocarbon dating in the period from 2005 to 2012. We’ve determined that the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids consists of five pyramidal structures discovered to date which I named: The Bosnian Pyramids of the Sun, Moon, Dragon, Mother Earth and Love. The site also includes a tumulus complex and a huge underground labyrinth.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>This discovery is historic and changes our knowledge of the early history of Europe for several reasons:</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">1. These are the first pyramids discovered in Europe<br />2. The site includes the largest pyramid structure in the world—The Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun - with its height of over 220 meters it’s much higher than the Great Pyramid of Egypt (147 meters).<br />3. The Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun has, according to the Bosnian Institute for Geodesy, the most precise orientation towards cosmic north with the error of 0 degrees, 0 minutes and 12 seconds.<br />4. The Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun is completely covered by artificially made concrete blocks. The properties of the concrete, including extreme hardness (up to 133 MPs) and low water absorption (around 1%), are, according to the scientific institutions for materials in Bosnia, Italy and France, far superior to modern concrete materials.<br />5. The pyramids are covered by soil which is, according to the State Institute for Agro-pedology from Sarajevo (Bosnia-Herzegovina), between 12,000-15,000 years old. Radiocarbon dating of the organic material found on the top of the concrete blocks and below 3-foot layer of dirt and clay, performed by Institute for carbond dating from Kiev, Ukraine in August 2012, confirmed that construction was there already 24,800 +/- 200 years ago. These finding confirms that the Bosnian pyramids are also the oldest known pyramids on the planet.<br />6. Beneath the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids there is an extensive underground tunnel and chamber network which runs for a total of more than ten miles.<br />7. Ceramic sculptures have been discovered in the underground labyrinth with a mass of up to 18,000 pounds which makes them the largest found so far in the ancient world.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Several teams of physicists and electrical engineers from Croatia, Italy, Serbia and Finland have detected and measured an energy beam (electromagnetic field) coming through the top of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun. The radius of the beam is 4.5 meters with a frequency of 28 kHz, strength of 3,9 V. The beam is continuous and its strength grows as it moves up and away from the pyramid. This phenomenon contradicts the known laws of physic and technology. This is the first proof of non-herzian technology on the Planet. It seems that the pyramid-builders created a perpetual motion machine a long time ago and this “energy machine” is still working.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Also, beam of ultrasound has been discovered on the top of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun of same frequency which comes in regular blocks 9.3333 Hz away from each other with the peaks of 28.3000 kHz. These are the properties of the energy machines, not natural pyramid hills. By the end of 2012 source of the energy has been located 1.5 miles under the pyramid with est. power of more than 10 kW.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In the underground labyrinth, in 2010, three chambers were discovered and a small blue lake. Energy screening shows that the ionization level of 43,000 negative ions is 200 times higher than the average concentration outside which makes the underground chambers into “healing rooms”.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Further electromagnetic detection in 2011 confirmed that levels of negative radiation through the Hartman, Curry and Schneider grids are equal to zero in the tunnels. There was no technical radiation (from power lines and/or other technology) found in the tunnels and no cosmic radioactivity. Ceramic sculptures are positioned over the underground water streams and the negative energy is transformed into positive. All of these experiments point to the underground labyrinth as one of the most secure underground constructions in the world and this makes it an ideal place for the body’s rejuvenation and regeneration.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Two hundred years of Egyptology has not produced a satisfactory answer to the question of what the real purpose was for the oldest and most superior pyramids.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In only six years, our research in Bosnia has applied inter-disciplinary scientific methods, to look at this complex through the physical, energetic and spiritual dimensions. We have had pioneering results which affects the entire sphere of knowledge and Pyramid Science. Our history is changing with each new discovery.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Perhaps by changing our beginnings or learning to better understand our beginnings we can also change our present and our future for the better.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Semir Osmanagic</strong></font> </span></p><h3><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000">Russians waited until visitor hours were over at the famous site before scaling the Great Pyramid. </font><font color="#ff8000">Photographs capture the Sphinx and surrounding desert as seen from peak of enormous ancient structure</font></span></h3> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">These photographs capture the views from the top of one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">A group of Russian tourists waited until official visiting hours were over at Egypt's famous Giza Necropolis, before scaling the enormous Great Pyramid as the sun began to set. </font></strong></p> <h3><font face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Radiocarbon Dating in Underground Tunnels Beneath the Pyramidal Complex</font></h3> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">There is a network of underground tunnels under the pyramidal complex in Visoko at a depth of between 5 - 25 meters. On average, the height of the tunnels are 3 meters and the width of the tunnels are 2.5 meters. It is a labyrinth made of passages and chambers spreading across several kilometers.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The distance from the tunnel entrance to the Pyramid of the Sun is approximately 3 km. The process of debris cleanup and wall support is in progress and will likely last several years until the Pyramid of the Sun is reached. The workers and volunteers have secured, cleaned and lit up about 600 meters of the underground tunnel network, and visitors are now able to enter and explore the tunnels at will. An additional 400 meters of tunnel leading towards the Pyramid of the Sun is clear and being secured.<br />The air circulation in the tunnels is extremely good because of the difference in ceiling height throughout the tunnel network; these hight variations cause differences in air pressure and natural ventilation.<br />The slope in the tunnels is 1.5 degrees, which enables proper water drainage.<br />Samples of two types of mineral dripstones, stalactites and stalagmites, were found in the underground tunnels and were sent to leading european laboratories for radiocarbon dating and analysis. The Radiocarbon Laboratories of Universities of Uppsala in Sweden, University of Kiel in Germany and the University of Technology in Gliwice, Poland estimated the age of the stalagmites to be more than 5,000 years old. The estimated age of the stalactite sample showed an age of 3,500 + years.<br />In conclusion, it is estimated that the builders of the underground tunnels are older than 5,000 years.<br />This means that the underground tunnel complex in Visoko exceeds the age of known great cultures on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Ancient Rome ruled the region 2,000 years ago and Ancient Greece ruled approximately 2,500 years ago.<br />Who built these colossal structures and more importantly, why did they build them? Are the builders of the underground tunnels the same people who built the pyramids?<br />Several cultures of the past have used these underground tunnels. Remnants of a fireplace were found near the tunnel entrance, and samples of organic material that was sent to Sweden and Poland for radiocarbon analysis displayed an age of 3,000+ years.<br />At some point in time, some of the side tunnels and chambers spawning from the main tunnel had been closed with rocks, pebbles, sand and clay and sealed with drywall. The radiocarbon analysis of the material used for closing the chambers is younger than the tunnels are estimated to be. Opening of the chambers and side tunnels as well as cleanup of the material used for sealing is currently in progress.<br />In a related research, experts from the Bosnia and Herzegovina Federal Institute of Agropedology analyzed the soil that covers the outer walls of the pyramids; findings concluded that the Pyramids have been covered for more than 12,000 years. Interestingly, this coincides with the end of the last ice age on earth. This topic will be expanded upon shortly in future articles.</font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000"></font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The Russians managed to escape the attention of security guards at the ancient site, allowing photographer Vitaliy Raskalov to snap pictures of the surrounding desert and the majestic Sphinx from the top of the 455ft structure. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Vista: The Russians claim to have arrived early at the famous site on the outskirts of Cairo, where they waited in the shadows until official visitor opening hours were over to make their climb" height="879" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B66B000005DC-679_964x879.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Vista: The Russians claim to have arrived early at the famous site on the outskirts of Cairo, where they waited in the shadows until official visitor opening hours were over to make their climb </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Officials in Egypt put a stop to people attempting to climb the pyramids in the 1980s, but it thought some guides will still take tourists part of the way up the structures in exchange for bribes.The group of Russians claim to have arrived at the complex early and waited in the shadows before starting their climb as night began to fall, according to a report on the </font></strong><a href="http://englishrussia.com/2013/03/22/on-top-of-the-pyramide/#more-122040"><strong><font color="#ff8000">English Russian</font></strong></a><a href="http://englishrussia.com/2013/03/22/on-top-of-the-pyramide/#more-122040"></a><strong><font color="#ff8000">. </font></strong></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 899px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="299"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:558b7d72-8baf-4186-aac0-66acf4ef9a47" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/hssZRDAGgxU" style="background-color: black;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" wmode="transparent"></embed></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="299"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:80ffb80a-507b-44b4-8e15-fa5377004b81" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/Q-Vmz3zSkQ4" style="background-color: black;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" wmode="transparent"></embed></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="299"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><font face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Geometric Alignments - Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids</font></h3> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">When it comes to pyramids around the world, geometric alignment is something they all have in common.<br />It is no different in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Beginning with basics, the tips of 3 largest pyramids, the Pyramid of the Sun, Moon and Dragon, form an equilateral triangle. Each side of the triangle measures approx 2,170m (with the margin of error being less than 2%) and the inside angles of the triangle each measure 60 degrees.<br />Please see the map below provided by the Cadastral Office of Municipality of Visoko.<br />The measurements made by the Geodetic Institute of Bosnia and Herzegovina show that the sides of each pyramid are aligned with the earth’s cardinal points (North, South East and West). This is characteristic is shared with pyramids found in Egypt, China, Peru and Guatemala.<br />The Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun is oriented towards the stellar North, running parallel with the position of the North Star. The Great Pyramid of Egypt is also aligned in this way.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and the only one to remain largely intact. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">It is thought to have been built as a tomb for an ancient Egyptian pharaoh over a period of around 20 years up to 2560BCE. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The pyramid was originally covered by highly polished white casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface, but centuries of erosion mean the structure's stepped underlying core is visible today. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">It is thought to be made up of around 2.3million limestone blocks believed to have been transported from nearby quarries. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Originally towering at 481ft, the Great Pyramid was the world's tallest man-made structure for over 3,800 years. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Today it stands at 455ft tall, and is dwarfed by the 2,717ft Burj Khalifa in Dubai, which currently holds the title of world's tallest building. </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Feat: Originally the Great Pyramid, which is thought to have been constructed over a 20 year period, was covered by casing stones that formed an outer surface - what is visible today is the underlying core structure" height="928" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B637000005DC-504_964x928.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Feat: Originally the Great Pyramid, which is thought to have been constructed over a 20 year period, was covered by casing stones that formed an outer surface - what is visible today is the underlying core structure </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Sphinx: The group captured the majestic Sphinx monument from their perch atop Giza's Great Pyramid - the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis" height="763" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B659000005DC-495_964x763.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Sphinx: The group captured the majestic Sphinx monument from their perch atop Giza's Great Pyramid - the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Erosion: The Great Pyramid is made up of an estimated 2.3million limestone blocks, thought to have been transported from nearby quarries" height="924" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B624000005DC-922_964x924.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Erosion: The Great Pyramid is made up of an estimated 2.3million limestone blocks, thought to have been transported from nearby quarries </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Fresh perspective: A group of Russians waited until evening fell and climbed the Great Pyramid of Giza, capturing the views from the top of the ancient structure on camera" height="624" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B647000005DC-43_964x624.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Fresh perspective: A group of Russians waited until evening fell and climbed the Great Pyramid of Giza, capturing the views from the top of the ancient structure on camera </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Scale: At 481ft, the Great Pyramid was once the tallest man-made structure in the world" height="927" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B677000005DC-307_964x927.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Scale: At 481ft, the Great Pyramid - thought to have been built as a tomb for a fourth dynasty Egyptian pharaoh - was once the tallest man-made structure in the world </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Ancient: Egyptian authorities put a stop to visitors climbing the pyramids in the 1980s, but it is thought some guides have been known to accept bribes to take tourists part of the way up" height="704" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B605000005DC-432_964x704.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Ancient: Egyptian authorities put a stop to visitors climbing the pyramids in the 1980s, but it is thought some guides have been known to accept bribes to take tourists part of the way up </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="View: The group of Russians said they found signs on top of the pyramid featuring notices in various languages" height="777" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B5ED000005DC-510_964x777.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">View: The group of Russians said they found signs on top of the pyramid featuring notices in various languages </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Wonder: The archaeological site on the outskirts of the Egyptian capital is made up of the Great Pyramids, the Sphinx, several cemeteries, a workers' complex and an industrial village" height="857" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B68A000005DC-379_964x857.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Wonder: The archaeological site on the outskirts of the Egyptian capital is made up of the Great Pyramids, the Sphinx, several cemeteries, a workers' complex and an industrial village </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Haze: The group of Russian tourists snapped the scenery after scaling the enormous pyramid at sunset" height="902" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B613000005DC-63_964x902.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Haze: The group of Russian tourists snapped the scenery after scaling the enormous pyramid at sunset </font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Perch: The photographer set up a tripod on one of the giant stone slabs at the top of Egypt's world-famous Great Pyramid" height="840" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/03/25/article-2298729-18E8B60F000005DC-398_964x840.jpg" width="964" /> </font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Perch: The photographer set up a tripod on one of the giant stone slabs at the top of Egypt's world-famous Great Pyramid </font></strong><strong><font color="#ff8000">The Egyptian government has reopened one of its great pyramids in an attempt to kick-start a tourism industry that was badly affected by last year's uprising. </font></strong><strong><font color="#ff8000">Antiquities Minister Muhammad Ibrahim announced that the Pyramid of Chefren and as many as six other ancient tombs at the Giza site will be reopened after a long restoration project.<br />But, while questions are still being asked about the security of potential tourists visiting the region, Mr Ibrahim insisted that Egypt was a safe country.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Scroll down for video <img alt="Back open for business: A general view of the Pyramid of Chefren, built as a tomb for the pharaoh Khafre, which has been reopened to the public after a programme of restoration" height="584" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1574CD70000005DC-961_964x584.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Back open for business: A general view of the Pyramid of Chefren, built as a tomb for the pharaoh Khafre, which has been reopened to the public after a programme of restoration</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Reassuring: Egyptian Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, Mohamed Ibrahim speaks to reporters during the reopening of the Pyramid of Chefren at Giza. He said that Egypt was a safe country for tourism" height="584" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1574CF5A000005DC-969_964x584.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Reassuring: Egyptian Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, Mohamed Ibrahim speaks to reporters during the reopening of the Pyramid of Chefren at Giza. He said that Egypt was a safe country for tourism</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">While there is evidence that the Egyptian tourism industry is picking up, there is widespread concern that the region is still prone to spontaneous and violent riots.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Egypt became a genuine no-go area following the unrest that ousted President Hosni Mubarak. Scenes of rioting in Cairo, and horror stories of western female journalists being sexually assaulted by mobs in Tahrir Square, understandably took the country off the holiday trail.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">But Mr Ibrahim was keen to point out that the region was far more stable one year on, adding that other archaeological sites were due to be opened across Egypt in coming months.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Scenes of violent protests, mainly in the capital Cairo, were broadcast around the world.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Perfectly carved passageways: A Hong Kong tourist walks inside the newly reopened pyramid. A further six historical sights are to open soon, and many more will follow in the coming months" height="580" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1574C6D3000005DC-961_964x580.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Perfectly carved passageways: A Hong Kong tourist walks inside the newly reopened pyramid. A further six historical sights are to open soon, and many more will follow in the coming months</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Stunning craftsmanship: Despite millennia of plundering, the antiquities of Egypt are remarkably preserved. This carving is part of the Tomb of Meresankh III near the Giza pyramids" height="580" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1574C469000005DC-14_964x580.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Stunning craftsmanship: Despite millennia of plundering, the antiquities of Egypt are remarkably preserved. This carving is part of the Tomb of Meresankh III near the Giza pyramids</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="History lesson: Wall paintings inside the Tomb of Meresankh III tell the story of construction and farming. The incredibly detailed carvings still have the remnants of the bright paint that would have dazzled the eye" height="642" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1574C5BA000005DC-169_964x642.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">History lesson: Wall paintings inside the Tomb of Meresankh III tell the story of construction and farming. The incredibly detailed carvings still have the remnants of the bright paint that would have dazzled the eye</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">'I am very happy today to reopen these tombs which were closed for more than ten years due to restoration,' an ecstatic MSA chief Mohamed Ibrahim told reporters.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The tomb and the others around it, were discovered in 1927 by American Egyptologist George Reinser, and have been closed for restoration on several other occasions in the past.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">In the 1990s a site management plan was implemented to try and preserve these historic treasures when the Ministry of State Antiquities (MSA) discovered that the large volume of visitors over the years had raised levels of humidity inside the structures to levels of up to 80 per cent.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Research found that every visitor to the pyramids releases an average of 20 grams of water vapour through sweat.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">This had slowly caused damage to the plaster that covers part of the Grand Gallery. The walls were also found to be covered with up to 2cm of salt minerals.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Accoring to Ahram online the project, which cost around $4 million, included cleaning the walls of the tombs and reinforcing them, as well as removing graffiti left by previous visitors. Inscriptions and paintings were also preserved.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The ground is now protected by wood to maintain the tomb's original rock and enable tourists to walk inside.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">New lighting and ventilation systems have also been installed. A path linking the tombs to the Great Pyramid of Khufu was carved to enable movement across the plateau.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 599px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="299"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="View of a standing statue of Iasen, wearing a stiff triangular kilt, inside The Tomb of Iasen" height="644" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1574BB0B000005DC-532_470x644.jpg" width="470" /></font></strong></td> <td valign="top" width="299"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="A tourist uses a hand fan, inside the tomb that belongs to Queen Meresankh III" height="644" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1575143B000005DC-970_470x644.jpg" width="470" /></font></strong></td></tr></tbody></table> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">View of a standing statue of Iasen, wearing a stiff triangular kilt, inside The Tomb of Iasen, A tourist uses a hand fan, inside the tomb that belongs to Queen Meresankh III</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="New and old explorers: A tourist takes photos of the inside of the pyramid, with clear wall markings from Giovanni Belzoni's, who explored the structure in 1818" height="580" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-1574F9D2000005DC-127_964x580.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">New and old explorers: A tourist takes photos of the inside of the pyramid, with clear wall markings from Giovanni Belzoni's, who explored the structure in 1818</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Time tunnel: The pyramid was most likely first opened - and robbed - more than 2,000 years before the birth of Christ. Yet the interiors of the giant structure remain remarkably intact and stunning" height="580" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-0-15751ECB000005DC-17_964x580.jpg" width="964" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Time tunnel: The pyramid was most likely first opened - and robbed - more than 2,000 years before the birth of Christ. Yet the interiors of the giant structure remain remarkably intact and stunning</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The Pyramid of Chefren, otherwise known as the Pyramid of Khafre, is the second largest pyramid in the Giza necropolis.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">It was built as the tomb for the Pharaoh Khafre from ancient Egypt's fourth dynasty. It rises to a height of 448ft. It looks to be the tallest of the Gisa pyramids - but only because it it built at a higher elevation than the Great Pyramid (or Pyramid of Khufu), which is seven feet taller at 455ft but is 50ft wider at its base.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Originally both pyramids stood about 20 feet taller, but many casing stones toward the top of each and the caps - or pyrimidions - have been eroded or destroyed.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">In the case of the Pyramid of Chefren, stones were removed to build a temple in Heliopolis on the orders of Rameses II.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The pyramid was most likely first opened - and robbed - more than 2,000 years before the birth of Christ. Yet the interiors of the giant structure remain remarkably intact and stunning.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Carvings, statues and dead-straight passageways inspire awe at the genius of ancient artists and stonemasons.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The first recorded opening of the pyramid was in 1372. Fully notated explorations of the pyramid were conducted by Giovanni Belzoni in 1818, and a more complete exploration was made by John Perring in 1837.</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The pyramid of Khafre in Giza, southwest of central Cairo, after the re-opening of the site and six graves of individuals and princesses from the Old Kingdom of Egypt" height="622" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-2216352-157528AE000005DC-718_968x622.jpg" width="968" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The pyramid of Khafre in Giza, southwest of central Cairo, after the re-opening of the site and six graves of individuals and princesses from the Old Kingdom of Egypt</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="An Egyptian man rides his horse and carriage past the pyramid which has been part of the landscape her for thousands of years" height="570" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-2216352-15751F7C000005DC-280_968x570.jpg" width="968" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">An Egyptian man rides his horse and carriage past the pyramid which has been part of the landscape her for thousands of years</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="A camel opens its mouth and looks skyward in front of the newly reopened Pyramid" height="621" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-2216352-1574CD97000005DC-454_968x621.jpg" width="968" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">A camel opens its mouth and looks skyward in front of the newly reopened Pyramid</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="An Egyptian archaeologist works on the restoration of a wall inside the Tomb of Seshemnefer II, near to the newly reopened Pyramid of Khafre" height="670" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-2216352-1574C653000005DC-256_968x670.jpg" width="968" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">An Egyptian archaeologist works on the restoration of a wall inside the Tomb of Seshemnefer II, near to the newly reopened Pyramid of Khafre</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="A tourist gestures as a friend takes a picture for her on the huge steps that make up the biggest pyramid in Giza" height="587" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-2216352-1574E2A3000005DC-408_968x587.jpg" width="968" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">A tourist gestures as a friend takes a picture for her on the huge steps that make up the biggest pyramid in Giza</font></strong> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The sun's rays glint over the the top of the pyramid illuminating its many steps" height="647" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/10/11/article-2216352-1575028D000005DC-408_972x647.jpg" width="972" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The sun's rays glint over the the top of the pyramid illuminating its many steps</font></strong> </span></p><p> </p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="224"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td> <td valign="top" width="224"> <h4><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1379" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XTCDs9f0T28" width="1658" youtube-src-id="XTCDs9f0T28"></iframe></div><br />SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF THE BOSNIAN VALLEY OF THE PYRAMIDS</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The four-year comprehensive geo-archaeological research points to the existence of huge construction complex in Visoko Valley. This complex is named the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramidsand includes the following structures:- Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (former “Visocica Hill”)- Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon (former “Pljesevica Hill”)- Pyramid of the Bosnian Dragon (former “Buci Hill”)- Temple of Earth (former “Krstac Hill”)- Bosnian Pyramid of Love (former “Cemerac Hill”)- Tumulus in Vratnica (former “Toprakalija Hill” in Vratnica)- Structure “Dolovi” (Vratnica)- Underground tunnel complex “Ravne” (entrance to the tunnel 2.5 km from the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun)- Underground tunnel network “KTK” (entrance to the tunnel 1 km from the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun)</strong></font></font></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.1. Geometric features of the pyramids</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Based on numerous airborne and space-borne images of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun, it becomes evident that the geometric features present with three sides that exhibit geometrical shape of a triangle. Even though such elements occur in nature, it is rarely, if ever, a precise shape and rarely replicated on opposite sides of a mound. In this case, two sides are equilateral triangles, with well- defined sides. Satellite imaging of the local area in the central part of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Landsat, Radarsat, Hyperion, Ikonos, courtesy of Dr. Amer Smailbegovic), indicated that there are five hills which show apparent geospatial anomalies where two or more sides are triangular. All of the aforementioned hills exhibit triangular sides and some have elements of stairs and step features on the sides with flat plateaus on the top. In the case of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun, three out of four sides exhibit evidence of geometric features. Geologic evidence is not indicative of any significant faulting or the processes of the glaciations in the area that would otherwise affect the existence, geometry and texture of these sides.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="249" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic21.jpg" title="osmanagic21" width="383" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun, Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.2. Perfect orientation – Cardinal sides of the world</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The measurements made by the Geodetic Institute of Bosnia and Herzegovina indicate that the sides of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (BPS) are exactly aligned with the cardinal sides of the world (North-South, East-West), which is one of the characteristics often noted with the existing pyramids in Egypt, Peru, Guatemala or China. The North side of the BPS is oriented towards stellar North (like the Great Pyramid of Egypt), in parallel with the position of the North Star.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="179" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic22.jpg" title="osmanagic22" width="394" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Satellite topography of Bosnian Pyramid of Sun and orientation toward cardinal points<br />(Courtesy of dr. Amer Smailbegovic)</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="350" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic23.jpg" title="osmanagic23" width="384" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Location of geospatial “anomalies” or pyramids, on topographic map<br />with their exact orientation with cardinal NSWE directions.</strong></font></p> <h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.3. Apparent thermal inertia measurements</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The results of the thermal inertia obtained from ASTER thermal detector (resolution 60m) suggest that the observed targets may be comprised of less consolidated material and tend to “cool faster” respective to their surroundings (presumed denser). The findings would be consistent with initial field observations noted in the Geological Report, and also recent excavations on site. The results appear consistent with what would be expected from an artificial structure – lesser density materials, porosity, internal cavities/chambers, hallways etc. all contribute to an increased heat loss.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="408" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic24.jpg" title="osmanagic24" width="392" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Apparent Thermal Inertia</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.4. Geological-sedimentary analyses</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The results of core drilling, test-well sinking and limited trenching in August and October 2005, with a follow-up in 2006 and 2007, have confirmed prior observations and, revealed that the surface of the pyramids is comprised of layered sandstone and breccia blocks, which have been manually processed and/or cut to fit the required dimensions. The binding agent found between the sandstone blocks suggest the presence of a “clastic breccia,” a multicolored conglomerate comprised out of gravel, sandstone and shale with a connective matrix or cement composed of sandy carbon particles of quartz, feldspar and flakes of mica. The flat sides of the blocks, the contact zone, and the binding agent are clearly visible. Further detailed cleaning of the contact line between the two sandstone blocks revealed that the blocks were manually processed beneath and that the surface was flat and smooth, with binding agent applied afterwards to the surface.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="287" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic25.jpg" title="osmanagic25" width="382" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Sandstone monoliths, shaped by human hands and emplaced at the monumental access plateau</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.5. Geodetic topographic countour analysis</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The elevation that is shown on this high resolution interval contour map indicates an even overall slope and a stair-step design, observable on the sides of the Pyramid of the Sun.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="240" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic26.jpg" title="osmanagic26" width="392" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>3-D geodetic contour interval map of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (Courtesy: Geodetic Institute of Bosnia-Herzegovina)</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.6. Lineament detection</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The automated linear-anomaly detector LINANAL (originally developed for tectonic studies of topographic lineaments) estimated the break angles of 43.822 degrees (+/- 1.6) on the exposed facets, repeated within the same error envelope on all exposed sides The observed phenomena should not be confused with triangular facets normally occurring in a tectonic setting, for those occurrences only exhibit single-sided triangulation and are uneven in the appearance with a far lesser or greater incidence angle, whereas the observed anomalies exhibit two or more even triangular sides with 4, ~~ 40-48 degrees angular breaks. Furthermore, no observed fault strikes correspond with the triangular occurrences on the mounds, thus eliminating the possibility that they were a secondary product of recent tectonic movements.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="409" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic28.jpg" title="osmanagic28" width="396" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Results from automated lineament detection on the available, high resolution data sets over Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (and image base for a quick reference). Note the preferential orientation of the lineaments (Courtesy of Dr. Amer Smailbegovic)</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.7. Radar and georadar analysis</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Combined radar analysis from RADARSAT and SPOT radar system suggest that there are apparent lineaments present on the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun and access plateau which may be indicative of buried terraces, walls and/or passageways/entrances or cavities and chambers inside of the structure. Additionally, artificial illumination of the radar-based topography suggests that the pyramids preserve their unusual shape even when illuminated from different directions. The existence of these artificial structures is also reinforced by numerous statements of the military personnel stationed on the Pyramid itself and subjected to heavy shelling. They have reported unusual ground vibrations, echoing and ground movement whenever the mound was hit by the artillery fire during the war operations in Bosnia 1992-95. This acoustic evidence suggests that cavities/chambers indeed exist within the structure. During winter 2006/2007, two independent teams of georadar experts from Germany (LGA Bautechnick GMBH with Dr. Andreas Hasenstab as a team leader) and Serbia (Institute for Geophysics from Belgrade with Dr. Dejan Vuckovic as a head of the research), concluded that a total of 44 anomalies were found in the Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids and includes terraces, steps, shaped stone structures, passageways etc.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="174" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic29.jpg" title="osmanagic29" width="254" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Georadar experts from German company LGA Bautechnick GMBH found 44 man-made structures within 18 meters in depth throughout Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="289" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic30.jpg" title="osmanagic30" width="382" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>German georadar equipment shows possible passageways within the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.8. Equilateral triangle of three main pyramids</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Three main pyramids in the Bosnian Pyramid Valley form an equilateral triangle. The Kadastral Office from the County of Visoko performed GPS measurements of the hilltops and determined that all angles are symmetric (60 degrees). Their measurements showed that the distances among all three hilltops are the same (approx. 2,2 km) with less than 2% error, verifying the artificial structures.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="393" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic31.jpg" title="osmanagic31" width="390" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Topographic chart (1:24,000) with all three locations (Bosnian pyramids of the Sun, Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon and Pyramid of the Bosnian Dragon), formed an equilateral triangle the valley (Courtesy of Cadastral Office, Municipality of Visoko).</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.9. Geo-archaelogical evidence – Field campaigns 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The “Archaeological Park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun” Foundation has spent over 300,000 working hours excavating the archaeological locations in Visoko – Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids. This fact alone made this project the largest archaeological project in the world.</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.9.1. Bosnian pyramid of the sun</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun is completely covered by soil and vegetation. During the 1950s and 1960s, local government organized tree planting activities. Trees managed to grow only on the bottom half of the Pyramid. Thickness of the soil on Western, Northern and Eastern side of the Pyramid varies from the top (20cm) to the bottom (1.5 meter). This is due to the erosion. The Southern side, which seams to be damaged, has a soil layer of 3-6 meters. That is the reason why this side has lost its regularity. Physical material evidence of shaped and well preserved stone monoliths were unearthed during the ongoing geo-archaeological campaign in 2006-2008.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Excavation sites on the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="239" src="http://www.gizaforhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/osmanagic33.jpg" title="osmanagic33" width="356" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Stone monoliths on the Northern side of the Bosnian pyramid of the Sun superstructure of the pyramid-outer facing of the pyramid</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Samples of the stone blocks were analyzed in three domestic Bosnian scientific institutions (Institute for Civil Engineering in Tuzla, Institute for materials at the University of Zenica and Institute for Construction at the University of Sarajevo). Hardness of over 100 MPs and presence of the calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate point into the direction of ancient synthetic material – first concrete! According to Prof. Muhamed Pasic from University of Zenica, they are “moderately baked clay crushed with water possesses binding properties”. It has been the basis for Roman cement as well.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Concrete blocks stowed one on top of another, forming the slope of the pyramid<br />Four rows of blocks (40-45 cm thick) are followed by clay layer (45 cm) and another two rows of blocks follow.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Concrete blocks form the same slope in all directions.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Tree roots can not permeate the cement surface of the Pyramid.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>According to the biologist professor Sulejman Redzic of Univesity of Sarajevo, same roots break through natural conglomerate materialfor 20-25 meters (Neretva river valley, 120 km south of Visoko)</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>North-East corner of the Pyramid clearly shows construction characteristics.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Causeway that leads to the top of the Bosnian pyramid of the Sun is paved by the sandstone plates; pyramid is built from entirely different materials (concrete conglomerate blocks). Aerial photo shows corners between West and North, and North and East. Top of the Pyramid is flat like pyramids in China, Mexico or Egypt.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Fluvial geomorphology</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>– Comparison among two natural hills in US (Hazen Hill and Fowler Hill) and Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (“Visocica”); triangular faces in a case of natural hills form the permanent water drainage unlike artificial walls of Bosnian pyramid of the Sun (Northern and Eastern sides).</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Concrete blocks are covered by thin and smooth “sandstone” layer</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Geophysicists from the Belgrade University conducting geo-radar screening (sonda # 12)</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Satellite radar has penetrated the surface of Northern side of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun of four meters. Straight black lines show underground passageways – pyramidal substructure. Some of them intersect at 90 degrees.</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">1.9.2 Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon</font></h4> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>With its height of 190 meters, Bosnian Pyramid of the Moon is the world’s second largest: next to the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun (220 meters) and higher than Khufu’s Great Pyramid of Egypt (148 meters). It is a three-sided pyramid with the plateau coming from the East, leading to the top of the structure. Other sides (North, West, South) match the cardinal points. For the construction of this pyramid, sandstone plates and tiles were used together with the clay as a constructive material.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Layout of three main pyramids: Sun (top right), Moon (bottom) and Dragon (left) form the equilateral triangle with a distance of 2,2 km between the tops of the pyramids. </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Geometry, shape, orientation, constructive material – they all prove the perfect planning and execution of the complex. </b></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Shadow of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun form the parallel “pyramid” next to the Bosnian pyramid of the Moon on a day of summer solstice (June 22), extremely important day for the ancient people</b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1337" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/W_wVAAaGJRo" width="1610" youtube-src-id="W_wVAAaGJRo"></iframe></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1352" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XU49FSIx0_g" width="1626" youtube-src-id="XU49FSIx0_g"></iframe></div><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /><br /> </b></span><p></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="224"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="249"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">1</span></td> <td valign="top" width="249"> <p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l03_RTR322XK.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img03"><strong><font color="#ff8000">3</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">A rainbow appears as lightning strikes after a rainstorm in Haikou, Hainan province, China, on May 13, 2012. </font></strong></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1515" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Rh8wHMdKNjI" width="1823" youtube-src-id="Rh8wHMdKNjI"></iframe></font></strong></div><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><br /></font></strong><p></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img04"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l04_31E10712.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img04"><strong><font color="#ff8000">4</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">An elusive "red sprite" flash, photographed by Expedition 31 astronauts aboard the International Space Station on April 30, 2012. The sprite (upper right) appears high above a lightning strike (bright spot in the clouds). Red sprites only last for a few milliseconds, sending pulses of electrical energy up toward the edge of space--the electrically charged layer known as the ionosphere--instead of down to Earth's surface. More about this image on NASA's </font></strong><a href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=78487"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Earth Observatory</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000">. (NASA) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img04"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l04_31E10712.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img05"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l05_40103709.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img05"><strong><font color="#ff8000">5</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">A lightning bolt flashes above Independence Square near the landmark Palacio Salvo, in Montevideo, Uruguay, as a storm passes over the capital early on February 28, 2012. (Mariana Suarez/AFP/Getty Images) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img05"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l05_40103709.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img06"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l06_35576374.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img06"><strong><font color="#ff8000">6</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning over the Grand Tetons. Original </font></strong><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/29494958@N07/7635576374/"><strong><font color="#ff8000">here</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000">. (</font></strong><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/deed.en"><strong><font color="#ff8000">CC BY ND</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> Flickr user </font></strong><a href="http://www.flickr.com/people/29494958@N07/"><strong><font color="#ff8000">inuyashacow</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000">) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img06"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l06_35576374.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img07"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l07_46625836.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img07"><strong><font color="#ff8000">7</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Forks of lightning during a thunderstorm in Warsaw, Poland, on June 20, 2012. (Alex Grimm/Getty Images) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img07"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l07_46625836.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img08"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l08_03145333.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img08"><strong><font color="#ff8000">8</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning streaks across the sky in Tyler, Texas as a powerful line of thunderstorms, several spawning tornadoes moved across Texas, on April 3, 2012. (AP Photo/Dr. Scott M. Lieberman) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img08"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l08_03145333.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img09"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l09_RTR33NY6.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img09"><strong><font color="#ff8000">9</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning illuminates the sky above Donbass Arena during the Group D Euro 2012 soccer match Ukraine vs France in Donetsk, Ukraine, on June 15, 2012. The game was suspended due to heavy rain and thunder storm. (Reuters/Felix Ordonez) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img09"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l09_RTR33NY6.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img10"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l10_RTR34WVP.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img10"><strong><font color="#ff8000">10</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lighting strikes behind a barn surrounded by a soybean crop in Donnellson, Iowa, on July 13, 2012. (Reuters/Adrees Latif) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img10"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l10_RTR34WVP.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img11"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l11_0E228193.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img11"><strong><font color="#ff8000">11</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Viewed from low Earth orbit, lightning illuminates a cloud from within, above Oklahoma, on April 11, 2012. Photo taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station, some 250 miles above the clouds. (NASA) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img11"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l11_0E228193.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img12"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l12_RTR34DJF.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img12"><strong><font color="#ff8000">12</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning strikes over buildings during a thunderstorm in Berlin, on June 29, 2012. (Reuters/Pawel Kopczynski) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img12"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l12_RTR34DJF.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img13"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l13_02035567.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img13"><strong><font color="#ff8000">13</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">A double rainbow appears in the sky as lightning strikes during a severe thunderstorm in Hamilton, Ohio, on May 1, 2012. (AP Photo/Steve Vaughn) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img13"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l13_02035567.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img14"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l14_RTR34T49.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img14"><strong><font color="#ff8000">14</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning, during a storm above the Memorial Center in Potocari the night before a mass burial, near Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, on July 10, 2012. The bodies of 520 recently identified victims of the Srebrenica massacre were buried on July 11, the anniversary of the massacre when Bosnian Serb forces commanded by Ratko Mladic slaughtered 8,000 Muslim men and boys and buried them in mass graves, in Europe's worst massacre since World War Two. (Reuters/Dado Ruvic) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img14"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l14_RTR34T49.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img15"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l15_03457094.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img15"><strong><font color="#ff8000">15</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning strikes Lake Michigan, seen from Streeterville, north of downtown Chicago. Original </font></strong><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/smaedli/7503457094/"><strong><font color="#ff8000">here</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000">. (</font></strong><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en"><strong><font color="#ff8000">CC BY</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/smaedli/"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Chad Kainz</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000">) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img15"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l15_03457094.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img16"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l16_RTR36ZV9.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img16"><strong><font color="#ff8000">16</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning strikes over a house in the northern Swiss town of Muellheim, on August 20, 2012. (Reuters/Arnd Wiegmann) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img16"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l16_RTR36ZV9.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img17"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l17_RTR36ZD3.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img17"><strong><font color="#ff8000">17</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning touches down during a storm in central Shanghai, on August 20, 2012. (Reuters/Aly Song) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img17"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l17_RTR36ZD3.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img18"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l18_43402124.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img18"><strong><font color="#ff8000">18</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">A flash of lightning illuminates the night sky during a thunderstorm in Cali, Valle del Cauca department, Colombia, on April 25, 2012. (Luis Robayo/AFP/Getty Images) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img18"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l18_43402124.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img19"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l19_RTR34XNM.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img19"><strong><font color="#ff8000">19</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lighting strikes over Saint Joseph cathedral Hanoi, Vietnam, on July 14, 2012. (Reuters/Carlos Barria) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img19"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l19_RTR34XNM.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img20"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l20_RTR35D8X.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img20"><strong><font color="#ff8000">20</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightningin the sky above the Christopher Columbus monument at Madrid's Colon Square, on July 26, 2012. (Reuters/Juan Medina) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img20"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l20_RTR35D8X.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img21"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l21_42843255.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img21"><strong><font color="#ff8000">21</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Lightning bolts crisscross the sky above Lahore City, Pakistan, during a thunderstorm that was followed with heavy rain on April 13, 2012. (Arif Ali/AFP/Getty Images) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img21"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l21_42843255.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img22"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l22_RTR33BD4.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img22"><strong><font color="#ff8000">22</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">A soldier from the U.S. Army's Alpha Company, 1-12 Infantry, 4th Brigade, 4th Infantry Division, mans a weapon during a lightning storm at Combat Outpost Pirtle-King in Afghanistan's Kunar Province, on June 8, 2012. (Reuters/Tim Wimborne) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img22"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l22_RTR33BD4.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img23"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l23_46625838.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img23"><strong><font color="#ff8000">23</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Forks of lightning during a thunderstorm above Warsaw, Poland, on June 20, 2012. (Alex Grimm/Getty Images) </font></strong><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img23"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a><strong><font color="#ff8000"> </font></strong><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/l23_46625838.jpg"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></font></strong></a></span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="img24"><font color="#ff8000"></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/lightning082112/s_l24_RTR34XXA.jpg" /></font></strong></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/#img24"><strong><font color="#ff8000">24</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">A double rainbow appears after a heavy monsoon storms over Nipton Road in Searchlight, Nevada, on July 13, 2012. (Reuters/Gene Blevins)</font></strong></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="249">1</td> <td valign="top" width="249">1</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script async="async" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" type="text/javascript"></script></div> <div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script async="async" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" type="text/javascript"></script></div> <p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-52689296829866840282023-09-14T22:56:00.000-07:002024-03-17T08:58:59.524-07:00A U.S. SECURITY STRATEGY FOR THE ARCTIC, CAPTURING THE EASTERN COAST OF RUSSIA:TO INCLUDE VLADIVOSTOK, SAKHALIN, KAMCHATKA AND PART OF SIBERIA, THIS WILL DIMINISH ACCESS OF RUSSIA AND CHINA TO THE ARCTIC ALSO WILL SECURE US AND JAPANESE SOVEREINTY<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2383" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MXpTGZK-BiM" width="2867" youtube-src-id="MXpTGZK-BiM"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><h1><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A U.S. SECURITY STRATEGY FOR THE ARCTIC, </b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">CAPTURING THE EASTERN COAST OF RUSSIA:</b></span><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;">TO INCLUDE VLADIVOSTOK, SAKHALIN, KAMCHATKA AND PART OF SIBERIA, THIS WILL DIMINISH ACCESS OF RUSSIA AND CHINA TO THE ARCTIC ALSO WILL SECURE US AND JAPANESE SOVEREINTY</b></h1><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2304" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qmYteyr7ibY" width="2772" youtube-src-id="qmYteyr7ibY"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">US capturing the eastern coast of Russia with the help of Japan to avoid threats to Alaska and limit the access of China to the Arctic</b></span></h1><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Maritime Friction</b></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><header class="Header Header--bottom" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: subpixel-antialiased; color: rgba(23, 23, 23, 0.9); font-family: garamond-premier-pro; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.36px; text-align: start;"><div class="Header-inner Header-inner--bottom" data-nc-collapse="" data-nc-group="bottom" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; background-color: black; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1200px; padding-left: 34px; padding-right: 34px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div data-nc-container="bottom-center" style="-webkit-box-align: center; 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box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 1200px; padding: 10px 35px;"><article class="BlogItem hentry tag-russia-ukraine-war tag-collective-self-defense tag-international-humanitarian-law tag-armed-conflict tag-us-military-intervention author-anna-qiang post-type-text has-tags" data-item-id="628915ef836a0028d6f1a34c" id="post-628915ef836a0028d6f1a34c" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><h1 class="BlogItem-title" data-content-field="title" style="background-color: black; font-size: 42px; letter-spacing: 0em; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 32px; order: 2; text-align: center; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">The Russian Occupation of The Kuriles The Same Way with Ukraine: Examining the Legality of US Interference</h1></b></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Russian invasion of Ukraine initiated this past February 2022 was the culmination of significant regional tension that had been brewing for several years. Ukraine regained independence when the Soviet Union fell in 1991. A decade later, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) began expanding further into Eastern Europe; in 2004, former Soviet states Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia became members of the organization. NATO also adopted an “Open Door Policy,” meaning that any European State that wishes to embody the principles of NATO and its treaty can apply to join the organization. These developments implied that Ukraine, as a post-Soviet European state, could also one day join NATO—such a possibility was first put on paper at the 2008 Bucharest Summit. At this summit, the allies reaffirmed Ukraine’s right to determine its own security dispositions, a right that Russia had also accepted through treaties such as the NATO-Russia Founding Act in 1997. [1] The recent Russian invasion of Ukraine thus raises the question of whether the United States is legally allowed to interfere in the event that Russia takes over Ukraine; this question arises due to the conflict behind US military intervention. [2] Due to the violation of the law of aggression during armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the principle of collective self-defense, the United States is legally able to intervene in the conflict of the Russian occupation of Ukraine.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2217" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aT0w5sLkZ3c" width="2666" youtube-src-id="aT0w5sLkZ3c"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Even though Russia has technically acknowledged the sovereignty of Ukraine, they have not respected it in practice, particularly given Ukraine’s clear pro-Western political trajectory. [3] President Vladimir Putin has expressed his concern over Ukraine’s proximity to Western powers on numerous occasions and claimed that a Ukrainian-Western alliance would be hostile to Russia. [4] Furthermore, Putin does not see Ukraine as a sovereign nation but as a Russian entity, which brings up the international legal concern regarding the independence of states. Moreover, by annexing the formerly Ukrainian peninsula of Crimea in 2014, the current Russian government has historically acted on this belief, demonstrating their commitment to reclaiming Russian territories of prior decades. [5] However, despite their close ancestral ties to both the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, a majority of the Ukrainian people favor a closer alliance with the West and NATO. [6] In fact, according to a 2017 public opinion survey by Rating Group Ukraine, 57 percent of Ukrainians have a “very cold or cold attitude” towards Russia, demonstrating a growing anti-Russian sentiment in the country. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2248" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wfrxVuJdFc4" width="2706" youtube-src-id="wfrxVuJdFc4"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Although Russia is a permanent member of the UN Security Council, the country’s invasion of Ukraine constitutes a violation of humanitarian law, especially as it relates to acts of aggression and war crimes. According to Article 8 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), an act of aggression is defined as “the use of armed force by a State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another State.” [8] Though neither Russia nor Ukraine are a state party to the Rome Statute, its jurisdiction still applies to both nations due to Article 12 of the Statute. According to Article 12, a non-member state can accept the court’s rulings over a specific topic, which Ukraine has already done twice. [9] Thus, Russia’s violation of this statute could cause them to face legal repercussions at the ICC. [10] Furthermore, Russia can be considered to violate the Law of Armed Conflict, also known as International Humanitarian Law. The Law of Armed Conflict states that during times of war, militaries must guarantee that humanitarian values–such as the safety of civilians–are being upheld. [11] Given the threat to the civilian population of Ukraine, the United States is justified in considering “collective self-defense,” a term within the UN charter that relates to a state defending another state from military force. This principle can be legally applied if one state takes aggressive military action against another state that violates international law.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Because of certain principles within collective self-defense, the United States could legally defend Ukraine and counteract Russian aggression. The law of collective self-defense under the UN charter is defined as the right to defend other states, whereas collective self-defense in the “Standing Rules of Engagement” used by the U.S. military defines the term as “the act of defending designated non-U.S. citizens, forces, property, and interests from a hostile act or demonstrated hostile intent.” The “citizens” defined here can include citizens of an allied country of the United States. However, because this definition is vague, it is important for the United States to follow the rules of jus ad bellum–defined in Article 51 of the UN Charter as a state using force against another state with the consent of the state being invaded–when specifying the amount of force they will use against Russian opposition. As such, the second legal question regarding an invasion is the extent to which a state can use force when defending another state. According to the Law of Armed Conflict, the conflict among groups must reach the level of a “non-international armed conflict” in order to have an intervention, defined as a conflict where governments and several armed entities engage militarily, threatening the sovereignty of a state. [14] Russia has committed the crime of aggression, expressing hostile intent to hurt Ukrainian sovereignty. Thus, if the US were to intervene in the conflict with support from Ukraine, they would have to follow the rules of jus ad bellum.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2414" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LRN6qQyusJc" width="2905" youtube-src-id="LRN6qQyusJc"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>This open the northern border with limited defense because of Chinese forces at the border. This is the openning to a land attack of North Korea which General MacArthur was prevented in doing more than seven decades ago. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; text-align: start;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">We can think at least 20 to 60 reasons why and they all come down to the following two words, heavily defended DMZ and their nuclear weapons. Unfortunately, this is just two of the many reasons this country appears to be impenetrable. Even without nuclear weapons, North Korea possesses other forms of deterrence. So, why is invading North Korea so difficult? What other forms of deterrence does North Korea possess? And how do these factors contribute to North Korea's reputation as an impossible-to-invade nation?</span></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /> </span></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: start;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Furthermore, following the legal doctrine of collective self defense, the United States could use considerable military force to prevent North Korea, China and Russia from committing war crimes. A similar case of invoking collective self defense can be seen in the Nuremberg Trials, which tried German atrocities, from 1945 to 1946. An international treaty signed on August 8th, 1945 by the United Kingdom, the United States, France, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) contained articles that details specific violations of international law that Germany had violated. In Article 6, for example, the Allies argued that “the following acts, or any of them, are crimes coming within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal which there shall be individual responsibility,” referring to punishing Germany for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace under a court of international law. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2325" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PM6f80fwnE4" width="2798" youtube-src-id="PM6f80fwnE4"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>This demonstrates that in the case of extreme violations of international human rights of China and North Korea, such as illegal armed conflict, foreign intervention is allowed—a criteria met by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Furthermore, in this instance, intervention by the United States would not be unilateral, as the Russian invasion of Ukraine concerns a coalition of countries that wish to uphold the United Nations’s principles regarding armed conflict, such as NATO.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2316" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/c8jtECzK3gk" width="2785" youtube-src-id="c8jtECzK3gk"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Russia’s invasion of sovereign entities is similar to other international military conflicts, such as the 2008 conflict between Russia and the Republic of Georgia. Similar to Ukraine, Georgia left the Soviet Union, declared independence in 1991, and pursued a new political path forward to build stronger ties with Western nations—which eventuated in the Russian invasion of Georgia. Russia’s 2008 war against Georgia brought up similar legal consequences as the Russia-Ukraine war, including violations of International Human Rights Law and the Law of Armed Conflict. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2466" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/oYifU4c4Mxc" width="2967" youtube-src-id="oYifU4c4Mxc"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>When the European Court of Human Rights heard the judgment of war in Georgia v. Russia (2021), it ruled that the Russian Federation was guilty of a number of charges, including ethnic cleansing, civilian attacks and illegal occupation. These crimes include destruction of public facilities, such as schools, that would harm Georgian civilians. However, Russia ignored most of these rulings, including the requirement of 10 million Euros to compensate Georgia for war damage. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2139" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qR7jICmkUG0" width="2574" youtube-src-id="qR7jICmkUG0"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The legal grounds for U.S. intervention further draws upon international humanitarian law. The Russian invasion of Ukraine is an international armed conflict, violating the legal terms within the 1977 Additional Protocol I, the Hague Convention of 1908, and the Geneva Conventions. [18] Because Russia and Ukraine attended Protocol I and the 1949 Geneva Conventions, they are subject to international humanitarian law. Furthermore, Russia and Ukraine have signed numerous human rights treaties, including the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), illustrating that they have agreed to adhere to laws guaranteeing basic human rights. International human rights law and the laws of war strictly prohibit military attacks from targeting civilians. However, the Russian invasion of Ukraine has made civilians the direct targets of military combat; for example, Russian missiles have targeted the Freedom Square in Kharkiv, Ukraine’s second largest city. [20] Additionally, a fundamental tenet of the law of armed conflict is that civilians must be separate from military conflict, yet many Ukrainian civilians have had to forcibly leave their homes to protect themselves from war and find suitable refuge.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Capture the port and airport of Vladivostok before the Chinese could react during the collapse of Russia. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>A further case that relates to the Russia-Ukraine war is Namibia v. South Africa (1971), which dictates the implications of an international court of law determining the actions of countries in the UN. In October of 1966, the UN General Assembly ruled that South Africa was illegally occupying the territory of Namibia, and that, as a result, other countries should not establish deals with the South African government. Namibia used to be an area under South Africa as it was captured during World War 1, though it officially became independent in 1990. Despite this, South Africa has continued to treat Namibia as a province of the country. [21] South Africa’s occupation was thus in direct conflict with the UN Security Council Mandate: Namibia was its own separate country. This court case bears similarities with the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, as it shows that when one country’s invasion of another is against UN doctrine, international law acts as an “order” that dictates specific action for other countries so that they may counteract a state’s illegal behavior. If the US military were to assist Ukraine, they could legally justify use of force against Russia by referencing Russian violations of several UN doctrines.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The events unfolding in Ukraine raises questions regarding how the world will respond: will international pressure, from the United States or other nations, be enough to stop the invasion? With Russia’s history of ignoring international rulings, it seems that the international community must do more than just rely on economic sanctions or the invocation of international humanitarian law to condemn the state’s actions. In particular, the Russian violations of international law in its invasion of Ukraine could allow for a direct U.S. military response to the conflict. Even still, international humanitarian law must continue to determine what an effective US response will look like, particularly considering the impacts of Russian actions on Ukrainian civilians and sovereignty.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></article></section></main></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Russian lawmakers loyal to President Vladimir Putin have threatened to <a href="https://nypost.com/2022/03/15/putins-spin-doc-wants-reparation-from-u-s-and-alaska-back/">claw back Alaska from the US </a>if Western countries continue to impose sanctions as punishment for the war in Ukraine.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Russia’s most senior lawmaker Vyacheslav Volodin warned Wednesday that Kremlin could claim back the state, which was sold to the US in 1867.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“Decency is not weakness,” said the speaker of the State Duma, Russia’s lower house of parliament, during a parliamentary session. “We always have something to answer with. Let America always remember, there is part of its territory… Alaska.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">He warned: “When they start trying to dispose of our resources abroad, let them think before they do so that we also have something to reclaim.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">He urged other members of the Duma to “keep an eye on Alaska.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">Melting sea ice has opened new shipping pathways, and nations have eyed the vast hydrocarbon and mineral reserves below the Arctic sea floor. As a result, the complicated treaties, claims and boundary zones that govern the region have been opened to fresh disputes.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2342" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DkKIoXMmuMA" width="2818" youtube-src-id="DkKIoXMmuMA"></iframe></div><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Japan’s new defense strategy and their already existing massive economic influence in Southeast Asia will make them the west's secret weapon against communist authoritarian China. Japan’s Prime Minister Fumio Kishida recently unveiled on December 16th 2022 his country's new 5 year $320 billion dollar defense plan that will acquire 500 US made tomahawk cruise missiles that can strike Chinese territory for the first time. It will effectively double the size of Japan's military budget and make them the world’s third-largest military spender right after the United States and China. It’s not just an increase in weapons, their publicly released historic 2022 National Defense outlines sound justifications and legal arguments for this rearmanet as well as a change in their defense posture to deter aggression. Oh no! Sound the alarms! The Japanese empire has woken up from its slumber and they’re getting ready to take over the world again! ” Obviously that’s absolutely ridiculous but tell that to North Korea, Russia and China who all took turns coming out to publicly denounce Japan’s new military plan as “dangerous” and alluding to Japan's history as an expansionist empire. Chinese Communist Party tabloid Global Times said “Japan has a history of straying into militarism and committing aggression and crimes against humanity, which has brought disaster to the region and the world and is now deviating from the track of post-war peaceful development. Apparently it’s only okay for China to increase defense spending and no one else. Yes Even 80 years after the last world war it’s hard for some people to forget. people don’t forget meme In most modern discussions about great power politics we completely overlook Japan but I think a closer analysis will show you that this great nation holds the keys to keeping China in check. Many people do not understand just how much economic influence and soft power Japan projects despite having a somewhat self imposed limited military. Even though China’s GDP surpassed Japan’s in 2010. Japan is still the largest sponsor of infrastructure projects in Southeast Asia. Yes, that's even bigger than China’s massive efforts to expand with their Belt and Road Initiative throughout the region. As of 2021 Japan's investments in projects in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam is $259 billion compared to China’s $157 billion. This means Japanese banks lend more to Southeast Asia's five largest economies than the United States, UK and France combined. Doesn’t explain why my loan requests to Japanese banks are always denied but fair enough. Japan's massive construction projects across Asia give them tremendous credibility, respect, and influence in foreign policy decisions in the region. This makes Japan a closer rival to China than the US in this regard. Tokyo is the undisputed heavyweight champ of infrastructure investments in South East Asia even though China gets all the news reports about their belt and road initiative. These projects include a subway system for Manila and a new East-west southern economic corridor that will link up Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar to promote free trade. These are some of the projects Japan is changing the world with. So how does Japan compete against China in this field? They offer low interest rates of around .25% for 30 year loans which is way better than the 4% interest rates on China’s projects which have been criticized for debt trapping developing countries.</b></span></div></div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div id="fullBleedHeaderContent" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><header class="css-bhl1m5 evmxed20" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; height: 100vh; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 7px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="css-9fsmc8" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 100vw; z-index: 0;"><figure aria-label="media" class="sizeFull layoutHorizontal css-1wyt60f" role="group" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px auto 2.5rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1536px;"><div class="css-1wgfp4k" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 100vh; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><picture><img alt="Army Specialist Joseph Salas works from a vantage point during recent cold-weather military exercises in Alaska." class="css-1k4o54s" decoding="async" height="493" sizes="100vw" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/24/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-3/merlin_204282588_0b7a9cda-b12b-48fb-a440-9f3f6f8d3ce9-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/24/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-3/merlin_204282588_0b7a9cda-b12b-48fb-a440-9f3f6f8d3ce9-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/24/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-3/merlin_204282588_0b7a9cda-b12b-48fb-a440-9f3f6f8d3ce9-jumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/24/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-3/merlin_204282588_0b7a9cda-b12b-48fb-a440-9f3f6f8d3ce9-superJumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 2048w" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 100vh; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; object-fit: cover; object-position: 50% 50%; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: top; width: 100vw;" width="600" /></picture></div><figcaption class="css-1ifeaca e1maroi60" style="border: 0px; color: var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272); font-family: nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 10px 20px 0px; max-width: 900px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span aria-hidden="true" class="css-jevhma e13ogyst0" color="var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272)" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.25rem; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Army Specialist Joseph Salas works from a vantage point during recent cold-weather military exercises in Alaska.</span><span class="css-1u46b97 e1z0qqy90" color="var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272)" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.01em; line-height: 1.125rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Credit...</span><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span aria-hidden="false" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Ash Adams for The New York Times</span></span></span></figcaption></figure></div><div class="css-7z7nxy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent 0px, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25) 15%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.38) 33%); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 50px 0px 70px 50px; pointer-events: auto; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; transition: background 0.5s ease-in-out 0s; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1519.2px; z-index: 2;"><p class="css-1jj40oj e6idgb70" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; color: #f8f8f8; font-family: nyt-franklin, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 0.05em; line-height: 1.125rem; margin: 35px auto 0.625rem 0px; max-width: 600px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; text-transform: uppercase; transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"></p><div class="css-1vkm6nb ehdk2mb0" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><h1 class="css-p4vqp6 e1h9rw200" data-testid="headline" id="link-30c7dee6" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 49px; margin: auto auto 0.6rem 0px; max-width: 800px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 800px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;">With Eyes on Russia, the U.S. Military Prepares for an Arctic Future</span></h1></div><p class="css-y47omd e1wiw3jv0" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; font-family: nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.75rem; margin: 0px auto 0.6rem 0px; max-width: 700px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">As climate change opens up the Arctic for transit and exploration, Russia has increasingly militarized the region. The U.S. is preparing a more aggressive presence of its own.</b></span></p></div></header><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Tensions have been growing in the region for years, as nations stake claims to shipping routes and energy reserves that are opening up as a result of climate change. Now, with the geopolitical order shifting after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the competition over sovereignty and resources in the Arctic could intensify.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">On the West Coast of Alaska, the federal government is investing hundreds of millions of dollars to expand the port at Nome, which could transform into a deepwater hub servicing Coast Guard and Navy vessels navigating into the Arctic Circle. The Coast Guard expects to deploy three new icebreakers — although Russia already has more than 50 in operation.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><img height="2028" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/28/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-2/merlin_204281436_20bfa66a-4d58-473b-8e0a-4e89a7a181a5-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" width="2469" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Military personnel practiced digging trenches, setting up outposts and conducting combat maneuvers.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Around 8,000 soldiers participated in the exercises.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">And while the United States has denounced Russia’s aggressive military expansion in the Arctic, the Pentagon has its own plans to increase its presence and capabilities, working to rebuild cold-weather skills neglected during two decades of war in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Air Force has transferred dozens of F-35 fighter jets to Alaska, announcing that the state will host “more advanced fighters than any other location in the world.” The Army last year released its first strategic plan for “<a href="https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/15/9944046e/regaining-arctic-dominance-us-army-in-the-arctic-19-january-2021-unclassified.pdf">Regaining Arctic Dominance</a>.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">More on U.S. Armed ForcesLaid to Rest: Ian Fishback, an anti-torture whistle-blower during the U.S. occupations of Afghanistan and Iraq, was <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/08/us/ian-fishback-army-burial-arlington-cemetery.html?action=click&pgtype=Article&state=default&module=styln-us-armed-forces&variant=show&region=MAIN_CONTENT_1&block=storyline_top_links_recirc">buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery</a>. He died at age 42 after entering a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/21/magazine/ian-fishback.html?action=click&pgtype=Article&state=default&module=styln-us-armed-forces&variant=show&region=MAIN_CONTENT_1&block=storyline_top_links_recirc">dizzying mental health spiral</a>.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Affirmative Action: Students for Fair Admissions won its Supreme Court case against Harvard and the University of North Carolina. Now, it’s focusing on a possible new target: <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/03/us/affirmative-action-military-academies.html?action=click&pgtype=Article&state=default&module=styln-us-armed-forces&variant=show&region=MAIN_CONTENT_1&block=storyline_top_links_recirc">military academies</a>.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Space Command: The Pentagon said that President Biden <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/31/us/biden-space-force-alabama-colorado.html?action=click&pgtype=Article&state=default&module=styln-us-armed-forces&variant=show&region=MAIN_CONTENT_1&block=storyline_top_links_recirc">had canceled an order by former President Donald Trump</a> to move the United States Space Command headquarters to Alabama.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Military Justice Code: President Biden <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/28/us/politics/biden-military-sexual-assault.html?action=click&pgtype=Article&state=default&module=styln-us-armed-forces&variant=show&region=MAIN_CONTENT_1&block=storyline_top_links_recirc">gave final approval to the biggest reshaping of the military legal system</a>, stripping commanders of their authority over cases of sexual assault, rape and murder to ensure prosecutions that are independent of the chain of command.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Navy, which this month conducted exercises above and below the sea ice inside the Arctic Circle, also has developed a plan for protecting American interests in the region, warning that weakness there would mean that “peace and prosperity will be increasingly challenged by Russia and China, whose interests and values differ dramatically from ours.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><img height="2805" src="https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2022/03/25/arctic-army-map/d014d77304d5790ef1b69ad76c4c6f787bc43d37/0327-for-webARCTIC-ARMYmap-Artboard_335.png" width="2415" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The preparations are costly in both resources and personnel. While Captain Iannone’s company was able to finish setting up tents before midnight and survived the night without incident, other companies did not fare so well: Eight soldiers suffered cold-weather injuries, and four soldiers were taken to a hospital after a fire inside a personnel carrier.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Meanwhile, at another recent cold-weather exercise, in Norway, four U.S. Marines died when their aircraft <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/19/world/europe/us-marines-crash-norway-aircraft.html">crashed</a>.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Russia, whose eastern mainland lies just 55 miles across the Bering Strait from the coast of Alaska, for years has prioritized an expanded Arctic presence by refurbishing airfields, adding bases, training troops and developing a network of military defense systems on the northern frontier.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">With a warming climate shrinking sea ice in the region, valuable fish stocks are moving northward, while rare minerals and the Arctic’s substantial reserves of fossil fuels are becoming a growing target for exploration. Boat traffic is poised to increase from both trade and tourism.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img height="1910" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/24/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-top/00ARCTIC-ARMY-top-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" width="2325" /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A soldier rides in a small unit support vehicle. During the exercises, a dozen soldiers suffered injuries. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Two years ago, Moscow brought its own war games barreling through the Bering Sea, with Russian commanders testing weapons and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/us/russia-military-alaska-arctic-fishing.html">demanding that American fishing boats operating in U.S. fishing waters get out of the way</a> — an order the U.S. Coast Guard advised them to comply with. Russia has repeatedly sent military aircraft to the edge of U.S. airspace, leading U.S. jets to scramble to intercept them and warn them away.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2232" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dkMlLkCRmRQ" width="2684" youtube-src-id="dkMlLkCRmRQ"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">This month, in response to escalating international sanctions against Russia, a member of the Russian parliament demanded that Alaska, purchased by the United States from Russia in 1867, be returned to Russian control — a possibly rhetorical gesture that nonetheless reflected the deteriorating relationship between the two world powers.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">For centuries, the vast waters of the offshore Arctic were largely a no man’s land locked in by ice whose exact territorial boundaries — claimed by the United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, Denmark and Iceland — remained unsettled. But as melting sea ice has opened new shipping pathways and as nations have eyed the vast hydrocarbon and mineral reserves below the Arctic sea floor, the complicated treaties, claims and boundary zones that govern the region have been opened to fresh disputes.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Canada and the United States have never reached agreement on the status of the Northwest Passage between the North Atlantic and the Beaufort Sea. China, too, has been working to establish a foothold, declaring itself a “near-Arctic state” and <a href="http://static.kremlin.ru/media/events/files/en/Bo3RF3JzGDvMAPjHBQAuSemVPWTEvb3c.pdf">partnering with Russia</a> to promote “sustainable” development and expanded use of Arctic trade routes.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Russia has made it clear it intends to control the so-called Northern Sea Route off its northern shore, a route that significantly shortens the shipping distance between China and Northern Europe. U.S. officials have complained that Russia is illegally demanding that other nations seek permission to pass and threatening to use military force to sink vessels that do not comply.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“We are stuck with a pretty tense situation there,” said Troy Bouffard, director of the Center of Arctic Security and Resilience at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. “Either we acquiesce to Russia, to their extreme control of surface waters, or we elevate or escalate the issue.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The focus in recent years had been to expand diplomatic channels, collaborating on a range of regional challenges through the Arctic Council. That work was put on pause, however, after Russia invaded Ukraine.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">In Nome, which hopes to position itself as a maritime gateway to the Far North, there has long been evidence that a new era for the Arctic was arriving. Mayor John Handeland said winter sea ice that once persisted until mid-June may now be gone by early May and does not reappear before Thanksgiving.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div><img height="2491" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/28/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-4/merlin_204280848_16b50988-869b-4e31-9fe0-72ce0768a35a-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" width="3031" /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Working at a tactical operations center created during the exercises.</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><img height="2556" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/28/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-4/merlin_204280848_16b50988-869b-4e31-9fe0-72ce0768a35a-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" width="3111" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img height="1597" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/28/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-5/merlin_204290436_c12f9a96-f67b-478e-ad27-864debd0ca60-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" width="1945" /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Lucas Stotts, Nome’s harbormaster, gestures to the plans for the port expansion.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img height="1430" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/03/28/us/00ARCTIC-ARMY-5/merlin_204290436_c12f9a96-f67b-478e-ad27-864debd0ca60-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" width="1740" /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A record 12 cruise ships docked in Nome’s existing port in 2019. That number was poised to double this year, although some cruises that had expected to sail along Russia’s northern coast have canceled plans. For Mr. Handeland, the time is right to strengthen U.S. capabilities.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“As things escalate, I think the need for expansion of our military is now,” Mr. Handeland said. “I think we kind of had a period of time where we thought everything was cool, that we can let our guard down, so to speak. And now we’re seeing that that maybe was not a wise idea.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">But there are multiple local constituencies to navigate as development moves further into the Arctic. Alaska Natives are wary about impacts to the region’s fragile environment, on which many depend for hunting and fishing, said Julie Kitka, president of the Alaska Federation of Natives.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“I think that our people realize that our military needs to protect our country and our military does need to invest in a presence in the Arctic,” Ms. Kitka said. “But it has got to be done smart.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Dan Sullivan, Alaska’s junior Republican U.S. senator, said that while there may be little threat of a Russian invasion of Alaska, there is concern about Russia’s military buildup in the region.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">“Ukraine just demonstrates even more, what matters to these guys is presence and power,” Mr. Sullivan said. “And when you start to build ports, when you start to bring up icebreakers, when you start to bring up Navy shipping, when you have over 100 fifth-gen fighters in the Arctic in Alaska, we’re starting to now talk Putin’s language.”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Alaska is already one of the nation’s most militarized states, with more than 20,000 active-duty personnel assigned to places such as Eielson Air Force Base and Fort Wainwright in the Fairbanks area, Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson in Anchorage, and Coast Guard Air Station Kodiak. The Army’s large training exercise — the first Combat Training Center rotation to be held in Alaska — took place around Fort Greely, about 100 miles southeast of Fairbanks. Alaska is also home to critical parts of the nation’s missile-defense system.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Mr. Bouffard said the fracture in relations caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine could open the door to a variety of future problems that can only be guessed at right now. While there is no imminent conflict in the Arctic, there could well be friction over how Russia manages offshore waters or disputes over undersea exploration. The United States also needs to be prepared to aid northern European allies that share an uncertain future with Russia in Arctic waterways, he said.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">That will mean being prepared for a range of potential problems. In a separate Alaska military exercise in recent weeks, teams from the Marines and the Army practiced cold-weather strategies for containing chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear contamination.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">As Russian President <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/vladimir-putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s war in Ukraine continues to rage, United States commanders and military observers are sounding the alarm about the activity of Russia's submarine fleet thousands of miles away, off the U.S. coast.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">Throughout the war, which began when Putin launched a <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/putin-catastrophic-war-ukraine-numbers-1783156">full-scale invasion</a> of neighboring Ukraine last February, there has been a buildup of Russian Navy forces in the Black Sea. There has also been an increasing presence of Russian submarines off of U.S. coasts and in the Mediterranean, according to officials.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">The Russian Navy commands one of the most diverse submarine fleets in the world. Some are capable of carrying ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads, which Moscow considers key to its strategic deterrent.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">The nation has been working to improve its submarine fleet since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Over the past several years in particular, Moscow produced a series of submarines that have the capability to reach the most critical targets in the U.S. and continental Europe.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">Above, the Russian nuclear submarine "Kursk" travels in the Barents Sea near Severomorsk, Russia. The "Kursk" was one of the biggest submarines in the Russian </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">In December, Putin said his country would be building more nuclear-powered submarines, "which will ensure Russia's security for decades to come."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">There are indications that "nuclear-powered submarines have been <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/russia-submarine-strategy-putin-rule-beneath-waves-1785412">deploying off the coast of the United States</a> and into the Mediterranean and elsewhere along Europe periphery," </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">Their deployments "mirror Soviet style submarine deployments in the Cold War," he said.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">Last October, U.S. Air Force General Glen VanHerck, the head of U.S. Northern Command and NORAD, warned about the growing presence of the nuclear-powered Severodvinsk-class submarines off of U.S. coasts. He characterized Russia as the primary threat to the country right now.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">"They just moved subs, their first [Severodvinsk submarine] into the Pacific," VanHerck told the Association of the U.S. Army Conference. "Another [Severodvinsk] is out in the Mediterranean right now and another that's out on its way into the Atlantic. That will be a persistent, proximate threat capable of carrying a significant number of land-attack cruise missiles that can threaten our homeland."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">A month earlier, OSINT and Naval analyst HI Sutton said there has been a build-up of Russian Navy forces in the Mediterranean.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">VanHerck in 2021 described the submarines as being "on par with" domestic submarines in terms of quietness.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">Moscow's slow, bloody march to defeat</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">In February 2020, U.S. Navy Vice Admiral Andrew "Woody" Lewis told the U.S. Naval Institute and the Center for Strategic and International Studies think tank that the increasing presence of Russian submarine activity in the Atlantic Ocean means that his service no longer considers the East Coast as an "uncontested" area or an automatic "safe haven" for its vessels.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">"We have seen an ever-increasing number of Russian submarines deployed in the Atlantic, and these submarines are more capable than ever, deploying for longer periods of time, with more lethal weapons systems," Lewis said at the time. "Our sailors have the mindset that they are no longer uncontested and to expect to operate alongside our competitors each and every underway."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">The U.S. Navy is also undergoing a modernization drive. It has a total of 64 submarines in its fleet, including 50 nuclear-powered attack submarines, which are tasked with engaging and destroying enemy vessels; supporting on-shore operations and carrier groups; and carrying out surveillance, according to nonprofit Nuclear Threat Initiative.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">The U.S. began building its largest and most advanced Columbia-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) in June 2022.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">Three of the country's most powerful attack submarines were reportedly deployed by the U.S. Navy in July 2021.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">And in October 2022, the U.S. Navy deployed its stealthiest U.S. submarine in the Arabian Sea, the Ohio-class SSBN. Former submariner Tom Shugart, the adjunct senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, said its deployment could be "to show whomever needs to be reminded that the U.S. is willing and able to send SSBNs to virtually any ocean area it chooses, undetected."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">The exact scale of Russia's submarine underwater activity remains unclear, though Peterson said there has been a clear increase over the past 20 years.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">Peterson noted, however, that he believes a "weakness" will be in place for the Russian Navy for at least the next three to five years due to <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/russia-ukraine-timeline-year-war-1783274">Putin's war in Ukraine</a>.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">"The [Russian] Navy is running out of munitions, I think that's clear. Their campaign against strategic infrastructure targets has slowed down. They're not shooting as frequently anymore, and I think that's an indication that they are running out of weapons or are in short supply," he told Newsweek.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">He added: "So that's going to be a weakness going forward for the next several years until the conflict is over, and the Navy is able to reconstitute."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></b></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2316" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mHBoCf5mPjY" width="2785" youtube-src-id="mHBoCf5mPjY"></iframe></div><br /><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.875rem; margin: 0px 0px 0.9375rem; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">CHINA YOU ARE NOT WELCOME IN THE ARCTIC.</span></b></p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.875rem; margin: 0px 0px 0.9375rem; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">In its 2018 white paper on Arctic policy, China described itself as a “near-Arctic” state, a definition that has proven controversial and that, earlier this year, was publicly rejected by U.S. Secretary of State Pompeo at an Arctic Council (AC) ministerial: “Beijing claims to be a ‘Near-Arctic State,’ yet the shortest distance between China and the Arctic is 900 miles.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">This report explores China’s internal discourse on the Arctic as well as its activities and ambitions across the region. It finds that China sometimes speaks with two voices on the Arctic: an external one aimed at foreign audiences and a more cynical internal one emphasizing competition and Beijing’s Arctic ambitions. In examining China’s political, military, scientific, and economic activity — as well as its coercion of Arctic states — the report also demonstrates the seriousness of China’s aspirations to become a “polar great power.”1 China has sent high-level figures to the region 33 times in the past two decades, engaged or joined most major Arctic institutions, sought a half dozen scientific facilities in Arctic states, pursued a range of plausibly dual-use economic projects,</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">expanded its icebreaker fleet, and even sent its naval vessels into the region. The eight Arctic sovereign states — Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States — exercise great influence over the Arctic and its strategically valuable geography. China aspires to be among them.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">The report advances several primary findings:</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1737" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aX5UNkGZO6Y" width="2089" youtube-src-id="aX5UNkGZO6Y"></iframe></div><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China seeks to become a “polar great power” but downplays this goal publicly. Speeches by President Xi Jinping and senior Chinese officials with responsibility for Arctic policy are clear that building China into a “polar great power” by 2030 is China’s top polar goal. Despite the prominence of this goal in these texts, China’s externally facing documents — including its white papers — rarely if ever mention it, suggesting a desire to calibrate external perceptions about its Arctic ambitions, particularly as its Arctic activities become the focus of greater international attention.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2309" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Yt3vns42Nd8" width="2778" youtube-src-id="Yt3vns42Nd8"></iframe></div><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China describes the Arctic as one of the world’s “new strategic frontiers,” ripe for rivalry and extraction.2 China sees the Arctic — along with the Antarctic, the seabed, and space — as ungoverned or undergoverned spaces. While some of its external discourse emphasizes the need to constrain competition in these domains, several others take a more cynical view, emphasizing the need to prepare for competition within them and over their resources. A head of the Polar Research Institute for China, for example, called these kinds of public spaces the “most competitive resource treasures,” China’s National Security Law creates the legal capability to protect China’s rights across them, and top Chinese Communist Party (CCP) officials have suggested China’s share of these resources should be equal to its share of the global population.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2328" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/06n9b0V9dkY" width="2800" youtube-src-id="06n9b0V9dkY"></iframe></div><br /><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Chinese military texts treat the Arctic as a zone of future military competition. Although several externally facing Chinese texts downplay the risk of military competition in the Arctic, which would likely be harmful to Chinese goals, military texts take the opposite perspective. They note that, “the game of great powers” will “increasingly focus on the struggle over and control of global public spaces” like the Arctic and Antarctic and argue that China “cannot rule out the possibility of using force” in this coming “scramble for new strategic spaces.”4 Chinese diplomats describe the region as the “new commanding heights” for global military competition too while scholars suggest controlling it allows one to obtain the “three continents and two oceans’ geographical advantage” over the Northern Hemisphere.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2322" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Q2P3KnXkKy8" width="2794" youtube-src-id="Q2P3KnXkKy8"></iframe></div><br /><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Chinese texts make clear that its investments in Arctic science are intended to buttress its Arctic influence and strategic position. Although externally facing messaging indicates China’s desire to pursue scientific research for its own benefit and for global welfare, China’s top scientific figures and high-level CCP members are clear that science is also motivated by a drive for “the right to speak,” for cultivating China’s “identity” as an Arctic state, and for securing resources and strategic access.6 China’s polar expeditions and various research stations assist Beijing with its resource extraction, with Arctic access, and with acquiring experience operating in the Arctic climate.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2589" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ge1UoavcdeM" width="3116" youtube-src-id="Ge1UoavcdeM"></iframe></div><br /><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China supports existing Arctic governance mechanisms publicly but complains about them privately. Several Chinese texts indicate frustration with Arctic mechanisms and concern that the country will be excluded from the region’s resources. Official texts suggest gently that the region’s importance now transcends “its original inter-Arctic States,” while scholars once feared Arctic states would launch an admittedly unlikely “eight-state polar region alliance” or institutionalize the Arctic Council in ways that “strengthen their dominant position” at China’s expense.7 These texts stress China’s pursuit of “identity diplomacy,” namely, terming China a “near-Arctic State” because it is affected by climate change.8 They also indicate an interest in pushing alternative Chinese governance concepts — in some cases to supplement and other cases to run outside the Arctic Council — including a “Polar Silk Road” and China’s “community with a shared future for mankind,” though specifics are often lacking.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2944" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-4tKWN9hRe8" width="3543" youtube-src-id="-4tKWN9hRe8"></iframe></div><br /><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Accommodating China’s Arctic ambitions rarely produces enduring goodwill. Norway was the first country to allow China to build an Arctic science station and Sweden was the first worldwide to allow China to build its own completely China-owned satellite facility. Both these efforts, which were richly praised by China at the time, did not protect either country from later economic coercion and harsh condemnation by China. In both cases, China punished these countries not only for the actions of their governments but also for the independent actions of their civil societies, which were to award Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo the Nobel Peace Prize and to investigate China’s kidnapping of Swedish citizen Gui Minhai. Efforts by both Norway and Sweden to reverse the slide — with Sweden keeping relatively quiet about the rendition of its citizen and Norway vigorously backing China’s pursuit of Arctic Council observer status — were only met with restrictions on Norwegian fish exports and colorful threats of coercion against Sweden.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">7</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Arctic dependence on trade with China is often overstated, and trade flows are smaller than with other powers. Chinese economic statecraft is feared by some in the Arctic and around the world, but the region’s dependence on China is remarkably small. For the five smallest Arctic economies — Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland — China accounts for an average of only 4.0% of their exports, less than the United States (6.2%) and far less than the NATO and EU economies excluding the United States (70.3%).10</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">8</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China has invested significantly in Arctic diplomacy to boost its regional influence. China has sent high-level figures — at the levels of president, premier, vice president, foreign minister, and defense minister — to visit Arctic countries other than the United States and Russia 33 times over the last 20 years. Beijing lobbied heavily to become an Arctic Council observer, became a strong presence at many other regional Track II fora, and launched its own diplomatic and Track II regional efforts, including a China-Russia Arctic Forum and the China-Nordic Arctic Research Center, to deepen relations with governments and sub-national actors.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">9</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China’s military profile in the Arctic has increased, and its scientific efforts provide strategic advantages too. China has dispatched naval vessels to the Arctic on two occasions, including to Alaska and later to Denmark, Sweden, and Finland for goodwill visits. It has built its first indigenously produced icebreaker, has plans for more conventional heavy icebreakers, and is considering investments in nuclear-powered icebreakers too.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">10</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China’s scientific activities in the Arctic give it greater operational experience and access. China has sent 10 scientific expeditions into the region on its Xuelong icebreaker, generally with more than 100 crew members, that officials acknowledge give it useful operational and navigational experience. China has also established science and satellite facilities in Norway, Iceland, and Sweden while pursuing additional facilities in Canada and Greenland — with its facility in Norway able to berth more than two dozen individuals and provide resupply. Finally, China has used the Arctic as a testing ground for new capabilities whether related to satellites coverage, fixed-wing aircraft, autonomous underwater gliders, buoys, and even an “unmanned ice station” configured for research.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">11</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China’s infrastructure investments in the Arctic sometimes appear dual-use. Several Chinese infrastructure projects that have little economic gain have raised concerns about strategic motivations and dual-use capabilities. These include efforts by a former Chinese propaganda official to purchase 250 square kilometers of Iceland to build a golf course and airfield in an area where golf cannot be played and later to buy 200 square kilometers of Norway’s Svalbard archipelago. Chinese companies have also sought to purchase an old naval base in Greenland; to build three airports in Greenland; to build Scandinavia’s largest port in Sweden; to acquire (successfully) a Swedish submarine base; to link Finland and the wider Arctic to China through rail; and to do the same with a major port and railway in Arkhangelsk in Russia.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">12</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">China’s commodity investments in the Arctic have a mixed track record. Despite some important successes, a large number of Chinese investments have failed. For example, a major Chinese firm abandoned a Canadian zinc mine, refused to pay creditors, and left local governments to pay to clean up an environmental disaster. Another firm disappointed in its investment later sued, saying it had overpaid. In Greenland, a Chinese conglomerate abandoned its iron mine after running into legal trouble in China. In Iceland, a Chinese company withdrew from an Arctic exploration partnership due to poor initial resource estimates.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">The challenges Barents faced are similarly elemental. Tacking against an Arctic wind between towering icebergs while feeling one’s way through uncharted waters is a profoundly nerve-racking task, and Barents’s men did it day and night for weeks on end, fighting fatigue, scurvy, boredom and loneliness. The 11 months they spent huddled in the dark in a windowless makeshift cabin, slowly starving to death, makes quarantining during the pandemic seem like an endless spa day.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">Pitzer writes with care about the Arctic landscape Barents encountered — a dangerous world teeming with life and all that relentless ice, which would interest anyone who’s sailed in bad weather or, say, scraped ice off a windshield in subzero temperatures. But “Icebound” is curiously dispassionate about its human subjects. Over some 200 pages, events are dutifully logged, hewing closely to de Veer’s account. Yet Pitzer seems reluctant to venture into the minds of the individuals who gambled so much and took such pains to tell their stories. Her book follows “the men” — often unnamed and undifferentiated; in doing so, this spare retelling revels in the monotony of 16th-century exploration. It took a lot of time to get from here to there and sometimes you were forced to sit still and shiver.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">“Icebound” arrives in the midst of a second polar revival, a moment steeped in wistfulness. In the 19th century, when humanity first grappled with the promise and threat of technology, tales like Barents’s offered a road map into the frozen frontier. In the 21st century, we find ourselves equally ambivalent, but we now know what’s at stake. Pytheas’ ancient vision of a polar sea <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/08/climate/arctic-climate-change.html?searchResultPosition=3">may well become a reality in our lifetime</a>.</div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;">“Icebound” is a reminder that there was once a time when things were unknown. And when their ships bumped up against the edge of the Arctic, the Europeans gazed with horror and awe at the sparkling ice and wondered what Edens lay beyond, waiting to be discovered.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #bbbbbb; display: -webkit-box; line-height: 2.6rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.2rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: start; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-shadow: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-text-shadow,none); transform: var(--ytd-video-primary-info-renderer-title-transform,none);"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" force-default-style="" style="word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f6b26b;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Alaska: America’s Strategic Frontier</span></span></yt-formatted-string></h1><div style="color: #bbbbbb; font-weight: 400; text-align: start;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer" force-default-style="" style="background-color: black; word-break: break-word;"><br /></yt-formatted-string></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: #539bcd; clear: both; color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2285" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JLVlTks8v4w" style="display: inline;" width="2749" youtube-src-id="JLVlTks8v4w"></iframe></div><br style="background-color: #539bcd; color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; text-align: start;" /><p style="background-color: #539bcd; color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f6b26b; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>SHOW OF FORCE: 200 CARGO PLANES EACH CARRIES AN ARSENAL OF MISSILES TO DEFEND ALASKA OR TAIWAN</b></span></p><div class="separator" style="background-color: #539bcd; clear: both; color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2273" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WZLDDpIzGvg" style="display: inline;" width="2736" youtube-src-id="WZLDDpIzGvg"></iframe></div><span style="background-color: black;"><br style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; text-align: start;" /></span><div style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f6b26b; font-family: times;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f6b26b; font-family: times;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-weight: 400;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f6b26b; font-family: times;"><b>Increasingly capable long-range air-launched munitions have already granted new life to elder statesmen like the B-52 Stratofortress, but the Air Force's Rapid Dragon program aims to take this concept to the next level. Rather than relying solely on heavy payload bombers and strike fighters to deliver stand-off munitions, Rapid Dragon will allow America's large fleets of cargo aircraft to join the fight as missile-packing arsenal ships. In fact, this system could even turn cargo aircraft into incredibly potent warship hunters if a conflict were ever to break out over the Pacific.</b></span></div><div style="font-weight: 400;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="font-weight: 400; text-align: start;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; line-height: 1.63158;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>O</b></span><b>ver the past decade, nations bordering on the Arctic have found themselves with a big new security problem. The melting of the arctic ice has opened up shipping lanes and opportunities for the exploitation for undersea resources, but has also exposed vulnerabilities for countries that have long considered their northern frontier secure.<br /><br /><br />It’s not surprising that <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/21/russia-arctic-military-oil-gas-putin" style="text-decoration-line: none;">Russia has prepared its military</a> for arctic operations better than any other country. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union prepared to fight across the Arctic, both in the air and at sea. Many of the weapons and much of the expertise from that era have remained, leaving the Kremlin with a lethal set of capabilities. Here are five systems we can expect Russia to use in order to defend its interests in the Arctic Ocean, in case the unthinkable ever occurred.<br /><br />Icebreakers:<br /><br /><br />The single most important vessel for access to the arctic is the icebreaker, and Russia retains the most extensive fleet of icebreakers anywhere in the world. Warming does not eliminate arctic ice, but instead makes the movement of ice more fluid and less predictable. As access to the Arctic improves, and as the commercial interest in exploiting the region increases, the movement of ice and increased frequency of military and civilian use will make icebreakers more necessary than ever. Both civilian and military ships will require the support of icebreakers in order to proceed with their regular tasks, and for the foreseeable future, Russia is best equipped to serve as the guarantor of global access to the Arctic.</b></span></p></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div></b></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="date-outer" style="font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: start;"><div class="date-posts"><div class="post-outer"><div class="post hentry uncustomized-post-template" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" style="min-height: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-7491814902646347476" itemprop="description articleBody" style="line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 1300px;"><div><div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2381" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dV67yJHoPvw" style="display: inline;" width="2862" youtube-src-id="dV67yJHoPvw"></iframe></div><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="clear: both;"></div></div><div class="post-footer" style="line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><div class="post-footer-line post-footer-line-1"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></b></span><div class="date-outer" style="margin-bottom: 2em; text-align: start;"><div class="date-posts"><div class="post-outer"><div class="post hentry uncustomized-post-template" itemprop="blogPost" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting" style="min-height: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5653102854331879564" itemprop="description articleBody" style="line-height: 1.4; position: relative; width: 1300px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><br /><br /><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2258" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DhEIucb9d0w" style="display: inline;" width="2712" youtube-src-id="DhEIucb9d0w"></iframe><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div></b></span><div class="td-post-header" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><header class="td-post-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><h1 class="entry-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 36px; margin: 0px 0px 7px; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;">US Icebreakers Apparently Needs LASERS and Missiles Now</span></h1></b></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br />The US Coast Guard is seeking to equip icebreaker vessels operating near the Arctic Ocean with cruise missiles for the first time as Washington hopes to gain a leg up in the “Cold War” brewing in the world’s coldest waters.<br />Coast Guard Commandant Paul Zukunft confirmed the service was looking for new icebreakers capable of storing and firing heavy weapons</b></span></header><header class="td-post-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></header><header class="td-post-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2345" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IuxfFFmSZC4" width="2822" youtube-src-id="IuxfFFmSZC4"></iframe></div><br /> </b></span></header><header class="td-post-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">See and click below</b></span></header><header class="td-post-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></header><header class="td-post-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="https://peopleus.blogspot.com/2019/03/return-of-dreadnought-share-on-facebook.html"> PREPARING THE US NAVY TO SECURE ALASKA AND OUR INTEREST IN THE ARCTIChttps://draft.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/1384797616926091562/5268929682986684028</a><br /></b></span></header><header class="td-post-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></header><header class="td-post-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2677" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pvy9usF7ohE" width="3219" youtube-src-id="pvy9usF7ohE"></iframe></div><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></header><header class="td-post-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></header><header class="td-post-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></header></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-54561287384976907182023-09-04T11:10:00.000-07:002024-02-27T17:49:10.114-08:00ESTABLISHMENT OF MONTAIGUT DURING THE TIME OF “Eleanor of Aquitaine”: ÉGLISE NOTRE-DAME MONTAIGUT<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="199"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /><br /><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1800" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WVHpX4flWJg" width="2166" youtube-src-id="WVHpX4flWJg"></iframe></div><br /><img alt="File:Montaigut-en-Combrailles église Notre-Dame.jpg" height="1167" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Montaigut-en-Combrailles_%C3%A9glise_Notre-Dame.jpg/800px-Montaigut-en-Combrailles_%C3%A9glise_Notre-Dame.jpg" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="1672" /> <span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br />
<a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#user=8041167&with_photo_id=102247599&order=date_desc"><img alt="église romane médiévale de Montaigut en Combraille" src="http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/102247599.jpg" /></a> <br />
<a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo/102242433"></a> <br />
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">église romane médiévale de Montaigut en Combraille</strong></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Blason_ville_fr_Montaigut-en-Combrailles_%28Puy-de-D%C3%B4me%29.svg"><img alt="File:Blason ville fr Montaigut-en-Combrailles (Puy-de-Dôme).svg" height="600" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Blason_ville_fr_Montaigut-en-Combrailles_%28Puy-de-D%C3%B4me%29.svg/545px-Blason_ville_fr_Montaigut-en-Combrailles_%28Puy-de-D%C3%B4me%29.svg.png" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="545" /> <div align="center">
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</a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Coat of Arms ÉGLISE NOTRE-DAME MONTAIGUT</span></strong><br /><br />
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Gisant_alienor_d_aquitaine_et_henri2.jpg"><img alt="File:Gisant alienor d aquitaine et henri2.jpg" height="622" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Gisant_alienor_d_aquitaine_et_henri2.jpg/800px-Gisant_alienor_d_aquitaine_et_henri2.jpg" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="935" /></a><br /><img height="1576" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/69/219918794_5eefe3ea96_b.jpg" width="2101" /><br /><br /> </span><div align="center"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></span></div><div align="center">
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Banner of Richard the Lionheart</strong></span></div>
<img height="803" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-UxTGAzmYmN4/VFvZ4-X4kyI/AAAAAAADXHo/rlbemptqj9Y/w1642-h803/IMG_9684.JPG" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="1642" /> <span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong>Far over the misty mountains lies Montaigut<a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#user=8041167&with_photo_id=100739847&order=date_desc"><img alt="Montaigut, France" src="http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/100739847.jpg" /></a></strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong>In the south entree of the site you see a proclamation of the visit that was brought by Eleonore d'Aquitaine her son Richard the Lionheart, then Count of Poitiers. After Henry II fell seriously ill in 1170, he put in place his plan to divide his kingdom, although he would retain overall authority over his sons and their territories. In 1171 Richard left for Aquitaine with his mother, and Henry II gave him the duchy of Aquitaine at the request of Eleanor.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup>Richard and his mother embarked on a tour of Aquitaine in 1171 in an attempt to pacify the locals.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup> Together they laid the foundation stone of St Augustine's Monastery in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limoges"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong>Limoges</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong>. In June 1172 Richard was formally recognised as the Duke of Aquitaine when he was granted the lance and banner emblems of his office; the ceremony took place in Poitiers and was repeated in Limoges, where he wore the ring of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Valerie"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong>St Valerie</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong>, who was the personification of Aquitaine.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#user=8041167&with_photo_id=105722395&order=date_desc"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><img alt="Montaigut, France" src="http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/105722395.jpg" /></span></a></div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><br /></div><div align="justify"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong style="text-align: justify;"><span><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></b></span><strong style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">PROPERTY IN FRANCE FOR SALE BY OWNER FOR $200,000 IN MONTAIGUT EN COMBRAILLE ( </span></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 400;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: start;">in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Puy-de-Dôme">Puy-de-Dôme</a><span style="text-align: start;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Departments of France">department</a><span style="text-align: start;"> of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne_(region)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Auvergne (region)">Auvergne</a>)</b></span></span></strong></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2019" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DP1_CUW137U" width="2429" youtube-src-id="DP1_CUW137U"></iframe></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><span><br /></span></strong></span></span></span></span></div><div style="background-color: black; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400;"><span><span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR8IeYRTcZD6niBHKH9cxGqPxwOCiefqZxRiV80xQtDwtpnlcIi51IwqAZ_i1qbh2lqKe3j9VAjFfSeP38nROGXjdS7WZsIjaAPqq_9i_xTIAauL2tEMg6uN42q5mAUusBOZ0F7Rv5dg26GRD3YCxXPMi_hgSTGAUEybv_aQAfR-xKwhxoZ6s-xvc65Q5N/s508/68159616-ANIMATION%20Montaigut%20proper.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="330" data-original-width="508" height="2024" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR8IeYRTcZD6niBHKH9cxGqPxwOCiefqZxRiV80xQtDwtpnlcIi51IwqAZ_i1qbh2lqKe3j9VAjFfSeP38nROGXjdS7WZsIjaAPqq_9i_xTIAauL2tEMg6uN42q5mAUusBOZ0F7Rv5dg26GRD3YCxXPMi_hgSTGAUEybv_aQAfR-xKwhxoZ6s-xvc65Q5N/w3119-h2024/68159616-ANIMATION%20Montaigut%20proper.gif" width="3119" /></a></div><div><br /></div></strong></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><br /></span><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEHfho4xnMVwOxSOjtyNtpb1EAafBqaRQU5BUBz8KP8vAsu8IPAcQBWr2kab5GYZqzduQkJRniH4QioQkd7RwIwVEtruYSwm-V6v4skdD8-gA1B5LOj6WHfTklaaPZw4uNI2-FcG5PvrUCUC439fGlS9SYoi6_tEl6iEdTmvsc5Ad4rccRZC_AF-3pVF-1/s1024/The%20Transformation%20of%20the%20Garage%2010-16-2016%206-59-34%20AM%203264x2448-ANIMATION%20(1).gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="2291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEHfho4xnMVwOxSOjtyNtpb1EAafBqaRQU5BUBz8KP8vAsu8IPAcQBWr2kab5GYZqzduQkJRniH4QioQkd7RwIwVEtruYSwm-V6v4skdD8-gA1B5LOj6WHfTklaaPZw4uNI2-FcG5PvrUCUC439fGlS9SYoi6_tEl6iEdTmvsc5Ad4rccRZC_AF-3pVF-1/w3054-h2291/The%20Transformation%20of%20the%20Garage%2010-16-2016%206-59-34%20AM%203264x2448-ANIMATION%20(1).gif" width="3054" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b style="background-color: black;">Renovattion of the house cost more than $ 120,000 ie. new roof $25,000, Brick Floors in family room $36,000 , reinforoced dumgeons and new wood in living floor, arch dungeons floor and spiral stairs $23,000, Finishing up like double pane windows, doors, utilities, $37,000, landscaping concrete work, $12,000 etc. Then antique furnitures, linen included. Living area of 2009 sq. feet, 3 bath and 3 bdr. Click here to see the full album of the house<a href="https://photos.google.com/share/AF1QipNdMT91LxeIK2PQagK76kbfII2IlZ8WdyNjd-LqP9g0vN0zhXqIMd4Bxksx-w02VA?key=OHdfcW1JV3M2bkc5SV9HVU1jOTdCSHIxNXlHMjln">FROM A MEDIEVAL HOME</a> </b></div></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncFg1dfcWxe4fjlR0V-Mr1_Ix4N95-idMIJm9Lthj7sb3c_B-e084AANu4a81ijKB_HnuqXIG6M8WIr5CK4k9HA7Mtfk8q3ShwwPEQ0KvaLLHY6DQIFr4IJ5SfH4QFmvOrRYzjfTTw3mvA4836_x4nDYoOcbKV4NjpTdFiazvbdSa7HFAw4hMh6B2mCj9/s1024/IMG_0144-ANIMATION.gif" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" data-original-height="771" data-original-width="1024" height="2307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjncFg1dfcWxe4fjlR0V-Mr1_Ix4N95-idMIJm9Lthj7sb3c_B-e084AANu4a81ijKB_HnuqXIG6M8WIr5CK4k9HA7Mtfk8q3ShwwPEQ0KvaLLHY6DQIFr4IJ5SfH4QFmvOrRYzjfTTw3mvA4836_x4nDYoOcbKV4NjpTdFiazvbdSa7HFAw4hMh6B2mCj9/w3063-h2307/IMG_0144-ANIMATION.gif" width="3063" /></a></div></strong></span></span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="584"><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">As a child, I dream about traveling around the world especially in Europe and living there for for some months and acquring their culture and language, I would need a house or a home base equidistant to the capitals of Europe. This dream was fulfilled later on above, in my retired years. However, I am done with traveling and will sell this house for a measely sum of $200,000 together with the antique fornitures, see <a href="https://photos.app.goo.gl/3zUBnCRJh2uCCnKq6">Inside the house</a></span></strong></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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</span></td> <td valign="top" width="199"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#user=8041167&with_photo_id=102242261&order=date_desc"><img alt="Montaigut en Combraille" src="http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/102242261.jpg" /></a> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Montaigut en Combraille</span> <a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#user=8041167&with_photo_id=100986304&order=date_desc"><img alt="Montaigut, France" src="http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/100986304.jpg" /></a><a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#user=8041167&with_photo_id=100986135&order=date_desc"><img alt="Montaigut, France" src="http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/100986135.jpg" /></a><a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#user=5013307&with_photo_id=110192097&order=date_desc"><img alt="Montaigut en Combraille(63) _ En face la Mairie" src="http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/110192097.jpg" /></a> </span></h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/FRANCE_-_Auvergne_-_RIOM_-_La_basilique_Saint_Amable_Interieur.JPG"><img alt="File:FRANCE - Auvergne - RIOM - La basilique Saint Amable Interieur.JPG" height="1228" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/FRANCE_-_Auvergne_-_RIOM_-_La_basilique_Saint_Amable_Interieur.JPG/800px-FRANCE_-_Auvergne_-_RIOM_-_La_basilique_Saint_Amable_Interieur.JPG" width="1638" /></a> <br />
<strong>RIOM - La basilique Saint Amable</strong> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman;">ESTABLISHMENT OF MONTAIGUT DURING THE TIME OF “Eleanor of Aquitaine”: ÉGLISE NOTRE-DAME MONTAIGUT<a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#user=8041167&with_photo_id=105722130&order=date_desc"><img alt="La tour de Montmarault - Montaigut en Combraille" src="http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/105722130.jpg" /></a></span></h5>
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<a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#user=8041167&with_photo_id=100740373&order=date_desc"><img alt="Montaigut, France" src="http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/100740373.jpg" /></a></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#user=8041167&with_photo_id=102235326&order=date_desc"><img alt="Montaigut, France" src="http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/102235326.jpg" /></a><br />
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<tr> <td valign="top" width="199"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/8843323@N08/7942471220/"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong><img alt="1" border="0" height="640" src="https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8435/7942471220_61c3fa6c2a_z.jpg" width="640" /></strong></span></a> <br />
<a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/8843323@N08/7942471220/"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>1</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong> by </strong></span><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/8843323@N08/popular-interesting/"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>penwren</strong></span></a> <br />
<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/8843323@N08/7908592998/"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong><img alt="chairs in a pool of light, la chapelle sainte-foy." border="0" height="427" src="https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8177/7908592998_26ab0ef1b2_z.jpg" width="640" /></strong></span></a> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/8843323@N08/7908592998/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">chairs in a pool of light, la chapelle sainte-foy.</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> by </span></strong><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/8843323@N08/popular-interesting/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">penwren</span></strong></a> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/martinesodaigui/14226923972/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">EBREUIL (03)</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> by </span></strong><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/martinesodaigui/popular-interesting/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">♫ SMartine</span></strong></a> </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/89235234@N00/14620330772/"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img alt="Abbatiale Saint-Léger d'Ébreuil (Allier, France)" border="0" height="640" src="https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3878/14620330772_b2af21a263_z.jpg" width="427" /></span></strong></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/89235234@N00/14620330772/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Abbatiale Saint-Léger d'Ébreuil (Allier, France)</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> by </span></strong><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/89235234@N00/popular-interesting/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Denis Trente-Huittessan</span></strong></a> </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/100821356@N05/14466039894/"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img alt="Pont Ebreuil" border="0" height="341" src="https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3915/14466039894_e7f8562f2f_z.jpg" width="640" /></span></strong></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/100821356@N05/14466039894/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Pont Ebreuil</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> by </span></strong><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/100821356@N05/popular-interesting/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">David B. Photo</span></strong></a> </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/martinesodaigui/14042587578/"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img alt="EBREUIL (033)" border="0" height="426" src="https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5157/14042587578_48e19f7d50_z.jpg" width="640" /></span></strong></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/martinesodaigui/14042587578/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">EBREUIL (033)</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> by </span></strong><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/martinesodaigui/popular-interesting/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">♫ SMartine</span></strong></a> </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/martinesodaigui/14042296967/"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img alt="Ebreuil (03)" border="0" height="426" src="https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5039/14042296967_27bb11bd7c_z.jpg" width="640" /></span></strong></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/martinesodaigui/14042296967/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Ebreuil (03)</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> by </span></strong><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/martinesodaigui/popular-interesting/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">♫ SMartine</span></strong></a> </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/martinesodaigui/14042673727/"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img alt="EBREUIL (033)" border="0" height="640" src="https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5515/14042673727_c480556805_z.jpg" width="426" /></span></strong></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/martinesodaigui/14042673727/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">EBREUIL (033)</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> by </span></strong><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/martinesodaigui/popular-interesting/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">♫ SMartine</span></strong></a> </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/martinesodaigui/14042586559/"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img alt="EBREUIL (03)" border="0" height="640" src="https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5565/14042586559_6a201659a0_z.jpg" width="426" /></span></strong></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/martinesodaigui/14042586559/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">EBREUIL (03)</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> by </span></strong><a href="http://www.flickriver.com/photos/martinesodaigui/popular-interesting/"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">♫ SMartine</span></strong></a> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong style="background-color: black;">ÉGLISE NOTRE-DAME MONTAIGUT</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">MONTAIGUT EN COMBRAILLE</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">The visit to Montaigut of Eleanor and Richard the lionheart.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"></span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy1GyN9ocwuNau_M-CbqJOX-OsMM0T76GHAJRAS6_cFqEres_9P-uV9w4qtnH6EYbboL7NhFt0poA4oX9bPi0WRlz1d4sDKDq5jzpVRnsh-7vc6YAGpaER-znBi-4QUesQayeS2ReDo00/s640/IMG_0141.JPG" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">MONTAIGUT TODAY. THE BOTTOM ROAD IS LOCATED ABOVE THE FORTIFICATION WALLS. THE CHURCH IS AT THE LEFT MIDDLE EDGE OF THE PHOTO.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"></span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Upon the death of her husband Henry II on 6 July 1189, Richard I was the undisputed heir. One of his first acts as king was to send William Marshal to England with orders to release Eleanor from prison; he found upon his arrival that her custodians had already released her. Eleanor rode to Westminster and received the oaths of fealty from many lords and prelates on behalf of the king. She ruled England in Richard's name, signing herself "Eleanor, by the grace of God, Queen of England". On 13 August 1189, Richard sailed from Barfleur to </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Portsmouth</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> and was received with enthusiasm. Eleanor ruled England as regent while Richard went off on the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Third Crusade</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. Later, when Richard was captured, she personally negotiated his ransom by going to Germany.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-tn0-TyH4jOc/VFSS0pNFtSI/AAAAAAADVdE/7XBylm2D-0g/s640/IMG_9813.JPG" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eleanor survived Richard and lived well into the reign of her youngest son, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">King John</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. In 1199, under the terms of a truce between King Philip II and King John, it was agreed that Philip's twelve-year-old heir-apparent </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Louis</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> would be married to one of John's nieces, daughters of his sister Eleanor of Castile. John instructed his mother to travel to Castile to select one of the princesses. Now 77, Eleanor set out from Poitiers. Just outside Poitiers she was ambushed and held captive by </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_IX_of_Lusignan"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Hugh IX of Lusignan</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, whose lands had been sold to Henry II by his forebears. Eleanor secured her freedom by agreeing to his demands. She continued south, crossed the Pyrenees, and travelled through the Kingdoms of Navarre and Castile, arriving in Castile before the end of January 1200.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqovT1hGMifQgXP7ULPgtJWl1auIn7DJawPT04A1Utqz3rZcD-tcMRe3HA5UbLcBG2wDcQ4eVW67MUeNyifp99GmbjBz7Yibj0dLzVrBseukXCFKGwjc8IqeQDDuAA5uQmljim1FaiqRtc/s640/IMG_9814.JPG" /></span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">King </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Alfonso VIII</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> and Eleanor's daughter, Queen Eleanor of Castile, had two remaining unmarried daughters, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urraca_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Portugal"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Urraca</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Blanche</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. Eleanor selected the younger daughter, Blanche. She stayed for two months at the Castilian court, then late in March journeyed with granddaughter Blanche back across the Pyrenees. She celebrated Easter in Bordeaux, where the famous warrior </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercadier"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Mercadier</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> came to her court. It was decided that he would escort the Queen and Princess north. "On the second day in Easter week, he was slain in the city by a man-at-arms in the service of Brandin", a rival mercenary captain. This tragedy was too much for the elderly queen, who was fatigued and unable to continue to Normandy. She and Blanche rode in easy stages to the valley of the Loire, and she entrusted Blanche to the Archbishop of Bordeaux, who took over as her escort. The exhausted Eleanor went to </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontevraud"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Fontevraud</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, where she remained. In early summer, Eleanor was ill and John visited her at Fontevraud.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Gisant_alienor_d_aquitaine_et_henri2.jpg"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><img alt="File:Gisant alienor d aquitaine et henri2.jpg" height="532" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Gisant_alienor_d_aquitaine_et_henri2.jpg/800px-Gisant_alienor_d_aquitaine_et_henri2.jpg" width="800" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gisant_alienor_d_aquitaine_et_henri2.jpg"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"></span></strong></a> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Tomb effigies of Eleanor and Henry II at </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontevraud_Abbey"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Fontevraud Abbey</span></strong></a> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eleanor was again unwell in early 1201. When war broke out between John and Philip, Eleanor declared her support for John and set out from Fontevraud to her capital Poitiers to prevent her grandson </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_I,_Duke_of_Brittany"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Arthur I, Duke of Brittany</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, posthumous son of Eleanor's son Geoffrey and John's rival for the English throne, from taking control. Arthur learned of her whereabouts and besieged her in the castle of Mirabeau. As soon as John heard of this, he marched south, overcame the besiegers, and captured the 15-year-old Arthur. Eleanor then returned to Fontevraud where she took the veil as a </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">nun</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eleanor died in 1204 and was entombed in </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontevraud_Abbey"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Fontevraud Abbey</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> next to her husband Henry and her son Richard. Her tomb </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effigy"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">effigy</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> shows her reading a bible and is decorated with magnificent jewelry. By the time of her death she had outlived all of her children except for King John of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile.</span></strong></span></div>
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<tr> <td valign="top" width="299"><a href="http://medias.sit.auvergne-tourisme.info/original/PCUAUV063FS000A9/0-PAT-Eglise-a-Montaigut--MICONNET-M.-20110930--1-.jpg"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img alt="" height="221" src="http://medias.sit.auvergne-tourisme.info/400x221/PCUAUV063FS000A9/0-PAT-Eglise-a-Montaigut--MICONNET-M.-20110930--1-.jpg" width="400" /></span></strong></a></td> <td valign="top" width="299"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montaigut_%C3%A9glise_Notre-Dame.jpg"><img alt="Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle church." height="195" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Montaigut_%C3%A9glise_Notre-Dame.jpg/270px-Montaigut_%C3%A9glise_Notre-Dame.jpg" width="270" /></a><br /><small><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle church.</strong></span></small> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_ville_fr_Montaigut-en-Combrailles_(Puy-de-D%C3%B4me).svg"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong><img alt="Coat of arms of Montaigut" height="80" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Blason_ville_fr_Montaigut-en-Combrailles_%28Puy-de-D%C3%B4me%29.svg/73px-Blason_ville_fr_Montaigut-en-Combrailles_%28Puy-de-D%C3%B4me%29.svg.png" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="73" /></strong></span></a><br /><small><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Coat of arms</strong></span></small></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Montaigut existed about 1230 when a charter was given to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=seigneur+bourbon+l%27archambault+de+montaigne&fulltext=1&profile=default"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span>seigneur bourbon l'archambault de <em>montaigne</em></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. The church was older still. Although there is not much information of that period, his wooden castle was turned down and burned by another seigneur de Blot.</span></span></strong></div>
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<img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-n4AfCmZLsso/VFSQybmHT-I/AAAAAAADVNc/aek_WBIUee8/s640/IMG_9684.JPG" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"></span></span></span></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">Far over the misty mountains lies Montaigut</span></span></span></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">In the south entree of the site you see a proclamation of the visit that was brought by Eleonore d'Aquitaine her son Richard the lionheart, then Count of Poitiers. After Henry II fell seriously ill in 1170, he put in place his plan to divide his kingdom, although he would retain overall authority over his sons and their territories. In 1171 Richard left for Aquitaine with his mother, and Henry II gave him the duchy of Aquitaine at the request of Eleanor.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup> Richard and his mother embarked on a tour of Aquitaine in 1171 in an attempt to pacify the locals.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup> Together they laid the foundation stone of St Augustine's Monastery in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limoges">Limoges</a>. In June 1172 Richard was formally recognised as the Duke of Aquitaine when he was granted the lance and banner emblems of his office; the ceremony took place in Poitiers and was repeated in Limoges, where he wore the ring of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Valerie">St Valerie</a>, who was the personification of Aquitaine.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="uds-search-results"></a> <br />
</span><img src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3387/3407645185_1c90056950_b.jpg" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /> <span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Count of Nantes, and Overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was known as Cœur de Lion, or Richard the Lionheart, even before his accession, because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior.[1] The Saracens called him Melek-Ric or Malek al-Inkitar - King of England.[2]</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>By the age of sixteen Richard was commanding his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father, King Henry II.[1] Richard was a central Christian commander during the Third Crusade, effectively leading the campaign after the departure of Philip Augustus and scoring considerable victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin, but was unable to reconquer Jerusalem.[3]</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Although speaking only French and spending very little time in England (he lived in his Duchy of Aquitaine in the southwest of France, preferring to use his kingdom as a source of revenue to support his armies),[4] he was seen as a pious hero by his subjects.[5] He remains one of the very few Kings of England remembered by his epithet, rather than regnal number, and is an enduring, iconic figure in England.</strong></span> <strong></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><img src="http://farm7.staticflickr.com/6212/6271979259_9922679453_b.jpg" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">913 : Origin of the lordship of Montaigut</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">1160 : War between Archambault VI and the lord of Blot</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">1171 : Queen Eleanore of England Plantagenet and her son Richard the Lion Heart just resolve the conflict (Pacify the Locals)</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">1210 : Reconstruction of the castle by Guy de Dampierre</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">1238 : Death of Archambault VIII at the Battle of Cognac (lying at the Abbey of Bellaigues)</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">1440 : Visit of King Charles VII during the Praguerie (revolt against his reforms).</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">1633 : The castle was dismantled by order of Richelieu</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">1793 : Montaigut becomes Township</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Painting of St. Louis" height="316" src="http://www.ville-montaigut.fr/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/stlouis.jpg" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Painting of St. Louis</strong></span> </span></div>
<img alt="photo" height="480" src="http://farm2.staticflickr.com/1032/787552687_3a381a0ffd_z.jpg?zz=1" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /> <span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Beynac</span></h5>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-dUe8Cy1E9GQ/VFSS2udmWNI/AAAAAAADVdU/2SMop_t8YI0/s640/IMG_9815.JPG" /></span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://medias.sit.auvergne-tourisme.info/original/PCUAUV063FS000A9/1-PAT-Eglise-a-Montaigut--MICONNET-M.-20110930--9-.jpg"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img alt="" height="221" src="http://medias.sit.auvergne-tourisme.info/400x221/PCUAUV063FS000A9/1-PAT-Eglise-a-Montaigut--MICONNET-M.-20110930--9-.jpg" width="400" /></span></strong></a></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOOoNdegY2rNUU6zJpqpRrTm_QR6NhsR_j53RNy0F-zFgH723Aq31jYw0SPuyWsC6GQBkf042Arn5eCyeSuFBaChYkspid3hIttKAZ6j6RTE2ZS79S1raPzASpNoLYe3rwzO9vyowF59dc/s640/IMG_9816.JPG" /></span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://medias.sit.auvergne-tourisme.info/original/PCUAUV063FS000A9/2-PAT-Eglise-a-Montaigut--MICONNET-M.-20110930--10-.jpg"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img alt="" height="221" src="http://medias.sit.auvergne-tourisme.info/400x221/PCUAUV063FS000A9/2-PAT-Eglise-a-Montaigut--MICONNET-M.-20110930--10-.jpg" style="display: block; float: none; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></span></strong></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/WVHpX4flWJg" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" wmode="transparent"></embed></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Sioule_Rocher_Chateau_2.jpg"><img alt="File:Sioule Rocher Chateau 2.jpg" height="600" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sioule_Rocher_Chateau_2.jpg/699px-Sioule_Rocher_Chateau_2.jpg" width="699" /></a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sioule_Rocher_Chateau_2.jpg"></a> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong>Château-Rocher from the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioule"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong>Sioule</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong> valley</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span><strong>Château Rocher (or <i>Château fort de Blot-le-Rocher</i>) is a French </strong></span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>castle</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong> overlooking the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioule"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Sioule</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong> river valley. It is located in the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France">commune</a></i> of </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-R%C3%A9my-de-Blot"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Saint-Rémy-de-Blot</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong> in the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Puy-de-Dôme</strong></span></a><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_in_France"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>département</strong></span></a></i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong> of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne_(region)"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Auvergne</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gions_of_France">région</a></i>.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>The "romantic ruins of Château Rocher",<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Rocher#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> standing on a cliff above the river, are the remains of a 13th-century construction, with evidence of earlier (11th century) building. The castle was built by the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sire_de_Bourbon"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Lords of Bourbon</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>. A masonry bridge crossing the moat comes up against the entry door, now ruined, and the outer wall. A second wall existed in front of the two eastern towers. Three principal towers flanked the east and north fronts.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Privately owned, Château Rocher has been listed since 1913 as a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_historique">monument historique</a></i> by the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Ministry_of_Culture"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>French Ministry of Culture</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt0stoJP-TuCmKR9ZJw0EGyjxlgjIYa3kJNNnCRhiubsxVQTuIPsZh6a4ho4SjUVc3V1AgBNhNm7LrbpNZ_plS58xg4SnQjQeetQrwd8Dxqkkm1Sqz_4ykNr2pZbSzP4i26ypl3aQh92d7/s640/IMG_9817.JPG" /></strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://medias.sit.auvergne-tourisme.info/original/PCUAUV063FS000A9/3-PAT-Eglise-a-Montaigut--ROSNET-C.--1-.jpg"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="221" src="http://medias.sit.auvergne-tourisme.info/400x221/PCUAUV063FS000A9/3-PAT-Eglise-a-Montaigut--ROSNET-C.--1-.jpg" width="400" /></strong></span></a></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifRQ30cIEkSV4nWbLmPFHATFbjdDo7q1FQUhS9Z5_1AYiHBjNcsdEOIEpxwacl7BIeU25CCsmJCfgo426kr6FyJDk0H5nvn3nCmlFXFfa0Q5ev2D7fT11vKakMiPAH4PW1J5mHTmZdvA7b/s640/IMG_9818.JPG" /></span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://medias.sit.auvergne-tourisme.info/original/PCUAUV063FS000A9/4-PAT-Eglise-a-Montaigut--ROSNET-C.--4-.jpg"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img alt="" height="221" src="http://medias.sit.auvergne-tourisme.info/400x221/PCUAUV063FS000A9/4-PAT-Eglise-a-Montaigut--ROSNET-C.--4-.jpg" width="400" /></span></strong></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-Rwzx4GKjuS4/VFSS6nA1NZI/AAAAAAADVd0/nM0069TNDr4/s640/IMG_9819.JPG" /></span></strong></div>
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<a href="http://medias.sit.auvergne-tourisme.info/original/PCUAUV063FS000A9/5-PAT-Eglise-a-Montaigut--MICONNET-M.-20110930--7-.jpg"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img alt="" height="221" src="http://medias.sit.auvergne-tourisme.info/400x221/PCUAUV063FS000A9/5-PAT-Eglise-a-Montaigut--MICONNET-M.-20110930--7-.jpg" width="400" /></span></strong></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbDHXNxuoVBpvh-d9CGVd4grezqV3cXz4bTr9R3K6C0cR4VRBqaMyaUNSXLpJ8VAJvceuLjpEXRCZCFhk_aaF0mm6HtCjrAF9feou1g_UE-gYPnWWo4glICMEXZ3GPyxGCTA24uZ0Xic1u/s640/IMG_9820.JPG" /></span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://medias.sit.auvergne-tourisme.info/original/PCUAUV063FS000A9/6-PAT-Eglise-a-Montaigut--ROSNET-C.--2-.jpg"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><img alt="" height="221" src="http://medias.sit.auvergne-tourisme.info/400x221/PCUAUV063FS000A9/6-PAT-Eglise-a-Montaigut--ROSNET-C.--2-.jpg" width="400" /></span></strong></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">The story of that amazingly influential and still somewhat mysterious woman, Eleanor of Aquitaine, has the dramatic interest of a novel. She was at the very center of the rich culture and clashing politics of the twelfth century. Richest marriage prize of the Middle Ages, she was Queen of France as the wife of Louis VII, and went with him on the exciting and disastrous Second Crusade. Inspiration of troubadours and trouvères, she played a large part in rendering fashionable the Courts of Love and in establishing the whole courtly tradition of medieval times. Divorced from Louis, she married Henry Plantagenet, who became Henry II of England. Her resources and resourcefulness helped Henry win his throne, she was involved in the conflict over Thomas Becket, and, after Henry’s death, she handled the affairs of the Angevin empire with a sagacity that brought her the trust and confidence of popes and kings and emperors.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Having been first a Capet and then a Plantagenet, Queen Eleanor was the central figure in the bitter rivalry between those houses for the control of their continental domains—a rivalry that excited the whole period: after Henry’s death, her sons, Richard Coeur-de-Lion and John “Lackland” (of Magna Carta fame), fiercely pursued the feud up to and even beyond the end of the century. But the dynastic struggle of the period was accompanied by other stirrings: the intellectual revolt, the struggle between church and state, the secularization of literature and other arts, the rise of the distinctive urban culture of the great cities. Eleanor was concerned with all the movements, closely connected with all the personages; and she knew every city from London and Paris to Byzantium, Jerusalem, and Rome.</span></strong> </span></div>
<h4 align="justify">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Dauphins of Auvergne</span></h4>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Blason_fr_Dauphin%C3%A9_Auvergne.svg"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><img alt="File:Blason fr Dauphiné Auvergne.svg" height="600" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Blason_fr_Dauphin%C3%A9_Auvergne.svg/545px-Blason_fr_Dauphin%C3%A9_Auvergne.svg.png" width="545" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blason_fr_Dauphin%C3%A9_Auvergne.svg"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"></span></a> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Coat of arms of the dauphins of Auvergne.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>What is by convenience called the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_of_Auvergne"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Dauphinate of Auvergne</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong> was in reality the remnant of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Auvergne"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>County of Auvergne</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong> after the usurpation of Count William VII the Young around 1155 by his uncle Count William VIII the Old.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>The young count was able to maintain his status in part of his county, especially</strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont,_Haute-Loire"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Beaumont</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>, </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamaliers&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Chamaliers</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>, and </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montferrand_(district_of_Clermont-Ferrand)"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Montferrand</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>. Some authors have therefore named William VII and his descendants Counts of Clermont, although this risks confusion with theCounty of Clermont in </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauvaisis"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Beauvaisis</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong> and the episcopal County of Clermont in Auvergne.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span><strong>The majority of authors, however, anticipating the formalization of the dauphinate in 1302, choose to call William VII and his successors the Dauphins of Auvergne. Still others, out of convenience, choose to call these successors the <i>Counts-Dauphins of Auvergne.</i></strong></span></span></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>The title of Dauphin of Auvergne was derived from William VII's mother, who was the daughter of the </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_de_Viennois"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Dauphin de Viennois</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>, Guigues IV. This meant that William VII's male descendants were usually given </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauphin_of_France"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Dauphin</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong> as a surname.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>The numbering of the Counts-turned-Dauphins is complicated. Some authors create a new numbering starting with the first dauphins even though the dauphinate did not really begin until 1302. Others choose to reestablish, beginning with William the Young, the numbering of the viscounts of Clermont who became counts of Auvergne, particularly for the dauphins named Robert.</strong></span> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Longitude : 2.8094110 Latitude : 46.1810690</span></strong> </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.auvergne-tourism.com/the-auvergne-region/les-combrailles-257-2.html"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">More information on Les Combrailles</span></strong></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">The Combrailles area</span></strong> </span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">"Les Combrailles" is a plateau in the north-east area of the Puy-de-Dôme, with valleys and gorges and dotted with peaceful villages. An area offering a well-preserved natural setting.<br />With the rivers, streams, waterfalls and pools, water is to be found wherever you look in the Combrailles, offering a paradise for those who enjoy fishing, bathing and water sports.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">The Sioule River crosses the Combrailles area, carving out gorges and also the must-see </span></strong><a href="http://www.auvergne-tourism.com/countryside-heritage/queuille/meandre-de-queuille/tourisme-PNAAUV063FS0001F-2.html"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Queille meander</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. Discover the Sioule by canoe or kayak, departing from the Menat bridge, or go </span></strong><a href="http://www.auvergne-tourism.com/activities/~~puy-de-dome%7Ccombrailles~~watersports%7Cswimming~~~/tourism-offers-5-2.html"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">swimming</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> or</span></strong><a href="http://www.auvergne-tourism.com/activities/~~puy-de-dome%7Ccombrailles~~fishing~~~/tourism-offers-5-2.html?N=2"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">fishing</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> in the ponds and lakes of the area.</span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Combrailles is also a very volcanic area, traversed by the Chaîne des Puys. Discover the area on </span></strong><a href="http://www.auvergne-tourism.com/activities/~~puy-de-dome%7Ccombrailles~~horse-riding---equestrian-activities~~~/tourism-offers-5-2.html?N=2"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">horseback </span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">or on foot, with a walk around the </span></strong><a href="http://www.auvergne-tourism.com/countryside-heritage/charbonnieres-les-vieilles/gour-de-tazenat/tourisme-PNAAUV063FS0001G-2.html"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Gour de Tazenat </span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">crater lake, or the </span></strong><a href="http://www.auvergne-tourism.com/randonnee/chapdes-beaufort/le-chemin-fais-art/tourisme-A6313AUV0630001R-2.html"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Chemin Fais'Art</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> discovery trail. To learn even more, visit the two sites dealing with the themes of the region’s volcanic activity </span></strong><a href="http://preprod.auvergne-tourisme.info/pcu/vulcania/saint-ours-les-roches/fiche-PCUAUV063FS0001O.html"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Vulcania</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> and </span></strong><a href="http://www.auvergne-tourisme.info/pcu/volcan-de-lemptegy/saint-ours-les-roches/fiche-PCUAUV063FS0001N.html"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">the Lemptégy volcano</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">The Chateau Dauphin gardens</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Cultural and historical heritage</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Among the natural beauty of Les Combrailles lies historical sites, including the </span></strong><a href="http://www.auvergne-tourisme.info/pcu/scenomusee-manoir-de-veygoux/charbonnieres-les-varennes/fiche-PCUAUV063FS0002F.html"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Manor of Veygoux</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, the childhood home of General Desaix that today is an interactive museum dedicated to the French Revolution.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">The Combrailles is also a land of </span></strong><a href="http://www.auvergne-tourism.com/activities/~~puy-de-dome%7Ccombrailles~~sites-and-monuments%7Ccastles~~~/tourism-offers-5-2.html"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">castles</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, including the impressive Chateau Rocher overlooking the Sioule River and the 12th century Chateau Dauphin with its impressive gardens. Also discover the churches of the area, </span></strong><a href="http://www.auvergne-tourism.com/cultural-heritage/menat/abbaye-de-menat/tourisme-PCUAUV063FS0004M-2.html"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Menat Abbey</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, a cluniac site, the unique capitals of the </span></strong><a href="http://www.auvergne-tourism.com/cultural-heritage/biollet/eglise-saint-pierre/tourisme-PCUAUV063FS00050-2.html"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Saint-Pierre</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">church in Biollet, and the painted interiors of the </span></strong><a href="http://www.auvergne-tourism.com/cultural-heritage/montfermy/eglise-saint-leger/tourisme-PCUAUV063V500W28-2.html"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Saint-Léger</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">church in Montfermy.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Also of note is the town of </span></strong><a href="http://www.auvergne-tourism.com/cultural-heritage/chateauneuf-les-bains/chateauneuf-les-bains/tourisme-PCUAUV063FS0001I-2.html"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Chateauneuf-les-Bains</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, a pleasant spa resort located in the Sioule gorges, a part of the Massif Central Spa Trail.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">The locals are particularly attached to biodiversity and to the protection of the Combrailles area’s natural resources. This flair for skilled work can be clearly seen in the region's craft industries. The local</span></strong><a href="http://www.auvergne-tourism.com/activities/~~puy-de-dome%7Ccombrailles~~artisans~~~/tourism-offers-5-2.html"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> artisans</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">- potters, spinners, enamellers, ironworkers, sculptors and glassmakers possess unique know-how in their respective fields. Local traditions also live on through the village festivals, markets, fairs and concerts organised here throughout the year!<br />Whether you’re staying in a hotel, a B&B, a gîte or a campsite, you'll be dealing with accommodation providers and restaurant owners with a passion for their work and their region, all too happy to pass on their enthusiasm for the Combrailles area.</span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span><span>Eleanor of Aquitaine</span> </span></span></span></strong> </span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Eleanor_of_Aquitaine_effigy.jpg"><img alt="File:Church of Fontevraud Abbey Eleanor of Aquitaine effigy.jpg" height="450" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Eleanor_of_Aquitaine_effigy.jpg/800px-Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Eleanor_of_Aquitaine_effigy.jpg" width="800" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Eleanor's effigy at </strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontevraud_Abbey"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>Fontevraud Abbey</strong></span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><strong>.</strong></span> <br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">(1122 or 1124 – 1 April 1204) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe during the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ages"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">High Middle Ages</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> and a member of the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnulfids"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Ramnulfid</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> dynasty of rulers in southwestern France. She became </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Aquitaine"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Duchess of Aquitaine</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suo_jure"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">in her own right</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> while she was still a child, then later </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Queen consort</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">France</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> (1137–1152) and of</span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">England</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> (1154–1189). She was the patron of literary figures such as </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wace"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Wace</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_de_Sainte-Maure"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Benoît de Sainte-Maure</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernart_de_Ventadorn"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Bernart de Ventadorn</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eleanor's succession to the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">duchy of Aquitaine</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> in 1137 made her the most eligible bride in Europe. Three months after she became duchess, she married King </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Louis VII of France</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, son of her guardian, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">King Louis VI</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. As </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_consorts"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Queen of France</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, she participated in the unsuccessful </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Second Crusade</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. Soon after, Eleanor sought an annulment of her marriage,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> but her request was rejected by </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Pope Eugene III</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> However, after the birth of her second daughter </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alix_of_France,_Countess_of_Blois"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Alix</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, Louis agreed to an </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulment"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">annulment</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> in consideration of her failure to bear a son after fifteen years of marriage.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Meade-3">[3]</a></sup> The marriage was annulled on 11 March 1152 on the grounds of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consanguinity"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">consanguinity</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> within the fourth degree. Their daughters were declared legitimate and custody was awarded to Louis, while Eleanor's lands were restored to her.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">As soon as the annulment was granted, Eleanor became engaged to Henry, Duke of Normandy, who became King </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Henry II of England</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> in 1154. Henry was her third cousin (cousin of the third degree), and nine years younger. The couple married on 18 May 1152 (</span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whit_Sunday"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Whit Sunday</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">), eight weeks after the annulment of Eleanor's first marriage, in a cathedral in </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Poitiers</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, France. Over the next thirteen years, she bore Henry eight children: five sons, three of whom would become kings; and three daughters. However, Henry and Eleanor eventually became estranged. Henry imprisoned her in 1173 for supporting her son </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Henry</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">'s revolt against her husband, and she was not released until 1189 when Henry died (on 6 July), and their son ascended the English throne as </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Richard I</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Now </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_dowager"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">queen dowager</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, Eleanor acted as </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">regent</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> while Richard went on the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Third Crusade</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> where he was captured and held prisoner. Eleanor lived well into the reign of her youngest son </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">John</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. By the time of her death, she had outlived all her children except for King John and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Queen_of_Castile"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Queen Eleanor of Castile</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eleanor's year of birth is not known precisely: a late 13th-century genealogy of her family listing her as 13 years old in the spring of 1137 provides the best evidence that Eleanor was perhaps born as late as 1124.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> On the other hand, some chronicles mention a fidelity oath of some lords of Aquitaine on the occasion of Eleanor's fourteenth birthday in 1136. This, and her known age of 82 at her death, make 1122 more likely the year of birth.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Her parents almost certainly married in 1121. Her birthplace may have been</span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Poitiers</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Bordeaux</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, or </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieul-sur-l%27Autise"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Nieul-sur-l'Autise</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span>, where her mother and brother died when Eleanor was 6 or 8.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></span></span></span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eleanor (or Aliénor) was the oldest of three children of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_X,_Duke_of_Aquitaine"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">William X, Duke of Aquitaine</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, whose glittering ducal court was renowned in early 12th-century Europe, and his wife, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aenor_de_Ch%C3%A2tellerault"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Aenor de Châtellerault</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, the daughter of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimery_I,_Viscount_of_Ch%C3%A2tellerault"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Aimery I, Viscount of Châtellerault</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerose_de_l%27_Isle_Bouchard"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Dangerose de l' Isle Bouchard</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, who was </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IX,_Duke_of_Aquitaine"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">William IX</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">'s longtime </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistress_(lover)"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">mistress</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> as well as Eleanor's maternal grandmother. Her parents' marriage had been arranged by Dangerose with her paternal grandfather William IX.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eleanor is said to have been named for her mother Aenor and called <i>Aliénor</i> from the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Latin</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> <i>alia Aenor</i>, which means <i>the other Aenor</i>. It became <i>Eléanor</i> in the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl">langues d'oïl</a></i> of Northern France and <i>Eleanor</i> in English.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Meade-3">[3]</a></sup> There was, however, another prominent Eleanor before her: </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Normandy"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eleanor of Normandy</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, an aunt of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">William the Conqueror</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, who lived a century earlier than Eleanor of Aquitaine. In Paris as the Queen of France she was called Helienordis, her honorific name as written in the Latin epistles.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">By all accounts, Eleanor's father ensured that she had the best possible education. Eleanor came to learn arithmetic, the constellations, and history.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Meade-3">[3]</a></sup> She did learn domestic skills such as household management and the needle arts of embroidery, needlepoint, sewing, spinning, and weaving.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Meade-3">[3]</a></sup> Eleanor ended up developing skills in conversation, dancing, games such as backgammon, checkers, and chess, playing the harp, and singing.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Meade-3">[3]</a></sup> Although her native tongue was </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitevin_(language)"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Poitevin</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, she was taught to read and speak </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Latin</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, was well versed in music and literature, and schooled in riding, hawking, and hunting.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Horton-8">[8]</a></sup> Eleanor was extroverted, lively, intelligent, and strong-willed. In the spring of 1130, her four-year-old brother William Aigret and their mother died at the castle of Talmont, on Aquitaine's Atlantic coast. Eleanor became the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">heir presumptive</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> to her father's domains. The Duchy of Aquitaine was the largest and richest province of France; Poitou (where Eleanor spent most of her childhood) and Aquitaine together were almost one-third the size of modern France. Eleanor had only one other legitimate sibling, a younger sister named Aelith, also called </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronilla_of_Aquitaine"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Petronilla</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. Her half brother Joscelin was acknowledged by William X as a son, but not as his heir. That she had another half brother, William, has been discredited.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Chadwick-9">[9]</a></sup> Later, during the first four years of Henry II's reign, her siblings joined Eleanor's royal household.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Inheritance</span></h5>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">In 1137, Duke William X left Poitiers for </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Bordeaux</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> and took his daughters with him. Upon reaching Bordeaux, he left them in the charge of the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Bordeaux"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Archbishop of Bordeaux</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, one of his few loyal </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">vassals</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. The duke then set out for the Shrine of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_James_of_Compostela"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Saint James of Compostela</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> in the company of other </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">pilgrims</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. He died, however, on </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Good Friday</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> of that year (9 April).</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eleanor, aged twelve to fifteen, then became the Duchess of Aquitaine, and thus the most eligible heiress in Europe. As these were the days when kidnapping an heiress was seen as a viable option for obtaining a title, William dictated a </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(law)"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">will</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> on the very day he died that bequeathed his domains to Eleanor and appointed King </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Louis VI of France</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> as her guardian.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Weir2-10">[10]</a></sup> William requested the king to take care of both the lands and the duchess, and to also find her a suitable husband. However, until a husband was found, the king had the legal right to Eleanor's lands. The duke also insisted to his companions that his death be kept a secret until Louis was informed – the men were to journey from Saint James of Compostela across the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Pyrenees</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> as quickly as possible to call at Bordeaux to notify the archbishop, then to make all speed to Paris to inform the king.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">The king of France, known as Louis the Fat, was also gravely ill at that time, suffering from a bout of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">dysentery</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> from which he appeared unlikely to recover. Despite his impending mortality, Louis remained clear-minded. His heir, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Prince Louis</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, had originally been destined for the monastic life of a younger son but became Dauphin when his older brother, Philip, died from a riding accident.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Swabey-11">[11]</a></sup> The death of William, one of the king's most powerful vassals, made available the most desirable </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">duchy</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> in France. While presenting a solemn and dignified face to the grieving Aquitainian messengers, Louis exulted when they departed. Rather than act as guardian to the duchess and duchy, he decided to marry the duchess to his 17-year-old heir and bring Aquitaine under the control of the French crown, thereby greatly increasing the power and prominence of France and its ruling family, the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capets"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Capets</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. Within hours the king had arranged for Prince Louis to be married to Eleanor, with </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot_Suger"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Abbot Suger</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> in charge of the wedding arrangements. Prince Louis was sent to Bordeaux with an escort of 500 knights, along with Abbot Suger, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_II,_Count_of_Champagne"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Theobald II, Count of Champagne</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, and Count Ralph.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">First marriage</span></h4>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 599px;"> <tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="299"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Louis_vii_and_alienor.jpg"><img alt="File:Louis vii and alienor.jpg" height="450" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Louis_vii_and_alienor.jpg" width="421" /></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">At left, a 14th-century representation of the wedding of Louis and Eleanor; at right, Louis leaving on Crusade.</span></strong> </span></div>
</td> <td valign="top" width="299"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Vase_de_cristal_d%27Ali%C3%A9nor.jpg"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><img alt="File:Vase de cristal d'Aliénor.jpg" height="599" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Vase_de_cristal_d%27Ali%C3%A9nor.jpg/374px-Vase_de_cristal_d%27Ali%C3%A9nor.jpg" width="374" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vase_de_cristal_d%27Ali%C3%A9nor.jpg"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"></span></strong></a> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eleanor's grandfather, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IX_of_Aquitaine"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">William IX of Aquitaine</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, gave her this rock crystal vase, which she gave to Louis as a wedding gift. He later donated it to the</span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Denis"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Abbey of Saint-Denis</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. This is the only surviving artifact known to have belonged to Eleanor.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">On 25 July 1137 Louis and Eleanor were married in the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_Cathedral"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Cathedral of Saint-André</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> in Bordeaux by the Archbishop of Bordeaux.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Weir1-7">[7]</a></sup>Immediately after the wedding, the couple was enthroned as Duke and Duchess of Aquitaine. However, there was a catch: the land would remain independent of France until Eleanor's oldest son became both King of the Franks and Duke of Aquitaine. Thus, her holdings would not be merged with France until the next generation. As a wedding present she gave Louis a </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_crystal_vase"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">rock crystal vase</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> currently on display at the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Louvre</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. Louis gave the vase to the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Saint Denis Basilica</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span>. This vase is the only object connected with Eleanor of Aquitaine that still survives.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></span></span></span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Louis's tenure as Count of Poitou and Duke of Aquitaine and Gascony lasted only few days. Although he had been invested as such on 8 August 1137, a messenger gave him the news that Louis VI had died of dysentery on 1 August while Prince Louis and Eleanor were making a tour of the provinces. Thus he became King Louis VII of France. He and Eleanor were </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointment"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">anointed</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">crowned</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">King and Queen of the Franks</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span> on Christmas Day of the same year.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Weir1-7">[7]</a></sup><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Seward-14">[14]</a></sup></span></span></span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Possessing a high-spirited nature, Eleanor was not popular with the staid northerners; according to sources, Louis's mother </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9laide_de_Maurienne"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Adélaide de Maurienne</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> thought her flighty and a bad influence. She was not aided by memories of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_of_Arles"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Constance of Arles</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Provençal</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> wife of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_France"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Robert II</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, tales of whose immodest dress and language were still told with horror.<sup>[</sup> Eleanor's conduct was repeatedly criticized by church elders, particularly </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Bernard of Clairvaux</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> and Abbot Suger, as indecorous. The king was madly in love with his beautiful and worldly bride, however, and granted her every whim, even though her behavior baffled and vexed him. Much money went into making the austere Cité Palace in </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Paris</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span> more comfortable for Eleanor's sake.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Swabey-11">[11]</a></sup></span></span></span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Conflict[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_of_Aquitaine&action=edit&section=4"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">edit</span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">]</span></span></h5>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Although Louis was a pious man, he soon came into a violent conflict with </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Pope Innocent II</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. In 1141, the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Bourges"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Archbishopric of Bourges</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> became vacant, and the king put forward as a candidate one of his chancellors, Cadurc, while vetoing the one suitable candidate, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Chatre"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Pierre de la Chatre</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, who was promptly elected by the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">canons</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourges_Cathedral"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Bourges</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecration"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">consecrated</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> by the pope. Louis accordingly bolted the gates of Bourges against the new bishop. The pope, recalling similar attempts by William X to exile supporters of Innocent from Poitou and replace them with priests loyal to himself, blamed Eleanor, saying that Louis was only a child and should be taught manners. Outraged, Louis swore upon relics that so long as he lived Pierre should never enter Bourges. An </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdict"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">interdict</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> was thereupon imposed upon the king's lands, and Pierre was given refuge by </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_II,_Count_of_Champagne"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Theobald II, Count of Champagne</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Louis became involved in a war with Count Theobald by permitting </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_I,_Count_of_Vermandois"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Raoul I, Count of Vermandois</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneschal"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">seneschal</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> of France, to repudiate his wife </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A9onore_of_Blois"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eléonore of Blois</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, Theobald's sister, and to marry </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronilla_of_Aquitaine"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Petronilla of Aquitaine</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, Eleanor's sister. Eleanor urged Louis to support her sister's marriage to Count Raoul. Theobald had also offended Louis by siding with the pope in the dispute over Bourges. The war lasted two years (1142–44) and ended with the occupation of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Champagne</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> by the royal army. Louis was personally involved in the assault and burning of the town of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitry-le-Fran%C3%A7ois"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Vitry</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. More than a thousand people who sought refuge in the church there died in the flames. Horrified, and desiring an end to the war, Louis attempted to make peace with Theobald in exchange for his support in lifting the interdict on Raoul and Petronilla. This was duly lifted for long enough to allow Theobald's lands to be restored; it was then lowered once more when Raoul refused to repudiate Petronilla, prompting Louis to return to Champagne and ravage it once more.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">In June 1144, the king and queen visited the newly built monastic church at Saint-Denis. While there, the queen met with Bernard of Clairvaux, demanding that he have the excommunication of Petronilla and Raoul lifted through his influence on the pope, in exchange for which King Louis would make concessions in Champagne and recognise Pierre de la Chatre as Archbishop of Bourges. Dismayed at her attitude, Bernard scolded Eleanor for her lack of penitence and interference in matters of state. In response, Eleanor broke down and meekly excused her behaviour, claiming to be bitter because of her lack of children. In response, Bernard became more kindly towards her: "My child, seek those things which make for peace. Cease to stir up the King against the Church, and urge upon him a better course of action. If you will promise to do this, I in return promise to entreat the merciful Lord to grant you offspring." In a matter of weeks, peace had returned to France: Theobald's provinces were returned and Pierre de la Chatre was installed as Archbishop of Bourges. In April 1145, Eleanor gave birth to a daughter, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_France,_Countess_of_Champagne"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Marie</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Louis, however, still burned with guilt over the massacre at Vitry and wished to make a pilgrimage to the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Holy Land</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> to atone for his sins. Fortunately for him, in the autumn of 1145, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Pope Eugene III</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> requested that Louis lead a </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Crusade</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> to the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Middle East</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> to rescue the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_states"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Frankish Kingdoms</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> there from disaster. Accordingly, Louis declared on Christmas Day 1145 at Bourges his intention of going on crusade.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Crusade[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_of_Aquitaine&action=edit&section=5"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">edit</span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">]</span></span></h5>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eleanor of Aquitaine also formally took up the cross symbolic of the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Second Crusade</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> during a sermon preached by Bernard of Clairvaux. In addition, she had been corresponding with her uncle </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_of_Poitiers"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Raymond</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, Prince of the Crusader kingdom of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Antioch</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, who was seeking further protection against the "Saracens" from the French crown. Eleanor recruited some of her royal ladies-in-waiting for the campaign, as well as 300 non-noble Aquitainian vassals. She insisted on taking part in the Crusades as the feudal leader of the soldiers from her duchy. The story that she and her ladies dressed as </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazons"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Amazons</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> is disputed by historians, sometimes confused with the account of King Conrad's train of ladies during this campaign (in </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gibbon"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Edward Gibbon</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i>). Her testimonial launch of the Second Crusade from </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Vézelay</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, the rumored location of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Magdalene"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Mary Magdalene</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">´s grave, dramatically emphasized the role of women in the campaign.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">The Crusade itself achieved little. Louis was a weak and ineffectual military leader with no skill for maintaining troop discipline or morale, or of making informed and logical tactical decisions. In eastern Europe, the French army was at times hindered by </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_Comnenus"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Manuel I Comnenus</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Byzantine Emperor</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, who feared that the Crusade would jeopardize the tenuous safety of his empire. Notwithstanding, during their three-week stay at </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Constantinople</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, Louis was fêted and Eleanor was much admired. She was compared with </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penthesilea"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Penthesilea</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, mythical queen of the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazons"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Amazons</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, by the Greek historian </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicetas_Choniates"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Nicetas Choniates</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. He added that she gained the epithet <i>chrysopous</i> (golden-foot) from the cloth of gold that decorated and fringed her robe. Louis and Eleanor stayed in the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philopation"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Philopation</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> palace just outside the city walls.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2nd_Crusade_council_at_Jerusalem.jpg"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"></span></strong></a> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Second Crusade</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> council: </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Conrad III of Germany</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, Eleanor's husband </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Louis VII of France</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Baldwin III of Jerusalem</span></strong></a> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">From the moment the Crusaders entered </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Asia Minor</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, things began to go badly. The king and queen were still optimistic – the Byzantine Emperor had told them that the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">German King Conrad</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> had won a great victory against a Turkish army (when in fact the German army had been massacred), and the troupe was still eating well. However, while camping near Nicea, the remnants of the German army, including a dazed and sick King Conrad, staggered past the French camp, bringing news of their disaster. The French, with what remained of the Germans, then began to march in increasingly disorganized fashion towards Antioch. They were in high spirits on Christmas Eve, when they chose to camp in a lush Dercervian valley near </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Ephesus</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. Here they were ambushed by a Turkish detachment; the French proceeded to slaughter this detachment and appropriate their camp.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Louis then decided to cross the Phrygian mountains directly in the hope of reaching Eleanor's uncle Raymond in Antioch more quickly. As they ascended the mountains, however, the army and the king and queen were horrified to discover the unburied corpses of the previously slaughtered German army.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">On the day set for the crossing of Mount Cadmos, Louis chose to take charge of the rear of the column, where the unarmed pilgrims and the baggage trains marched. The vanguard, with which Queen Eleanor marched, was commanded by her Aquitainian vassal </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Rancon"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Geoffrey de Rancon</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. Unencumbered by baggage, they reached the summit of Cadmos, where Rancon had been ordered to make camp for the night. Rancon however chose to continue on, deciding in concert with </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_III,_Count_of_Savoy"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Amadeus III, Count of Savoy</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> (Louis's uncle) that a nearby plateau would make a better campsite: such disobedience was reportedly common.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Accordingly, by mid-afternoon, the rear of the column – believing the day's march to be nearly at an end – was dawdling. This resulted in the army becoming separated, with some having already crossed the summit and others still approaching it. At this point the Turks, who had been following and feinting for many days, seized their opportunity and attacked those who had not yet crossed the summit. The French (both soldiers and pilgrims), taken by surprise, were trapped; those who tried to escape were caught and killed. Many men, horses, and much of the baggage were cast into the canyon below. The chronicler </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Tyre"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">William of Tyre</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, writing between 1170 and 1184 and thus perhaps too late to be considered historically accurate, placed the blame for this disaster firmly on the amount of baggage (much of it reputedly belonging to Eleanor and her ladies) and the presence of non-combatants.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span>The king, having scorned royal apparel in favour of a simple pilgrim's tunic, escaped notice (unlike his bodyguards, whose skulls were brutally smashed and limbs severed). He reportedly "nimbly and bravely scaled a rock by making use of some tree roots which God had provided for his safety", and managed to survive the attack. Others were not so fortunate: "No aid came from Heaven, except that night fell."<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup></span></span></span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Official blame for the disaster was placed on Geoffrey de Rancon, who had made the decision to continue, and it was suggested that he be hanged (a suggestion which the king ignored). Since he was Eleanor's vassal, many believed that it was she who had been ultimately responsible for the change in plan, and thus the massacre. This did nothing for her popularity in </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Christendom</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> – she was also blamed for the size of the baggage train and the fact that her Aquitainian soldiers had marched at the front, thus not involved in the fight. Continuing on, the army became split, with the commoners marching toward Antioch and the royalty traveling by sea. When most of the land army arrived, the king and queen had a profound dispute. Some, such as </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Salisbury"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">John of Salisbury</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> and William of Tyre, say Eleanor's reputation was sullied by rumours of an affair with her uncle Raymond. However, this may have been a ruse, as Raymond through Eleanor tried to sway Louis forcibly to use his army to attack the actual Muslim encampment at nearby </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Aleppo</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, gateway to retaking </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edessa"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Edessa</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, by papal decree the objective of the Crusade. Although this was perhaps the better military plan, Louis was not keen to fight in northern Syria. One of Louis's avowed Crusade goals was to journey in pilgrimage to </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Jerusalem</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span>, and he stated his intention to continue. Reputedly Eleanor then requested to stay with Raymond and brought up the matter of consanguinity – the fact that she and her husband, King Louis, were too closely related. This was grounds for divorce in the medieval period. Rather than allowing her to stay, Louis took Eleanor from Antioch against her will and continued on to Jerusalem with his dwindling army .<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></span></span></span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">This episode humiliated Eleanor, and she maintained a low profile for the rest of the crusade. Louis's subsequent assault on </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Damascus</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> in 1148 with his remaining army, fortified by King Conrad and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Baldwin III of Jerusalem</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, achieved little. Damascus was a major trading centre that abounded in wealth and was under normal circumstances a potential threat, but the rulers of Jerusalem had recently entered into a truce with the city, which they then forswore. It was a gamble that did not pay off, and whether through military error or betrayal, the Damascus campaign was a failure. The French royal family retreated to Jerusalem and then sailed to Rome and made their way back to Paris.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">While in the eastern Mediterranean, Eleanor learned about maritime conventions developing there, which were the beginnings of what would become </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiralty_law"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">admiralty law</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. She introduced those conventions in her own lands on the island of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleron"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Oleron</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> in 1160 (with the "</span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls_of_Ol%C3%A9ron"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Rolls of Oléron</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">") and later in England as well. She was also instrumental in developing trade agreements with Constantinople and ports of trade in the Holy Lands.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Annulment[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_of_Aquitaine&action=edit&section=6"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">edit</span></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">]</span></span></h5>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Even before the Crusade, Eleanor and Louis were becoming estranged, and their differences were only exacerbated while they were abroad. Eleanor's purported relationship with her uncle Raymond,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> the ruler of Antioch, was a major source of discord. Eleanor supported her uncle's desire to re-capture the nearby </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Edessa"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">County of Edessa</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, the objective of the Crusade. In addition, having been close to him in their youth, she now showed what was considered to be "excessive affection" toward her uncle. Raymond had plans to abduct Eleanor, to which she consented.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-ReferenceA-19">[19]</a></sup> While many historians today dismiss this as normal affection between uncle and niece (noting their early friendship and his similarity to her father and grandfather), many of Eleanor's adversaries interpreted the generous displays of affection as an incestuous affair. Louis's long march to Jerusalem and back north, which Eleanor was forced to join, debilitated his army and disheartened her knights; the divided Crusade armies could not overcome the Muslim forces, and the royal couple had to return home.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Home, however, was not easily reached. Louis and Eleanor, on separate ships due to their disagreements, were first attacked in May 1149 by Byzantine ships attempting to capture both on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor. Although they escaped this attempt unharmed, stormy weather drove Eleanor's ship far to the south (to the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Coast"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Barbary Coast</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">) and caused her to lose track of her husband. Neither was heard of for over two months. In mid-July, Eleanor's ship finally reached </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Palermo</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> in Sicily, where she discovered that she and her husband had both been given up for dead. She was given shelter and food by servants of King </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Roger II of Sicily</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, until the king eventually reached </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Calabria</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, and she set out to meet him there. Later, at King Roger's court in </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potenza"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Potenza</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, she learned of the death of her uncle Raymond, who was beheaded by Muslim forces in the Holy Land. This appears to have forced a change of plans, for instead of returning to France from </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseilles"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Marseilles</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, they went to see Pope Eugene III in </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusculum"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Tusculum</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, where he had been driven five months before by a revolt of the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_of_Rome"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Commune of Rome</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eugene did not, as Eleanor had hoped, grant an annulment. Instead, he attempted to reconcile Eleanor and Louis, confirming the legality of their marriage. He proclaimed that no word could be spoken against it, and that it might not be dissolved under any pretext. Eventually, he arranged events so that Eleanor had no choice but to sleep with Louis in a bed specially prepared by the pope. Thus was conceived their second child – not a son, but another daughter, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alix_of_France,_Countess_of_Blois"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Alix of France</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">The marriage was now doomed. Still without a son and in danger of being left with no male heir, facing substantial opposition to Eleanor from many of his barons and her own desire for divorce, Louis bowed to the inevitable. On 11 March 1152, they met at the royal castle of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaugency"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Beaugency</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> to dissolve the marriage. Hugues de Toucy, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Sens"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Archbishop of Sens</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, presided, and Louis and Eleanor were both present, as were the Archbishops of Bordeaux and Rouen. Archbishop </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_of_Reims"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Samson of Reims</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> acted for Eleanor.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">On 21 March, the four archbishops, with the approval of Pope Eugene, granted an annulment on grounds of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consanguinity"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">consanguinity</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> within the fourth degree (Eleanor was Louis' third cousin once removed, and shared common ancestry with </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II_of_France"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Robert II of France</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">). Their two daughters were, however, declared legitimate and custody of them was awarded to King Louis. Archbishop Samson received assurances from Louis that Eleanor's lands would be restored to her.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Second marriage</span></h4>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Henry II of England</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"></span></strong> <strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">The marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine to Henry of Anjou and Henry's subsequent succession to the throne of England created the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angevin_empire"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Angevin empire</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">As Eleanor traveled to Poitiers, two lords – </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_V,_Count_of_Blois"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Theobald V, Count of Blois</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey,_Count_of_Nantes"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Geoffrey, Count of Nantes</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> (brother of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Henry II, Duke of Normandy</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">) – tried to kidnap and marry her to claim her lands. As soon as she arrived in Poitiers, Eleanor sent envoys to Henry, Duke of Normandy and future king of England, asking him to come at once to marry her. On 18 May 1152 (</span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whit_Sunday"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Whit Sunday</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span>), eight weeks after her annulment, Eleanor married Henry "without the pomp and ceremony that befitted their rank".<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></span></span></span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eleanor was related to Henry even more closely than she had been to Louis – they were cousins to the third degree through their common ancestor, Ermengarde of Anjou (wife of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Burgundy"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Robert I, Duke of Burgundy</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> and Geoffrey, Count of Gâtinais), and they were also descended from King </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Pious"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Robert II of France</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. A marriage between Henry, and Eleanor's daughter Marie, had earlier been declared impossible due to their status as third cousins once removed. It was rumored by some that Eleanor had had an affair with Henry's own father, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_V,_Count_of_Anjou"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, who had advised his son to avoid any involvement with her.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">On 25 October 1154, Henry became </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_England"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">King of England</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. Eleanor was </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">crowned</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_consorts"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Queen of England</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> by the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Archbishop of Canterbury</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> on 19 December 1154.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Seward-14">[14]</a></sup> She may not have been </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointment"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">anointed</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> on this occasion, however, because she had already been anointed in 1137.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Aurell-21">[21]</a></sup>Over the next thirteen years, she bore Henry five sons and three daughters: </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IX,_Count_of_Poitiers"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">William</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Henry</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Richard</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_II,_Duke_of_Brittany"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Geoffrey</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">John</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda,_Duchess_of_Saxony"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Matilda</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora_of_Aquitaine"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eleanor</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_consort_of_Sicily"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Joan</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span>. John Speed, in his 1611 work <i>History of Great Britain</i>, mentions the possibility that Eleanor had a son named Philip, who died young. His sources no longer exist, and he alone mentions this birth.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></span></span></span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eleanor's marriage to Henry was reputed to be tumultuous and argumentative, although sufficiently cooperative to produce at least eight pregnancies. Henry was by no means faithful to his wife and had a reputation for philandering. Henry fathered other, illegitimate children throughout the marriage. Eleanor appears to have taken an ambivalent attitude towards these affairs: for example, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_(Archbishop_of_York)"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Geoffrey of York</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, an illegitimate son of Henry, was acknowledged by Henry as his child and raised at </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Westminster</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> in the care of the queen.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">During the period from Henry's accession to the birth of Eleanor's youngest son John, affairs in the kingdom were turbulent: Aquitaine, as was the norm, defied the authority of Henry as Eleanor's husband and answered only to their Duchess. Attempts were made to claim</span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Toulouse</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, the rightful inheritance of Eleanor's grandmother </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_of_Toulouse"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Philippa of Toulouse</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, but they ended in failure. A bitter feud arose between the king and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Thomas Becket</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, initially his Chancellor and closest adviser and later the Archbishop of Canterbury. Louis of France had remarried and been widowed; he married for the third time and finally fathered a long hoped-for son, Philip Augustus (also known as Dieudonne - God-given). "Young Henry," son of Henry and Eleanor, wed </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marguerite_of_France,_Queen_of_England_and_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Margaret of France</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, daughter of Louis from his second marriage. Little is known of Eleanor's involvement in these events. It is certain that by late 1166, Henry's notorious affair with </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamund_Clifford"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Rosamund Clifford</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> had become known, and Eleanor's marriage to Henry appears to have become terminally strained.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">In 1167, Eleanor's third daughter, Matilda, married </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Lion"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Henry the Lion</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> of Saxony. Eleanor remained in England with her daughter for the year prior to Matilda's departure for Normandy in September. Afterwards, Eleanor gathered her movable possessions in England and transported them on several ships to </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentan"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Argentan</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> in December. At the royal court celebrated there that Christmas, she appears to have agreed to a separation from Henry. Certainly, she left for her own city of Poitiers immediately after Christmas. Henry did not stop her; on the contrary, he and his army personally escorted her there before attacking a castle belonging to the rebellious </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusignan"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Lusignan</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> family. Henry then went about his own business outside Aquitaine, leaving Earl Patrick (his regional military commander) as her protective custodian. When Patrick was killed in a skirmish, Eleanor (who proceeded to ransom his captured nephew, the young </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshal"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">William Marshal</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">), was left in control of her lands.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">The Court of Love in Poitiers</span></h5>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Poitiers_-_Palais_de_Justice_2.jpg"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><img alt="File:Poitiers - Palais de Justice 2.jpg" height="600" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Poitiers_-_Palais_de_Justice_2.jpg/800px-Poitiers_-_Palais_de_Justice_2.jpg" width="800" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poitiers_-_Palais_de_Justice_2.jpg"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"></span></strong></a> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Poitiers"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Palace of Poitiers</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, seat of the Counts of Poitou and Dukes of Aquitaine in the 10th through 12th centuries, where Eleanor's highly literate and artistic court inspired tales of Courts of Love.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Of all her influence on culture, Eleanor's time in Poitiers between 1168 and 1173 was perhaps the most critical, yet very little is known about it. Henry II was elsewhere, attending to his own affairs after escorting Eleanor there.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Weir.2C_Alison_2000-23">[23]</a></sup> Some believe that Eleanor’s court in Poitiers was the "Court of Love", where Eleanor and her daughter Marie meshed and encouraged the ideas of </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadour"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">troubadours</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalry"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">chivalry</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtly_love"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">courtly love</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> into a single court. It may have been largely to teach manners, as the French courts would be known for in later generations. The existence and reasons for this court are debated.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">In <i>The Art of Courtly Love</i>, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Capellanus"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Andreas Capellanus</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> (Andrew the chaplain) refers to the court of Poitiers. He claims that Eleanor, her daughter Marie, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermengarde,_Viscountess_of_Narbonne"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Ermengarde, Viscountess of Narbonne</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth,_Countess_of_Vermandois"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Isabelle of Flanders</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span> would sit and listen to the quarrels of lovers and act as a jury to the questions of the court that revolved around acts of romantic love. He records some twenty-one cases, the most famous of them being a problem posed to the women about whether true love can exist in marriage. According to Capellanus, the women decided that it was not at all likely.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></span></span></span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span>Some scholars believe that the "court of love" probably never existed, since the only evidence for it is Andreas Capellanus’ book. To strengthen their argument, they state that there is no other evidence that Marie ever stayed with her mother in Poitiers.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Weir.2C_Alison_2000-23">[23]</a></sup> Andreas wrote for the court of the king of France, where Eleanor was not held in esteem. Polly Schoyer Brooks (the author of a non-academic biography of Eleanor) suggests that the court did exist, but that it was not taken very seriously, and that acts of courtly love were just a “parlor game” made up by Eleanor and Marie in order to place some order over the young courtiers living there.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup></span></span></span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span>There is no claim that Eleanor invented courtly love, since it was a concept that had begun to grow before Eleanor’s court arose. All that can be said is that her court at Poitiers was most likely a catalyst for the increased popularity of courtly love literature in the Western European regions.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> Amy Kelly, in her article, “Eleanor of Aquitaine and her Courts of Love”, gives a very plausible description of the origins of the rules of Eleanor's court: “in the Poitevin code, man is the property, the very thing of woman; whereas a precisely contrary state of things existed in the adjacent realms of the two kings from whom the reigning duchess of Aquitaine was estranged.”</span></span></span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Revolt and capture</span></span></h5>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">In March 1173, aggrieved at his lack of power and egged on by his father's enemies, the younger Henry launched the </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_1173%E2%80%931174"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Revolt of 1173–1174</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span>. He fled to Paris. From there, "the younger Henry, devising evil against his father from every side by the advice of the French King, went secretly into Aquitaine where his two youthful brothers, Richard and Geoffrey, were living with their mother, and with her connivance, so it is said, he incited them to join him". One source claimed that the Queen sent her younger sons to France "to join with him against their father the king". Once her sons had left for Paris, Eleanor may have encouraged the lords of the south to rise up and support them.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-tbczel-30">[30]</a></sup></span></span></span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Sometime between the end of March and the beginning of May, Eleanor left Poitiers, but was arrested and sent to the king at </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Rouen</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. The king did not announce the arrest publicly; for the next year, the Queen's whereabouts were unknown. On 8 July 1174, Henry and Eleanor took ship for England from </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barfleur"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Barfleur</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. As soon as they disembarked at </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Southampton</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, Eleanor was taken either to </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Castle"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Winchester Castle</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> or </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Sarum"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Sarum Castle</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> and held there.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Years of imprisonment 1173–1189</span></h5>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span>The obverse of Eleanor's seal. She is identified as <i>Eleanor, by the Grace of God, Queen of the English, Duchess of the Normans</i>. The legend on the reverse calls her <i>Eleanor, Duchess of the Aquitanians and Countess of the Angevins</i>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-Seward-14">[14]</a></sup></span></span></span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Eleanor was imprisoned for the next sixteen years, much of the time in various locations in England. During her imprisonment, Eleanor became more and more distant with her sons, especially Richard (who had always been her favorite). She did not have the opportunity to see her sons very often during her imprisonment, though she was released for special occasions such as Christmas. About four miles from </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Shrewsbury</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> and close by </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haughmond_Abbey"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Haughmond Abbey</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> is "Queen Eleanor's Bower", the remains of a triangular castle which is believed to have been one of her prisons.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Henry lost the woman reputed to be his great love, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamund_Clifford"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Rosamund Clifford</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, in 1176. He had met her in 1166 and began his liaison in 1173, supposedly contemplating divorce from Eleanor. This notorious affair caused a monkish scribe to transcribe Rosamond's name in Latin to "Rosa Immundi", or "Rose of Unchastity". The king had many mistresses, but although he treated earlier liaisons discreetly, he flaunted Rosamond. He may have done so to provoke Eleanor into seeking an annulment but, if so, the queen disappointed him. Nevertheless, rumours persisted, perhaps assisted by Henry's camp, that Eleanor had poisoned Rosamund. It is also speculated that Eleanor placed Rosamund in a bathtub and had an old woman cut Rosamund's arms.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-ReferenceA-19">[19]</a></sup> Henry donated much money to </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godstow_Nunnery"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Godstow Nunnery</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, where Rosamund was buried.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">In 1183, the Young King Henry tried again to force his father to hand over some of his patrimony. In debt and refused control of Normandy, he tried to ambush his father at </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limoges"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Limoges</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. He was joined by troops sent by his brother Geoffrey and </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Philip II of France</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. Henry II's troops besieged the town, forcing his son to flee. After wandering aimlessly through Aquitaine, Henry the Younger caught </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">dysentery</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">. On Saturday, 11 June 1183, the Young King realized he was dying and was overcome with remorse for his sins. When his father's ring was sent to him, he begged that his father would show mercy to his mother, and that all his companions would plead with Henry to set her free. Henry II sent Thomas of Earley, </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Wells"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Archdeacon of Wells</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">, to break the news to Eleanor at Sarum. Eleanor reputedly had had a dream in which she foresaw her son Henry's death. In 1193 she would tell </span></strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III"><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">Pope Celestine III</span></strong></a><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"> that she was tortured by his memory.</span></strong> </span></div>
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<strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">King Philip II of France claimed that certain properties in Normandy belonged to his half-sister Marguerite, widow of the young Henry, but Henry insisted that they had once belonged to Eleanor and would revert to her upon her son's death. For this reason Henry summoned Eleanor to Normandy in the late summer of 1183. She stayed in Normandy for six months. This was the beginning of a period of greater freedom for the still-supervised Eleanor. Eleanor went back to England probably early in 1184.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine#cite_note-tbczel-30">[30]</a></sup> Over the next few years Eleanor often travelled with her husband and was sometimes associated with him in the government of the realm, but still had a custodian so that she was not free.</span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><br /></span></strong></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /><strong><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">The Belfry is an imposing square tower 30 meters high which houses the town clock.It was built in the thirteenth century as a lookout post. On its bell - Charlotte - 800kg, we read an inscription in Gothic "DABO CIVI CERTAM Horam BUS AND VIATORIBUS": "I will give the exact time for citizens and travelers."</span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;">The Belfry</span></h4>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-32126981404884233982023-08-25T16:41:00.020-07:002023-09-14T18:11:27.141-07:00THIEVERY of piano dealer like the Cunningham Piano Company in Philadelpia Owned by Rich Galassini<p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></p><div class="css-104g9nb e10sunzf3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: proxima-nova, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; grid-area: name / name / name / name;"><p class="bds-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: var(--bds-font-size-10); font-weight: var(--bds-font-weight-normal); line-height: var(--bds-font-leading-3); margin-block: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></p></div><div class="css-1epoynv e10sunzf0" style="box-sizing: border-box; grid-area: review / review / review / review;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="stack" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start;"><div style="--stack-space: 0.75rem; box-sizing: border-box; margin-block: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2062" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fNfIX-1ot3c" width="2480" youtube-src-id="fNfIX-1ot3c"></iframe></div><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Dishonest piano dealer like the Cunningham Piano Company in Philadelpia Owned by Rich Galasini. I bought this piano from the church of the 7th Day Adventist of Philadelpia. Along the way to delivery, there was a stopover of 3 weeks at the Cunningham Piano Company. I suspected an anomaly happening inside the factory, until it was delivered to my home in California. It was the piano action that they changed, like a ferrari changing it to a chevy engine. The</b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> concert grand Estonia with serial number 7476, this piano was constructed in 1999 to 2000. All my complaints were submitted to the BBB of Philadelpia, but I think the circulation is limited compared to my 26 blogs have more than 10,000,000 visits.</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Incidentaly, I paid Rich Galassini $700.00 to get the piano from the church in preparation of the piano for shipping to California. Email from Galassini below:</b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><div aria-label="Keyboard navigation group. Use arrow keys to navigate, or tab to the next group." data-test-id="focus-group" style="outline: none;"><header class="D_F m_Z12nDQf P_Z1A2bQX I_ZkbNhI ab_CI" data-test-id="message-group-header" style="align-items: flex-start; background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 245); display: flex; outline: none; padding: 4px 20px 4px 12px;"><div class="D_F ab_C em_N o_h A_6FsP c1AVi73_6LUG c1AVi7H_6MWH P_3Y3Gk" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-size: 17px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0px;"><span class="en_N i_3mCHE c1AVi73_6LUG c1AVi7H_6MWH" data-test-id="message-group-subject" style="flex-shrink: 1; line-height: 1.3em; outline: none;" title="payment"><span data-test-id="message-group-subject-text" style="outline: none;">payment</span><span class="em_0 ac_C D_X i_6FIA P_3gJiI e_fFR Q_fq7 E_eTB A_6DUj c1AVi73_6EWk c1AVi7H_6LEV I_ZpQYvz" data-test-id="message-group-count" style="align-self: center; background-color: #e0e4e9; border-radius: 9px; display: inline-block; flex-grow: 0; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 6px; outline: none; padding: 0px 6px;">10</span></span></div><div class="D_F ab_C Y_eTB en_0" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 6px; outline: none;"><div class="D_F ab_C em_N en_0 o_h Y_dm5 E_fq7 U_dm5 Q_72FG" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 0; margin: 0px 8px 0px 40px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><span class="D_F t_r A_6EqO c1AVi73_6EWk c1AVi7H_6LEV c1AVi7T_dPo C_Z1TsNbA cZ1RzsTJ_jyw3a" data-test-id="message-group-destination" style="color: #979ea8; display: flex; font-size: 13px; outline: none; text-align: right;" title="Yahoo/Inbox"><span class="G_e J_x o_h a_7yHc" style="max-width: 80px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">Yahoo</span><span style="outline: none;">/</span><span class="G_e J_x o_h a_7iGr" style="max-width: 60px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">Inbox</span></span></div><div class="H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_2gnJCA h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: all 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></header></div><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"></b></span></p><div aria-label="Keyboard navigation group. Use arrow keys to navigate, or tab to the next group." data-test-id="focus-group" style="outline: none;"><ul class="hd_n M_0 X_0" data-test-id="cards" style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding-left: 0px;"><li class="m_Z12nDQf D_F ek_BB ir_0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 245); display: flex; flex-direction: column; outline: 0px;"><div class="p_R b_2w4lU5 I_ZkbNhI em_N it_689y X_fq7 N_6LEV iu_FJ is_Z2bg7IA iv_0 iv3_dRA cZdTOHS_28Otf4 j_ZUs0f0 message-view" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-expanded="true" data-test-id="message-view" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(151, 158, 168); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px 0px 3px; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 0px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="40"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_Zjgzuf ir_0" style="cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px 16px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_fq7" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 8px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="40" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/contacts/0000.02ef/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&badge=false" style="border-radius: 50%; outline: none;" width="40" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_CI en_0" style="align-items: flex-start; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Mark as unread" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_ZpQYvz cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="4"></circle></svg></span></button></div><div class="o_h D_F em_0 E_fq7 ek_BB" data-test-id="address-info" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Rich Galassini<span class="u_N C_Z1VRqsb c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV" style="color: #828a93; font-weight: 400; outline: none;"> <rich@cunninghampiano.com></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="d_6FIA i_6FIA c1AVi7H_6LEV c1AVi73_6FsP D_F eo_HB" style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; line-height: 18px; min-height: 18px; outline: none;"><span class="u_N E_eo6 C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;">To:</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; outline: none;" title="alexscustodio@yahoo.com">alex..................</span></span></span><span class="E_fq7" style="margin-right: 8px; outline: none;">,</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; outline: none;" title="christine@cunninghampiano.com">christine@cunninghampiano.com</span></span></span></div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span><div class="en_0 s_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 M_3gJOe cdPFi_Z281SGl O_cMr O4_cMu" style="fill: rgb(29, 34, 40); flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; margin: 0px 8px; min-width: 16px; opacity: 0.5; outline: none;"><button class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-printer" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Print" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_q cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><g><path d="M13.8 13.5H6.2c-.4 0-.7.3-.7.7v2.6c0 .4.3.7.7.7h7.6c.4 0 .7-.3.7-.7v-2.6c0-.4-.3-.7-.7-.7zM15.5 3.2c0-.4-.3-.7-.7-.7H5.2c-.4 0-.7.3-.7.7v3.3h11V3.2z"></path><path d="M17.3 8H2.7c-.4 0-.7.3-.7.7v6.6c0 .4.3.7.7.7h.6c.4 0 .7-.3.7-.7v-2.6c0-.4.3-.7.7-.7h10.6c.4 0 .7.3.7.7v2.6c0 .4.3.7.6.7h.7c.4 0 .7-.3.7-.7V8.7c0-.4-.3-.7-.7-.7zM15 11c-.6 0-1-.4-1-1s.4-1 1-1 1 .4 1 1-.4 1-1 1z"></path></g></svg></span></button></div><div class="D_F en_0 M_3gJOe A_6Eb4 c1AVi73_6EWk C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-date" style="color: #828a93; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Thu, Jul 21, 2016 at 2:44 PM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_CI en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: transform 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Star" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></header></div><div data-test-id="message-body-container" style="outline: none;"><div class="I_ZkbNhI D_FY W_6D6F" data-test-id="message-view-body" style="color: #1d2228; display: table; font-family: YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; outline: none; width: 938.8px;"><div class="X_6MGW" style="font-size: 13px; outline: none; padding-left: 24px;"></div><div class="msg-body P_wpofO mq_AS" data-test-id="message-view-body-content" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: normal; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 2px 0px 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;"><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><div style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv2848209054" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Hi Alex,</span><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;">I know you called yesterday. Please call Christine at 215 991-0839 to pay the 700.00. This is currently under North Philadelphia 7th Day Adventist Church. The piano cannot be picked up until that order is paid.</span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Cheers,<br clear="all" style="outline: none;" /></span><div style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">--<br style="outline: none;" /></span><div class="yiv2848209054gmail_signature" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Rich Galassini<br style="outline: none;" />Cunningham Piano Company<br style="outline: none;" />(215) 991-0834<br style="outline: none;" /><a href="mailto:rich@cunninghampiano.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rich@cunninghampiano.com">rich@cunninghampiano.com</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: 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style="border: 0px; bottom: 27.36px; height: 751.68px; left: 17.28px; margin: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: right; user-select: none; width: 577.44px;" /><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x1 pg-1h2 pg-1y1 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs0 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 751.45px; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 83.8412px; height: 61.0387px; left: 518.6px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-align: right; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Invoice</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x2 pg-1h3 pg-1y2 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 694.8px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 474px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Date</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x3 pg-1h4 pg-1y3 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 673.4px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 457.05px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">7/14/2016</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x4 pg-1h3 pg-1y2 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 694.8px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 538.2px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Invoice #</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x5 pg-1h4 pg-1y3 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 673.4px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 543px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">65206</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x6 pg-1h3 pg-1y4 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 648.6px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 179.75px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;"><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">Bill </span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">T</span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">o</span></div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x7 pg-1h4 pg-1y5 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 630.8px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 61.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">North Philadelphia Seventh Day<span class="_ pg-1_0" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: -1.24564px; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; z-index: -1;"></span> Adventist</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x7 pg-1h4 pg-1y6 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 616.65px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 61.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">1510 W Oxford St.</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x7 pg-1h4 pg-1y7 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 602.45px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 61.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Philadelphia, Pa. 19121</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x8 pg-1h3 pg-1y8 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 642.6px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 460.05px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Ship To</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x9 pg-1h4 pg-1y9 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 626.25px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 363px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">North Philadelphia Seventh Day<span class="_ pg-1_0" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: -1.24564px; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; z-index: -1;"></span> Adventist</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x9 pg-1h4 pg-1ya pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 612.05px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 363px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">1510 W Oxford St.</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x9 pg-1h4 pg-1yb pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 597.9px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 363px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Philadelphia, PA 19121</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x7 pg-1h4 pg-1yc pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 743.25px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 61.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">5427 Germantown Ave.</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x7 pg-1h4 pg-1yd pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 729.05px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 61.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Philadelphia, PA 19144</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1xa pg-1h3 pg-1ye pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 519.6px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 443.6px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">P.O. Number<span class="_ pg-1_1" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: -1436.99px; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; z-index: -1;"></span>Terms<span class="_ pg-1_2" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 259.804px; z-index: -1;"> </span>Rep</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1xb pg-1h4 pg-1yf pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 494.1px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 231.2px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">RG</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1xc pg-1h3 pg-1ye pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 519.6px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 289.4px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Delivery</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1xd pg-1h4 pg-1yf pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 494.1px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 282.35px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">7/14/2016</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1xe pg-1h3 pg-1ye pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 519.6px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 357.8px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Transporter</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1xf pg-1h5 pg-1y10 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs3 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 164px; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 39.7644px; height: 28.9496px; left: 481.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Tot<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>al</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x10 pg-1h5 pg-1y11 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs3 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 127.05px; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 39.7644px; height: 28.9496px; left: 445.8px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Balance Due</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x11 pg-1h5 pg-1y12 pg-1ff1 pg-1fs3 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 144.65px; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 39.7644px; height: 28.9496px; left: 421.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Payments/Credits</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x12 pg-1h4 pg-1y13 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 698.7px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 258.95px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">PH: 215-438-3200</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x12 pg-1h4 pg-1y14 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 684.55px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 258.95px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">FX: 215-438-1197</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x13 pg-1h4 pg-1y15 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 670.4px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 234.6px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">www.cunninghampiano.com</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x14 pg-1h6 pg-1y16 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 81.75px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 35.932px; height: 25.791px; left: 25.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">A Piano p<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>urchased from Cunnin<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>gham Piano Company comes standard with a 100<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>% trade up p<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>olicy. This means that you can trade in your first pian<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>o and</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x14 pg-1h6 pg-1y17 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 71.2px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 35.932px; height: 25.791px; left: 25.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">receive a full credit from y<span class="_ pg-1_0" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: -1.24564px; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; z-index: -1;"></span>our first purchase toward your secon<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>d. All we ask is that the second <span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>piano be at le<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ast double<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span> the value of the first and th<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>at the</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x14 pg-1h6 pg-1y18 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 60.6px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 35.932px; height: 25.791px; left: 25.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">first piano has b<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>een serviced by one of our techn<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>icians (or a techn<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ician approved b<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>y Cunningham Piano<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span> Company) once a year. Your first service is</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x14 pg-1h6 pg-1y19 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 50.05px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 35.932px; height: 25.791px; left: 25.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">complimentary<span class="_ pg-1_0" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: -1.24564px; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; z-index: -1;"></span>. This poli<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>cy is void if the instrument is abused.<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span> Recondition<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ed, used u<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>pright pia<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>nos (i.e. sp<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>inets, conso<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>les, and stud<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ios) can be retu<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>rned</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x14 pg-1h6 pg-1y1a pg-1ff2 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 39.5px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 35.932px; height: 25.791px; left: 25.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">within the first year for a refund of 75% (seventy-fiv<span class="_ pg-1_0" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: -1.24564px; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; z-index: -1;"></span>e percent) on<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span> the pur<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>chase price. Electronic p<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ianos do<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span> not fall u<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>nder either o<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>f these policies.</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x15 pg-1h7 pg-1y1b pg-1ff3 pg-1fs3 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 718.15px; font-family: pg-1ff18; font-size: 39.7644px; height: 27.6099px; left: 191px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.910156; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Philade<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>lphia'<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>s oldest and<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span> most respec<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ted pia<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>no c<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ompan<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>y since 18<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>91</div><div class="c pg-1x16 pg-1y1c pg-1w2 pg-1h8" style="border: 0px; bottom: 99px; height: 13.45px; left: 294px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; width: 28.2px;"><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x17 pg-1h4 pg-1y1d pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 2.7px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 0.2px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;"><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">Notes</span></div></div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x18 pg-1h3 pg-1y1e pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 464.9px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 104.15px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Item Code<span class="_ pg-1_4" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 597.248px; z-index: -1;"> </span>Description</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x19 pg-1h3 pg-1y1f pg-1ff1 pg-1fs1 pg-1fc1 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 464.4px; color: white; font-family: pg-1ff6; font-size: 35.932px; height: 26.1595px; left: 22.4px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.938477; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Quantity<span class="_ pg-1_5" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1616.6px; z-index: -1;"> </span>Price Each<span class="_ pg-1_6" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 117.823px; z-index: -1;"> </span>Amount</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x1a pg-1h4 pg-1y20 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 446.25px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 66px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Move Job</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x15 pg-1h9 pg-1y21 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs4 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 447.2px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 44.0764px; height: 31.6369px; left: 191px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">Pick up a 9 ft. grand piano Estonia<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span> - 6 steps off Bima - 6</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x15 pg-1h9 pg-1y22 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs4 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 434.25px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 44.0764px; height: 31.6369px; left: 191px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">steps out (r<span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span>ampable?)</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x1b pg-1h4 pg-1y20 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 446.25px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 54px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">1<span class="_ pg-1_7" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1686.4px; z-index: -1;"> </span>700.00<span class="_ pg-1_8" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 140.853px; z-index: -1;"> </span>700.00</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x15 pg-1h9 pg-1y23 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs4 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 421.25px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 44.0764px; height: 31.6369px; left: 191px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;"><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">I</span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">nside</span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;"> </span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">P</span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">h</span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">ila</span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">de</span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">lphi</span><span class="_ pg-1_3" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 1.07364px; z-index: -1;"></span><span class="pg-1fc2 pg-1sc0" color="transparent" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; position: relative; text-shadow: none; unicode-bidi: bidi-override;">a</span></div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x1c pg-1h4 pg-1y24 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 420.3px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 478.55px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">8.00%<span class="_ pg-1_9" color="transparent" style="display: inline-block; position: relative; unicode-bidi: bidi-override; width: 209.251px; z-index: -1;"> </span>0.00</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x1d pg-1h4 pg-1y25 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 163.5px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 548.25px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">$700.00</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x1d pg-1h4 pg-1y26 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 126.55px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 548.25px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">$700.00</div><div class="t pg-1m0 pg-1x1e pg-1h4 pg-1y27 pg-1ff2 pg-1fs2 pg-1fc0 pg-1sc0 pg-1ls0 pg-1ws0" style="-webkit-text-stroke: 0.015em transparent; bottom: 144.2px; font-family: pg-1ff10; font-size: 47.9092px; height: 34.388px; left: 561.2px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 0.933594; position: absolute; text-shadow: none; transform-origin: 0px 100%; transform: matrix(0.25, 0, 0, 0.25, 0, 0); unicode-bidi: bidi-override; visibility: visible; white-space: pre;">$0.00</div></div></div></div></div></li><li class="p_a T_0 L_0 R_0" data-test-id="infinite-scroll-ROW" role="rowgroup" style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px);"><div><br /></div></li></ul></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span 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style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span face="YahooSans, Helvetica Neue, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, Lucida Grande, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2228;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfxfJ4DUgrY9bh31irawDV-eR2RtJKaVjR5FzY4a7f5tVmKlyK8bTWoJ2enjgLVkiaLIKtlDNc9hjEl-nu5V7BwVRlwoP8ptz4DyCuIIJspydDn63UPGVUTdPWLUrM-GZIaJ24_01giMs/s1600/IMG_1047.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="1797" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfxfJ4DUgrY9bh31irawDV-eR2RtJKaVjR5FzY4a7f5tVmKlyK8bTWoJ2enjgLVkiaLIKtlDNc9hjEl-nu5V7BwVRlwoP8ptz4DyCuIIJspydDn63UPGVUTdPWLUrM-GZIaJ24_01giMs/w2396-h1797/IMG_1047.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2396" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl-avIvBaQecvuPe-stkik9wD1QVimzohTWSh06rxseI1fsu4Zvl6cXOoWgnGwKxLGOnG0xBsoPOvG8DKzI6pkVjFtqibDf8rv48zKAiCqoZ4_26rGUAossuvL8Eb2DOJruEib7JrgqhE/s1600/IMG_1061.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="1789" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl-avIvBaQecvuPe-stkik9wD1QVimzohTWSh06rxseI1fsu4Zvl6cXOoWgnGwKxLGOnG0xBsoPOvG8DKzI6pkVjFtqibDf8rv48zKAiCqoZ4_26rGUAossuvL8Eb2DOJruEib7JrgqhE/w2385-h1789/IMG_1061.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2385" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">The 9' concert grand piano is perfectly located under a 30' ceiling of the family room. The acoustic is just right for the sound flows to the breakfast nook then to the adjacent open kitchen.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b><br /></b><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2059" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NC1vGEAj7eU" width="2478" youtube-src-id="NC1vGEAj7eU"></iframe></div><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">"Closely resembling the Hamburg Steinway in both sound and touch, the Estonia combines, in one instrument, some of the best qualities of the great American pianos with those of the high-end Europeans. Its rich, full-bodied, and three-dimensional sound is American-like, whereas its purity and clarity are European-like. Its most distinguishing feature is its wonderfully sustaining, lyrical tone. More than anything else, it is this quality of tone that defines the Estonia piano and gives it its own special place in the high-end market." -- PianoBuyer, Fall 2009</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/r8309TzNYYI/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/r8309TzNYYI?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/BOEbz3w_z2A/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BOEbz3w_z2A?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/YxZMLh7-Bzk/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YxZMLh7-Bzk?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/awmExXZbW4o/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/awmExXZbW4o?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">Estonia Concert Grand Model 274. </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">Length 9' 0"</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">Width 5' 2"</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b>Estonia: 100% European hand made piano with clear, warm and notably resonant, singing tone qualities. Buyers: pianists & music lovers. With and without money..</b><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">The action that Estonia is using does not contain just "Renner parts" that more then a few manufacturers try to pass as "Renner actions"...They also don't use Renner actions only on their top of the line concert grand models but other actions on almost all the other instrument they make, as some companies do.</span><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;"> </span></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">The Estonia action is a FULL Renner action, which is being produced in Renner facilities in Germany, assembled in their Stuttgart, Germany factory, and sent to Estonia. </span><br style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;" /><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">Each and every Estonia has a full Renner action, from the concert grand to the smallest 5'6 piano. </span><br style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;" /><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">The full Renner action includes the rail, repetitions, flanges, shanks, damper undelever mechanism, damper heads, and of course the assembly. Estonia is also using the top of the line Renner Blue hammers. These are the same hammers used on Hamburg Steinway and Mason & Hamlin pianos (the density is a bit different as to the manufacturers specs, but quality and price are the same).</span><br style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;" /><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">All full Renner actions use the SAME quality of moving parts, and there is no significant price difference between them although geometry may be different as to the manufacturer's specs.</span><br style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;" /><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">Almost all High-end European manufacturers use full Renner actions in their pianos...at least in their concert grand pianos and largest models.</span><br style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;" /><br style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;" /><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">The Renner action has proven itself and it's long-term reliability in high performance pianos.</span><br style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;" /><span style="font-weight: 700; text-align: left;">This is not cheap piano wire, but an expensive part with thousands of moving parts.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1zW58dIlRzbD8CxzUYFYdqoWj66kiyAMG8pYEfPgvTMH0VYKU7mNOnep7VD-baqDoS7F-Yzc9KxFwccI2NiqLL2staeZAWtF3HywC2UWlQ_98l6jLJKTCiaTQvD3E8Ri1RcVpUS94JdA/s1600/IMG_1049.JPG" style="font-weight: 400; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1zW58dIlRzbD8CxzUYFYdqoWj66kiyAMG8pYEfPgvTMH0VYKU7mNOnep7VD-baqDoS7F-Yzc9KxFwccI2NiqLL2staeZAWtF3HywC2UWlQ_98l6jLJKTCiaTQvD3E8Ri1RcVpUS94JdA/s1600/IMG_1049.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" /></a></b></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both;"><b><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">Iron plates come from Finland, and are made the old-fashioned, European way.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">In order to guarantee the right quality, they are sand-cast, seasoned, and only the best plates pass the final selection. They have one year of iron plates in their inventory, and only the best would be selected. It takes modern machinery to make even the rough surfaces and prepare for their mirror-like polish finishes,, at which their craftsmen show their experience. They continue to test them, to make sure that they do not interfere with the piano sound but are there to support the structure. Shiny, smooth, and even, they have received a lot of praise at international music trade shows, and are considered among the best from Europe.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b style="background-color: black;">Is it any wonder that Estonia became rated by Piano Buyer in same class of quality as Steinway NY this, in record time?Weight 1213 lbs. I have been reading on this piano for several years, because of their reputation for their quality sound and probably the equal of a Steinway and the making of a stradivarius of pianos in the future. A very wise investment and a good family heirloom to pass down.</b></div></span></div><hr style="text-align: justify;" /><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><span style="text-align: start;"><b>- Columbus Dispatch 07/13/08 "I just had to write you an email to tell you that I am completely, totally, head-over-heels in love with my Estonia studio grand piano. In 25 years of playing the piano, I have never had an experience even remotely similar to the Estonia. I have never heard a piano sound so clear, touched keys that literally form to my fingertips, had such an ability to control the high and low registers, or be able to play so soft and so loud and yet have the notes sound so very different. I am truly a better, more proficient and happier piano player with my Estonia. Growing up with a Kawai, I always assumed that I would purchase the same, or at the very least, a Yamaha. But as soon as I sat down at the 5 foot, 6 inch Estonia, I knew that this was my piano, my instrument. As a composer, one issue with all of the other piano's on which I created music was that my shoulders would be sore after an hour or so of playing. After playing my Estonia for 7 straight hours with absolutely no pain, it is clear that the Estonia experience is unique in so many, countless ways.</b></span><br /><b><br /></b><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjcXiqaHRxER73f-6Xbw96tBO_e-6lRvsL_1szHZlbWo89tvDuoq0RXC27sY42vi_YYQS2ZyUEgMp452l_E1Id8mxejnhUAwgdnVuDXoOTRrBbDWfb0v0UDdRvBtb5BIIKpSrA_eOOatw/s1600/s-l1600.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="1265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjcXiqaHRxER73f-6Xbw96tBO_e-6lRvsL_1szHZlbWo89tvDuoq0RXC27sY42vi_YYQS2ZyUEgMp452l_E1Id8mxejnhUAwgdnVuDXoOTRrBbDWfb0v0UDdRvBtb5BIIKpSrA_eOOatw/w2250-h1265/s-l1600.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2250" /></span></a></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h1 class="p1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1em; margin: 0.5em 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Estonia Piano, Hot And In Demand</span></h1><div class="p1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit;">Estonia is arguably "the hottest European piano on the planet." Immaculately crafted, Estonia pianos have a history dating back to 1893, yet the Estonia piano had been an almost unknown member of the piano industry until about 1999/2000 when Estonia, a tiny country just across the Baltic Sea from Finland, gained its independence after the break-up of the Soviet Union.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit;">After Estonia gained its freedom, the country's nationalized piano company was privatized in 1994 under the ownership of its managers and employees. At that time, Dr. Indrek Laul, an Estonian and renowned pianist was a PhD candidate in piano performance at the Julliard School of Music.</span></b></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2018" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3MEFzclTu4M" width="2430" youtube-src-id="3MEFzclTu4M"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxpOtACcVn9fKwf1kwISa1wp3jENNsMJo_1wdDddLl8u2fONYXkl4x6J1DISpsCg7LO46GkjMIzgJzCExQ0gq5Nj5aWzyZKko-T1-EMD1KN6lvXSgsGulZcte-fsm0BJwC02sKBSidl3w/s1600/IMG_1048.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="1835" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxpOtACcVn9fKwf1kwISa1wp3jENNsMJo_1wdDddLl8u2fONYXkl4x6J1DISpsCg7LO46GkjMIzgJzCExQ0gq5Nj5aWzyZKko-T1-EMD1KN6lvXSgsGulZcte-fsm0BJwC02sKBSidl3w/w2447-h1835/IMG_1048.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="2447" /></span></a></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The signature of Dr. Indrek Laul signed on 2/11/2000 located on the arch proved its originality. The rims are strong and thick, much thicker than most other pianos. Dense rims are important for a rich sound, plus solid beams support the overall tension of the piano structure, further adding to the balance and longevity of the instrument. Multiple layers of select North-European birch are glued together in a press where they dry over a long time; in addition, the outer frame is set aside to cure separately thereafter. After curing and testing, the wood is further shaped according to exact measurements to form the rim.</span></b></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Missing piano bench correspondence with the church</span></b></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div aria-label="Keyboard navigation group. 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overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Alexander Custodio<span class="u_N C_Z1VRqsb c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV" style="color: #828a93; font-weight: 400; outline: none;"> <alexscustodio@yahoo.com></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="d_6FIA i_6FIA c1AVi7H_6LEV c1AVi73_6FsP D_F eo_HB" style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; line-height: 18px; min-height: 18px; outline: none;"><span class="u_N E_eo6 C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;">To:</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; 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display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Fri, Sep 2, 2016 at 11:09 PM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_CI en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: transform 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Star" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></header></div><div data-test-id="message-body-container" style="outline: none;"><div class="I_ZkbNhI D_FY W_6D6F" data-test-id="message-view-body" style="display: table; outline: none; width: 938.8px;"><div class="X_6MGW" style="outline: none; padding-left: 24px;"></div><div class="msg-body P_wpofO mq_AS" data-test-id="message-view-body-content" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: normal; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 2px 0px 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;"><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><div style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: "times new roman", "new york", times, serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"></span></div><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Hi Gary,</span></div><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3857" style="outline: none;">I got the piano today, but without the bench. Somebody has the bench. It must have been left in the church during the move to Cunningham piano. Please look for it. Thank you.</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3992" style="outline: none;">Enclosed the bill from Encore $ 525.00. The total shipping bill will be $1825.00. Can you pay me thru paypal.</span></div><div style="outline: none;"></div><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4133" style="outline: none;"> </div><div class="yiv4855430559signature" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4091" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4090" style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #033d3d; font-family: comic sans ms; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><strong style="outline: none;"></strong></span></i> <a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/7260/3514/1024/PICT03541.jpg" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"></a></div><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4092" style="outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: black; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: times new roman; outline: none;">Semper Veritas,</span></span></b></div><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4132" style="outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: black; outline: none;"><a class="yiv4855430559yui_3_2_0_2_137678877017462" href="http://www.ex-designz.net/filipinolyrics/displaysong.asp?lid=131" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; font-family: "comic sans ms"; font-style: italic; outline: none;" target="_blank">Alexander</a></span><i class="yiv4855430559yui_3_2_0_2_137678877017464" style="font-family: "comic sans ms"; outline: none;"> </i></b></div></div><div class="yiv4855430559qtdSeparateBR" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3614" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="yiv4855430559yahoo_quoted" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3522" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3521" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3520" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3596" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3597" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; outline: none;">On Friday, September 2, 2016 8:57 PM, "donotreply@intuit.com" <donotreply@intuit.com> wrote:<br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /><div class="yiv4855430559y_msg_container" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3600" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3599" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3598" style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;"><div id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3605" style="background-color: #eef1f5; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 241, 245); font-family: HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; width: 320px;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3613" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3612" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3611" style="outline: none;"><td id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3610" style="min-height: 50px; outline: none; padding: 15px; width: 50px; word-break: normal;"><img alt="ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC" height="48" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fserver%2Fimages%2Fimageloader%3Fop%3Dcomplogo%26rid%3D1426045415%26ts%3D1472875022830%26key%3D56d6143b523f22853d8511516f0279e04458ff45&t=1694357250&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001301e200&sig=TtmkMCF.u19G0MTOjyw_UA--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="48" /></td><td style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><div style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 2px;">ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC</div><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 5px;">UNION CITY, CA, 94587</div><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 5px;">(510) 248-4999</div></td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3609" style="background-color: #0097cb; outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3608" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3607" style="outline: none;"><td id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3606" style="color: white; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;">Receipt</td><td style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td><td style="color: white; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 0px 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;">SALE</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; word-break: normal;">VISA 9247</td><td style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td><td style="color: white; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">09/02/2016</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="2" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; word-break: normal;"></td><td style="color: white; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">08:55 PM</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3604" style="background-color: #0097cb; outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3603" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3602" style="outline: none;"><td id="yiv4855430559yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3601" style="color: white; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">$525.00</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; outline: none; padding-left: 15px; padding-top: 5px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 10px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 5px 0px; word-break: normal;">Custom Amount</td><td style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 5px 0px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">525.00</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #969696; font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; word-break: normal;">1 X $525.00 Ea</td><td style="outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); outline: none; padding-bottom: 5px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 30px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">Total</td><td style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">$525.00</td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 15px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">VISA 9247</td><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 5px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;"></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">ALEXANDER S CUSTODIO</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 30px 5px 15px; word-break: normal;">SIGNED</td><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 5px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">Transaction ID: PK0057382414</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">Auth ID: 06205C</td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 5px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">I agree to pay the above total amount according to the card issuer agreement.<br style="outline: none;" /></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">Please retain for your records.</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="9" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_bottom.png&t=1694357250&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001301e200&sig=qcf0r36EhMlH3fubE0kz4w--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="320" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">Thank you for your business!</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">norcal@movemypiano.com</td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="outline: none; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="3" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_dots.png&t=1694357250&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001301e200&sig=sfFCbGxhu2.Zs2BrY4jqYQ--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="295" /></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">UNION CITY, CA, 94587</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">(510) 248-4999</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="outline: none; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="3" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_dots.png&t=1694357250&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001301e200&sig=sfFCbGxhu2.Zs2BrY4jqYQ--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="295" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="color: #404040; font-size: 9px; outline: none; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">powered by</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 25px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><a href="http://gopayment.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="Intuit QuickBooks Payments" border="0" height="39" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Flogo_qb.png&t=1694357250&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001301e200&sig=UUUdObxTBhZX.rK9GNX_cg--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px;" width="123" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"></div></div><div class="H_7jIs D_F ab_C Q_69H5 E_36RhU" data-test-id="toolbar-hover-area" style="align-items: center; 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padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Mark as unread" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_ZpQYvz cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="4"></circle></svg></span></button></div><div class="o_h D_F em_0 E_fq7 ek_BB" data-test-id="address-info" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Gary Dawkins<span class="u_N C_Z1VRqsb c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV" style="color: #828a93; font-weight: 400; outline: none;"> <gdawk19@yahoo.com></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="d_6FIA i_6FIA c1AVi7H_6LEV c1AVi73_6FsP D_F eo_HB" style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; line-height: 18px; min-height: 18px; outline: none;"><span class="u_N E_eo6 C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;">To:</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; outline: none;" title="alexscustodio@yahoo.com">alexscustodio@yahoo.com</span></span></span></div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span><div class="en_0 s_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 M_3gJOe cdPFi_Z281SGl O_cMr O4_cMu" style="fill: rgb(29, 34, 40); flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; margin: 0px 8px; min-width: 16px; opacity: 0.5; outline: none;"><button class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-printer" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Sat, Sep 3, 2016 at 4:37 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_CI en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: transform 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Star" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></header></div><div data-test-id="message-body-container" style="outline: none;"><div class="I_ZkbNhI D_FY W_6D6F" data-test-id="message-view-body" style="display: table; outline: none; width: 938.8px;"><div class="X_6MGW" style="outline: none; padding-left: 24px;"></div><div class="msg-body P_wpofO mq_AS" data-test-id="message-view-body-content" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: normal; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 2px 0px 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;"><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><div style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Hi Alex,</div><div id="yiv7713113881AppleMailSignature" style="outline: none;">We do not have the bench. I would check with one of the shipping companies.<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" />Sent from my iPhone</div></div></div></div></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><button class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6DUj c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_Z1VRqsb cvhIH6_T P_eo6 Q_36Jhx" data-norrin-quoted-button="true" data-test-id="icon-btn-chevron_up" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #828a93; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 4px;" tabindex="-1" title="Hide original message" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 131.688px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_Z1TsNbA cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T h_ZQwKon" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M13.5 12.75a.748.748 0 01-.53-.22L10 9.56l-2.97 2.97a.75.75 0 11-1.06-1.06L10 7.44l4.03 4.03a.75.75 0 01-.53 1.28z"></path></svg><span class="D_X em_N o_h X_eo6 G_e t_l i_1D4Ti9" style="display: inline-block; flex-grow: 1; line-height: normal; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding-left: 4px; text-align: left; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Hide original message</span></span></button></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div class="qtd-body" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;"><div class="yiv7713113881yqt3013416994" id="yiv7713113881yqt37555" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" />On Sep 3, 2016, at 2:08 AM, Alexander Custodio <<a href="mailto:alexscustodio@yahoo.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:alexscustodio@yahoo.com">alexscustodio@yahoo.com</a>> wrote:<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><blockquote style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;" type="cite"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: "times new roman", "new york", times, serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"></span></div><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Hi Gary,</span></div><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3857" style="outline: none;">I got the piano today, but without the bench. Somebody has the bench. It must have been left in the church during the move to Cunningham piano. Please look for it. Thank you.</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3992" style="outline: none;">Enclosed the bill from Encore $ 525.00. The total shipping bill will be $1825.00. Can you pay me thru paypal.</span></div><div style="outline: none;"></div><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4133" style="outline: none;"> </div><div class="yiv7713113881signature" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4091" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4090" style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #033d3d; font-family: comic sans ms; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><strong style="outline: none;"></strong></span></i> <a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/7260/3514/1024/PICT03541.jpg" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"></a></div><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4092" style="outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: black; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: times new roman; outline: none;">Semper Veritas,</span></span></b></div><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4132" style="outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: black; outline: none;"><a class="yiv7713113881yui_3_2_0_2_137678877017462" href="http://www.ex-designz.net/filipinolyrics/displaysong.asp?lid=131" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; font-family: "comic sans ms"; font-style: italic; outline: none;" target="_blank">Alexander</a></span><i class="yiv7713113881yui_3_2_0_2_137678877017464" style="font-family: "comic sans ms"; outline: none;"> </i></b></div></div><div class="yiv7713113881qtdSeparateBR" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3614" style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="yiv7713113881yahoo_quoted" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3522" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3521" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3520" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3596" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3597" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; outline: none;">On Friday, September 2, 2016 8:57 PM, "<a href="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com">donotreply@intuit.com</a>" <<a href="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com">donotreply@intuit.com</a>> wrote:<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></span></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><div class="yiv7713113881y_msg_container" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3600" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881" style="outline: none;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div class="qtd-body" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;"><div class="yiv7713113881yqt3013416994" id="yiv7713113881yqt18167" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3599" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3598" style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;"><div id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3605" style="background-color: #eef1f5; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 241, 245); font-family: HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; width: 320px;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3613" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3612" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3611" style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3610" rowspan="1" style="min-height: 50px; outline: none; padding: 15px; width: 50px; word-break: normal;"><img alt="ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC" height="48" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fserver%2Fimages%2Fimageloader%3Fop%3Dcomplogo%26rid%3D1426045415%26ts%3D1472875022830%26key%3D56d6143b523f22853d8511516f0279e04458ff45&t=1694357385&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001501e200&sig=ghIt8pYyjJ0PFKs2N0qoQQ--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="48" /></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><div style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 2px;">ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC</div><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 5px;">UNION CITY, CA, 94587</div><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 5px;">(510) 248-4999</div></td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3609" style="background-color: #0097cb; outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3608" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3607" style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3606" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;">Receipt</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 0px 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;">SALE</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; word-break: normal;">VISA 9247</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">09/02/2016</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; word-break: normal;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">08:55 PM</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3604" style="background-color: #0097cb; outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3603" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3602" style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" id="yiv7713113881yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3601" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">$525.00</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; outline: none; padding-left: 15px; padding-top: 5px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 10px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 5px 0px; word-break: normal;">Custom Amount</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 5px 0px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">525.00</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #969696; font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; word-break: normal;">1 X $525.00 Ea</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); outline: none; padding-bottom: 5px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 30px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">Total</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">$525.00</td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 15px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">VISA 9247</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 5px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;"></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">ALEXANDER S CUSTODIO</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 30px 5px 15px; word-break: normal;">SIGNED</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 5px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">Transaction ID: PK0057382414</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">Auth ID: 06205C</td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 5px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">I agree to pay the above total amount according to the card issuer agreement.<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">Please retain for your records.</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="9" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_bottom.png&t=1694357385&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001501e200&sig=bYFdfCE6QutnWpm_KE8fdg--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="320" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">Thank you for your business!</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><a href="mailto:norcal@movemypiano.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:norcal@movemypiano.com">norcal@movemypiano.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="3" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_dots.png&t=1694357385&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001501e200&sig=pOIIoY4SGU5.jwV2kEMZcw--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="295" /></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">UNION CITY, CA, 94587</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">(510) 248-4999</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="3" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_dots.png&t=1694357385&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001501e200&sig=pOIIoY4SGU5.jwV2kEMZcw--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="295" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #404040; font-size: 9px; outline: none; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">powered by</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 25px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><a href="http://gopayment.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="Intuit QuickBooks Payments" border="0" height="39" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Flogo_qb.png&t=1694357385&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001501e200&sig=OHfnuTZf01lmJDKBhm2f0w--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px;" width="123" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"></div></div><div class="H_7jIs D_F ab_C Q_69H5 E_36RhU" data-test-id="toolbar-hover-area" style="align-items: center; display: flex; height: 64px; margin-left: -8px; margin-right: -20px; outline: none;"></div></div></div></li><li class="m_Z12nDQf D_F ek_BB ir_0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 245); display: flex; flex-direction: column; outline: 0px;"><div class="p_R b_2w4lU5 I_ZkbNhI em_N it_689y X_fq7 N_6LEV iu_FJ is_Z2bg7IA iv_0 iv3_dRA cZdTOHS_28Otf4 j_ZUs0f0 message-view" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-expanded="true" data-test-id="message-view" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(151, 158, 168); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px 0px 3px; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 2px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="-1"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_Zjgzuf ir_0" style="cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px 16px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_fq7" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 8px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="40" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/contacts/0000.02ec/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&badge=false" style="border-radius: 50%; outline: none;" width="40" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_CI en_0" style="align-items: flex-start; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Mark as unread" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_ZpQYvz cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="4"></circle></svg></span></button></div><div class="o_h D_F em_0 E_fq7 ek_BB" data-test-id="address-info" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Gary Dawkins<span class="u_N C_Z1VRqsb c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV" style="color: #828a93; font-weight: 400; outline: none;"> <gdawk19@yahoo.com></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="d_6FIA i_6FIA c1AVi7H_6LEV c1AVi73_6FsP D_F eo_HB" style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; line-height: 18px; min-height: 18px; outline: none;"><span class="u_N E_eo6 C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;">To:</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; outline: none;" title="alexscustodio@yahoo.com">alexscustodio@yahoo.com</span></span></span></div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span><div class="en_0 s_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 M_3gJOe cdPFi_Z281SGl O_cMr O4_cMu" style="fill: rgb(29, 34, 40); flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; margin: 0px 8px; min-width: 16px; opacity: 0.5; outline: none;"><button class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-printer" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Sat, Sep 3, 2016 at 4:49 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_CI en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: transform 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Star" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></header></div><div data-test-id="message-body-container" style="outline: none;"><div class="I_ZkbNhI D_FY W_6D6F" data-test-id="message-view-body" style="display: table; outline: none; width: 938.8px;"><div class="X_6MGW" style="outline: none; padding-left: 24px;"></div><div class="msg-body P_wpofO mq_AS" data-test-id="message-view-body-content" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: normal; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 2px 0px 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;"><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><div style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472875165195_9788" style="outline: none;">I want to reimburse you for the shipping so please provide me with an email for your paypal acccount or let me know what bank you bank with and the account number so I can do a direct deposit.</div><div class="yiv8914256853qtdSeparateBR" style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="yiv8914256853yahoo_quoted" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-size: 16px; outline: none;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><button class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6DUj c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_Z1VRqsb cvhIH6_T P_eo6 Q_36Jhx" data-norrin-quoted-button="true" data-test-id="icon-btn-chevron_up" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; color: #828a93; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 4px;" tabindex="-1" title="Hide original message" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 131.688px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_Z1TsNbA cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T h_ZQwKon" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M13.5 12.75a.748.748 0 01-.53-.22L10 9.56l-2.97 2.97a.75.75 0 11-1.06-1.06L10 7.44l4.03 4.03a.75.75 0 01-.53 1.28z"></path></svg><span class="D_X em_N o_h X_eo6 G_e t_l i_1D4Ti9" style="display: inline-block; flex-grow: 1; line-height: normal; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding-left: 4px; text-align: left; text-overflow: ellipsis;">Hide original message</span></span></button></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div class="qtd-body" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;"><div class="yiv8914256853yqt0270074121" id="yiv8914256853yqt80498" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; outline: none;">On Saturday, September 3, 2016 7:37 AM, Gary Dawkins <gdawk19@yahoo.com> wrote:<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></span></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><div class="yiv8914256853y_msg_container" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Hi Alex,</div><div id="yiv8914256853AppleMailSignature" style="outline: none;">We do not have the bench. I would check with one of the shipping companies.<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" />Sent from my iPhone</div><div class="yiv8914256853yqt3862883829" id="yiv8914256853yqt21128" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" />On Sep 3, 2016, at 2:08 AM, Alexander Custodio <<a href="mailto:alexscustodio@yahoo.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:alexscustodio@yahoo.com">alexscustodio@yahoo.com</a>> wrote:<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><blockquote style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;" type="cite"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: "times new roman", "new york", times, serif; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"></span></div><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Hi Gary,</span></div><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3857" style="outline: none;">I got the piano today, but without the bench. Somebody has the bench. It must have been left in the church during the move to Cunningham piano. Please look for it. Thank you.</span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3656" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3992" style="outline: none;">Enclosed the bill from Encore $ 525.00. The total shipping bill will be $1825.00. Can you pay me thru paypal.</span></div><div style="outline: none;"></div><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4133" style="outline: none;"> </div><div class="yiv8914256853signature" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4091" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4090" style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #033d3d; font-family: comic sans ms; font-size: medium; outline: none;"><strong style="outline: none;"></strong></span></i> <a href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/7260/3514/1024/PICT03541.jpg" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"></a></div><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4092" style="outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: black; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: times new roman; outline: none;">Semper Veritas,</span></span></b></div><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_4132" style="outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span style="color: black; outline: none;"><a class="yiv8914256853yui_3_2_0_2_137678877017462" href="http://www.ex-designz.net/filipinolyrics/displaysong.asp?lid=131" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; font-family: "comic sans ms"; font-style: italic; outline: none;" target="_blank">Alexander</a></span><i class="yiv8914256853yui_3_2_0_2_137678877017464" style="font-family: "comic sans ms"; outline: none;"> </i></b></div></div><div class="yiv8914256853qtdSeparateBR" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3614" style="outline: none;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><div class="yiv8914256853yahoo_quoted" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3522" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3521" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3520" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3596" style="outline: none;"><span id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3597" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; outline: none;">On Friday, September 2, 2016 8:57 PM, "<a href="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com">donotreply@intuit.com</a>" <<a href="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:donotreply@intuit.com">donotreply@intuit.com</a>> wrote:<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></span></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><div class="yiv8914256853y_msg_container" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3600" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853" style="outline: none;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div><div class="yiv8914256853yqt3862883829" id="yiv8914256853yqt84714" style="outline: none;"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="qtd-body" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;"><div class="yiv8914256853yqt0270074121" id="yiv8914256853yqt08502" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3599" style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3598" style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 8px;"><div id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3605" style="background-color: #eef1f5; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 241, 245); font-family: HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; width: 320px;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3613" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3612" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3611" style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3610" rowspan="1" style="min-height: 50px; outline: none; padding: 15px; width: 50px; word-break: normal;"><img alt="ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC" height="48" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fserver%2Fimages%2Fimageloader%3Fop%3Dcomplogo%26rid%3D1426045415%26ts%3D1472875022830%26key%3D56d6143b523f22853d8511516f0279e04458ff45&t=1694357582&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001701e200&sig=3ie9d5Jcphj_kZjCWWpRRw--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="48" /></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><div style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 2px;">ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC</div><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 5px;">UNION CITY, CA, 94587</div><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding-left: 1px; padding-top: 5px;">(510) 248-4999</div></td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3609" style="background-color: #0097cb; outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3608" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3607" style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3606" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 30px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;">Receipt</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 0px 0px; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: normal;">SALE</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 15px; word-break: normal;">VISA 9247</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">09/02/2016</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; word-break: normal;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">08:55 PM</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3604" style="background-color: #0097cb; outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3603" style="outline: none;"><tr id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3602" style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" id="yiv8914256853yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1472882290089_3601" rowspan="1" style="color: white; font-family: HelveticaNeue-Light, "Helvetica Neue Light", "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">$525.00</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; outline: none; padding-left: 15px; padding-top: 5px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 10px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 5px 0px; word-break: normal;">Custom Amount</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 5px 0px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">525.00</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #969696; font-size: 15px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; word-break: normal;">1 X $525.00 Ea</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(255, 255, 255); outline: none; padding-bottom: 5px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 30px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">Total</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 15px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;">$525.00</td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 15px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">VISA 9247</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 15px 15px 5px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;"></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">ALEXANDER S CUSTODIO</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 0px 30px 5px 15px; word-break: normal;">SIGNED</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px 5px; text-align: right; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">Transaction ID: PK0057382414</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 14px; outline: none; padding: 1px 15px 5px; word-break: normal;">Auth ID: 06205C</td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-top: 1px solid rgb(220, 220, 220); outline: none; padding-bottom: 5px; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">I agree to pay the above total amount according to the card issuer agreement.<br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"> </td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #959595; font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">Please retain for your records.</td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="9" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_bottom.png&t=1694357582&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001701e200&sig=rn9EhkuLmVtRTQZrW8O.yg--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="320" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-family: HelveticaNeueMedium, HelveticaNeue-Medium, "Helvetica Neue Medium", HelveticaNeue, "Helvetica Neue", TeXGyreHerosRegular, Helvetica, Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: normal; outline: none; padding: 10px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">Thank you for your business!</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><a href="mailto:norcal@movemypiano.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:norcal@movemypiano.com">norcal@movemypiano.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="3" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_dots.png&t=1694357582&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001701e200&sig=jqSG6nXe.eD7clc2FAO7lw--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="295" /></td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 17px; outline: none; padding: 0px 15px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">ENCORE PIANO & ORGAN MOVING LLC</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">UNION CITY, CA, 94587</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="font-size: 12px; outline: none; padding: 5px 15px 0px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">(510) 248-4999</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><img alt="" height="3" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Fborder_dots.png&t=1694357582&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001701e200&sig=jqSG6nXe.eD7clc2FAO7lw--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px; vertical-align: top;" width="295" /></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="outline: none; width: 100%;"><tbody style="outline: none;"><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="color: #404040; font-size: 9px; outline: none; text-align: center; word-break: normal;">powered by</td></tr><tr style="outline: none;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 25px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center; word-break: normal;"><a href="http://gopayment.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="Intuit QuickBooks Payments" border="0" height="39" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgopayment.intuit.com%2FGoPayment%2Fimages%2Flogo_qb.png&t=1694357582&ymreqid=d6f481e4-bb44-030f-1cc6-e7001701e200&sig=iICkVJTxNPzubPNr.knVVA--~D" style="outline: none; text-indent: -9999px;" width="123" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /><br clear="none" style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; 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Use arrow keys to navigate, or tab to the next group." data-test-id="focus-group" style="color: #1d2228; font-family: YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; outline: none;"><header class="D_F m_Z12nDQf P_Z1A2bQX I_ZkbNhI ab_CI" data-test-id="message-group-header" style="align-items: flex-start; background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 245); display: flex; outline: none; padding: 4px 20px 4px 12px;"><div class="D_F ab_C em_N o_h A_6FsP c1AVi73_6LUG c1AVi7H_6MWH P_3Y3Gk" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-size: 17px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 0px;"><span class="en_N i_3mCHE c1AVi73_6LUG c1AVi7H_6MWH" data-test-id="message-group-subject" style="flex-shrink: 1; line-height: 1.3em; outline: none;" title="SM16580 Estonia 274"><span data-test-id="message-group-subject-text" style="outline: none;">SM16580 Estonia 274</span><span class="em_0 ac_C D_X i_6FIA P_3gJiI e_fFR Q_fq7 E_eTB A_6DUj c1AVi73_6EWk c1AVi7H_6LEV I_ZpQYvz" data-test-id="message-group-count" style="align-self: center; background-color: #e0e4e9; border-radius: 9px; display: inline-block; flex-grow: 0; font-size: 11px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 6px; outline: none; padding: 0px 6px;">6</span></span></div><div class="D_F ab_C Y_eTB en_0" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: 6px; outline: none;"><div class="D_F ab_C em_N en_0 o_h Y_dm5 E_fq7 U_dm5 Q_72FG" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 0; margin: 0px 8px 0px 40px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><span class="D_F t_r A_6EqO c1AVi73_6EWk c1AVi7H_6LEV c1AVi7T_dPo C_Z1TsNbA cZ1RzsTJ_jyw3a" data-test-id="message-group-destination" style="color: #979ea8; display: flex; outline: none; text-align: right;" title="Yahoo/Inbox"><span class="G_e J_x o_h a_7yHc" style="max-width: 80px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">Yahoo</span><span style="outline: none;">/</span><span class="G_e J_x o_h a_7iGr" style="max-width: 60px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">Inbox</span></span></div><div class="H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_2gnJCA h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: all 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></header></div><div aria-label="Keyboard navigation group. Use arrow keys to navigate, or tab to the next group." data-test-id="focus-group" style="color: #1d2228; font-family: YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; font-size: 13px; outline: none;"><ul class="hd_n M_0 X_0" data-test-id="cards" style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding-left: 0px;"><li class="m_Z12nDQf D_F ek_BB ir_0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 245); display: flex; flex-direction: column; outline: 0px;"><div class="p_R b_efTvb I_ZkbNhI em_N it_689y X_fq7 N_6LEV iu_FJ is_Z2bg7IA iv_0 iv3_dRA cZdTOHS_28Otf4 message-view" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-expanded="false" data-test-id="message-view" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid transparent; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 0px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="-1"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_3Y3Gk ir_0 ab_C" style="align-items: center; cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_6Eb4 E_eo6" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="32" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/endpoints/smtp:dhendricks@keyboardcarriage.com/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&format=image" style="border-radius: 50%; outline: none;" width="32" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_C en_0" style="align-items: center; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Mark as unread" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_ZpQYvz cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="4"></circle></svg></span></button></div><div class="o_h D_F em_N E_fq7 ab_C" data-test-id="address-info" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Doris Hendricks</span></span></div><div class="J_x o_h G_e Q_fq7" data-test-id="snippet" style="margin-left: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><div class="J_x o_h C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; outline: none; overflow: hidden;">Alex This is a copy of your payment receipt forSM16580 (Estonia 274). Thank You Rick Could you please give Alex and update on the progress of his piano move next week? Thank You DHENDRICKS@KEYBOARDCAR</div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span></div><div class="D_F en_0 M_3gJOe A_6Eb4 c1AVi73_6EWk C_Z1VRqsb ab_C" data-test-id="message-date" style="align-items: center; color: #828a93; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Thu, Aug 4, 2016 at 8:17 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_C en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: transform 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; 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border: 1px solid transparent; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 0px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="-1"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_3Y3Gk ir_0 ab_C" style="align-items: center; cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_6Eb4 E_eo6" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="32" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/contacts/0000.007a/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&badge=false" style="border-radius: 50%; outline: none;" width="32" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_C en_0" style="align-items: center; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Mark as unread" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_ZpQYvz cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="4"></circle></svg></span></button></div><div class="o_h D_F em_N E_fq7 ab_C" data-test-id="address-info" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Alexander Custodio</span></span></div><div class="J_x o_h G_e Q_fq7" data-test-id="snippet" style="margin-left: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><div class="J_x o_h C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; outline: none; overflow: hidden;">Enclosed a copy of the payment to Keyboard for the transport of the 2000 Estonia model 274 to CA. Thank you. Semper Veritas, Alexander</div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span></div><div class="D_F en_0 M_3gJOe A_6Eb4 c1AVi73_6EWk C_Z1VRqsb ab_C" data-test-id="message-date" style="align-items: center; color: #828a93; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Thu, Aug 4, 2016 at 8:25 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_C en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: transform 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Star" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></header></div></div></li><li class="m_Z12nDQf D_F ek_BB ir_0" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 245); display: flex; flex-direction: column; outline: 0px;"><div class="p_R b_efTvb I_ZkbNhI em_N it_689y X_fq7 N_6LEV iu_FJ is_Z2bg7IA iv_0 iv3_dRA cZdTOHS_28Otf4 message-view" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-expanded="false" data-test-id="message-view" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid transparent; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 0px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="-1"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_3Y3Gk ir_0 ab_C" style="align-items: center; cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_6Eb4 E_eo6" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="32" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/contacts/0000.02ec/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&badge=false" style="border-radius: 50%; outline: none;" width="32" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_C en_0" style="align-items: center; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Mark as unread" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_ZpQYvz cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="4"></circle></svg></span></button></div><div class="o_h D_F em_N E_fq7 ab_C" data-test-id="address-info" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Gary Dawkins</span></span></div><div class="J_x o_h G_e Q_fq7" data-test-id="snippet" style="margin-left: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><div class="J_x o_h C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; outline: none; overflow: hidden;">Thanks Alex. Can you also forward me the payment receipt made to Rich Galloway so I have good records for your shipping refund.</div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span></div><div class="D_F en_0 M_3gJOe A_6Eb4 c1AVi73_6EWk C_Z1VRqsb ab_C" data-test-id="message-date" style="align-items: center; color: #828a93; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Thu, Aug 4, 2016 at 9:03 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_C en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: transform 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; 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outline: none;" width="32" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_C en_0" style="align-items: center; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Mark as unread" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_ZpQYvz cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="4"></circle></svg></span></button></div><div class="o_h D_F em_N E_fq7 ab_C" data-test-id="address-info" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Rick Dawson</span></span></div><div class="J_x o_h G_e Q_fq7" data-test-id="snippet" style="margin-left: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><div class="J_x o_h C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; outline: none; overflow: hidden;">You sent a payment Good Morning Alex, Your piano...</div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span></div><div class="D_F en_0 M_3gJOe A_6Eb4 c1AVi73_6EWk C_Z1VRqsb ab_C" data-test-id="message-date" style="align-items: center; color: #828a93; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Wed, Aug 10, 2016 at 7:12 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_C en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: center; 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display: flex; flex-direction: column; outline: 0px;"><div class="p_R b_efTvb I_ZkbNhI em_N it_689y X_fq7 N_6LEV iu_FJ is_Z2bg7IA iv_0 iv3_dRA cZdTOHS_28Otf4 message-view" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-expanded="false" data-test-id="message-view" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid transparent; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 0px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="-1"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_3Y3Gk ir_0 ab_C" style="align-items: center; cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_6Eb4 E_eo6" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="32" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/contacts/0000.02ed/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&badge=false" style="border-radius: 50%; 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display: flex; flex-grow: 1; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Rick Dawson</span></span></div><div class="J_x o_h G_e Q_fq7" data-test-id="snippet" style="margin-left: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><div class="J_x o_h C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; outline: none; overflow: hidden;">You sent a payment Alex, I will go locate your...</div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span></div><div class="D_F en_0 M_3gJOe A_6Eb4 c1AVi73_6EWk C_Z1VRqsb ab_C" data-test-id="message-date" style="align-items: center; color: #828a93; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Mon, Sep 26, 2016 at 9:16 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_C en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: center; 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display: flex; flex-direction: column; outline: 0px;"><div class="p_R b_2w4lU5 I_ZkbNhI em_N it_689y X_fq7 N_6LEV iu_FJ is_Z2bg7IA iv_0 iv3_dRA cZdTOHS_28Otf4 j_ZUs0f0 message-view" data-iskeynav="true" data-test-expanded="true" data-test-id="message-view" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(151, 158, 168); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px 0px 3px; flex-grow: 1; outline-color: var(--bold-outline-color); outline-offset: -2px; outline-style: solid; outline-width: 0px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative;" tabindex="40"><div style="outline: none;"><header aria-label="Message 1 of " class="r_P D_F W_6D6F p_R P_Zjgzuf ir_0" style="cursor: pointer; display: flex; outline: 0px; padding: 8px 0px 16px; position: relative; width: 938.8px;"><span class="en_0 i_0 Q_fq7" style="flex-shrink: 0; line-height: 0; margin-left: 8px; outline: none;"><a data-test-id="sender-logo" style="outline: none;"><img alt="" class="e_e5X" height="40" src="https://data.mail.yahoo.com/xobni/v4/contacts/0000.02ed/photo?spsize=80X80&fallback_url=https%3A%2F%2Fs.yimg.com%2Fdh%2Fap%2Fsocial%2Fprofile%2Fprofile_a64.png&alphatar_photo=true&appId=YMailNorrin&badge=false" style="border-radius: 50%; outline: none;" width="40" /></a></span><div class="D_F ac_FT ab_CI en_0" style="align-items: flex-start; align-self: stretch; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><button aria-label="This message is read" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-read" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Mark as unread" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 20px;"><svg class="D_X W_6LEV H_6LEV cdPFi_ZpQYvz cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><circle cx="10" cy="10" r="4"></circle></svg></span></button></div><div class="o_h D_F em_0 E_fq7 ek_BB" data-test-id="address-info" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 8px; outline: none; overflow: hidden;"><div class="D_F en_0" style="display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; outline: none;"><span class="u_b en_0 c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV C4_Z29WjXl" data-test-id="message-from" style="flex-shrink: 0; font-weight: 700; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Rick Dawson<span class="u_N C_Z1VRqsb c1AVi73_6FsP c1AVi7H_6LEV" style="color: #828a93; font-weight: 400; outline: none;"> <rdawson@keyboardcarriage.com></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="d_6FIA i_6FIA c1AVi7H_6LEV c1AVi73_6FsP D_F eo_HB" style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; line-height: 18px; min-height: 18px; outline: none;"><span class="u_N E_eo6 C_Z1VRqsb" style="color: #828a93; margin-right: 4px; outline: none;">To:</span><span style="outline: none;"><span class="D_F rtlI_dz_sSg" data-test-id="email-pill" style="direction: ltr; display: flex; outline: none;"><span class="C4_Z29WjXl C_Z1VRqsb" data-test-id="message-to" style="color: #828a93; outline: none;" title="alexscustodio@yahoo.com">alex....................</span></span></span></div></div><span class="em_N en_N" style="flex-grow: 1; flex-shrink: 1; outline: none;"></span><div class="en_0 s_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 M_3gJOe cdPFi_Z281SGl O_cMr O4_cMu" style="fill: rgb(29, 34, 40); flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; margin: 0px 8px; min-width: 16px; opacity: 0.5; outline: none;"><button class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-printer" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Print" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; 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margin: 0px 8px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Tue, Sep 27, 2016 at 8:36 AM</span></div><div class="D_F ab_CI en_0 H_6Fd5 W_6Fd5 lv_1IWXzk h_Z13pql2 h4_2d9T5e" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; height: 16px; outline: none; transform: scale(1); transition: transform 0.1s linear 0s; width: 16px;"><button aria-label="This message is not starred" aria-pressed="false" class="c27KHO0_n b_0 M_0 i_0 I_T y_jyw3a A_6EqO c1AVi73_6FsP r_P C_q cvhIH6_T P_0" data-test-id="icon-btn-star" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: "YahooSans VF", YahooSans, "Helvetica Neue", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" tabindex="-1" title="Star" type="button"><span class="D_F ab_C gl_C W_6D6F" style="align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; outline: none; width: 16px;"><svg class="D_X W_6Fd5 H_6Fd5 cdPFi_Z1WBuqm cZW7ROP_n en_0 cvhIH6_T" viewbox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M9.242 1.762a.83.83 0 01.766-.512c.336 0 .637.2.77.508l2.179 5.183 5.402.176c.739.024 1.082.93.547 1.442l-4.133 3.984 1.11 5.105c.168.961-.649 1.235-1.051 1.043l-4.82-2.683-4.89 2.683c-.411.196-1.216-.093-1.052-1.043l1.18-5.105-4.156-3.984C.559 8.047.902 7.14 1.64 7.117l5.425-.176zm.77 2.472L8.187 8.582l-4.503.148 3.402 3.258-.98 4.254 3.91-2.148 3.855 2.148-.922-4.258 3.383-3.254-4.496-.152zm0 0"></path></svg></span></button></div></header></div><div data-test-id="message-body-container" style="outline: none;"><div class="I_ZkbNhI D_FY W_6D6F" data-test-id="message-view-body" style="display: table; outline: none; width: 938.8px;"><div class="X_6MGW" style="outline: none; padding-left: 24px;"></div><div class="msg-body P_wpofO mq_AS" data-test-id="message-view-body-content" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: normal; outline: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 2px 0px 0px; position: relative; word-break: break-word;"><div class="jb_0 X_6MGW N_6Fd5" style="outline: none; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 24px; padding-right: 16px;"><div style="outline: none;"><div id="yiv6601543719" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div class="yiv6601543719WordSection1" style="outline: none;"><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">Good Morning Alex,</span></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">I pulled Keyboard’s paperwork and our driver ask for a bench. Then was told there wasn’t a bench with the piano. So our driver made note on the attached Bill of Lading No bench was picked up. Your bench should still be in Philadelphia.</span></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;"> </span></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">Hope the helps and if you have any additional questions or concerns please call/e-mail.</span></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;"> </span></p><div style="outline: none;"><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><u style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">Please note that my e-mail address has changed to:</span></u></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;"> </span></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: red; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">E-mail - <a href="mailto:rdawson@keyboardcarriage.com" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; outline: none;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rdawson@keyboardcarriage.com"><span style="color: #0563c1; outline: none;">rdawson@keyboardcarriage.com</span></a></span></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;"> </span></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">**Please note pick up & delivery locations MUST<u style="outline: none;"> be full size 18 wheel tractor trailer accessible(75ft)**NOTE**</u> (all trailers are equipped with lift gates). Also MUST be Commercial zoned and someone must be <u style="outline: none;">available &</u> <u style="outline: none;">able</u> to help assist the driver with lifting/loading and lifting/ unloading your instrument/s . All products must be brought to our trailer for tailgate pick up/delivery. Driver/s can not leave trucks unattended**</span></b><i style="outline: none;"><span style="color: #385623; font-family: serif; font-size: 13.5pt; outline: none;"> </span></i><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;"></span></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;"> </span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">Rick J. Dawson</span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">The Keyboard Corporation</span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">Executive Account Manager</span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;"></span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">Phone: 270-737-5797 ext.142</span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">Fax: 614-340-7224</span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><b style="outline: none;"><i style="outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; font-size: 11pt; outline: none;">E-mail: rdawson@keyboardcarriage.com</span></i></b></p><p class="yiv6601543719MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; outline: none;"><span face="sans-serif" style="color: #1f497d; 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position: relative;" width="2147" /></span></a></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Probably a lot of you have, and on the other hand many others haven’t heard of the new kid on the block - The Estonia Piano.</span></b></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>According to the Columbus Dispatch, last year the Estonia Piano Factory in Tallinn exported 300 pianos both grands and baby grands, most of them to the United States. Chris Foley Points out that it would be interesting and important to know how these piano age. Sounding wonderful in a show room is one thing - sounding great after a few years is quite a different matter.</b></span></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1797" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LO5kY-9qIXg" width="2160" youtube-src-id="LO5kY-9qIXg"></iframe></div><br /></span></div></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Dr. Indrek Laul Playing A Rachmaninoff Etude On His Estonia 210 Piano At The Factory</b></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">E S T O N I A P I A N O S</span></b></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Tallinn, Estonia</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2027" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YxZMLh7-Bzk" width="2438" youtube-src-id="YxZMLh7-Bzk"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Ebony Polish Estonia Concert Grand Model 274. </span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b></b></span><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Length 9' 0"</span></b></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b></b></span><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Width 5' 2"</span></b></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b></b></span><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Weight 1213 lbs.</span></b></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b></b></span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/3MEFzclTu4M/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3MEFzclTu4M?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></b><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tWpzu8mtHoE/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tWpzu8mtHoE?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/n79IjH_0QOs/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/n79IjH_0QOs?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/pr97FtRlGz4/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pr97FtRlGz4?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Over 7500 Concert Grand pianos have been made in Estonia, which is probably the largest number of concert grand made by any piano factory.Estonia Pianos is the only manufacturer from the former Soviet Union that has survived, and now has a reputation of excellent quality at a lower price than other European pianos. Estonia pianos have complete Renner actions made in Germany, the same as used by Fazioli, Hamburg Steinway, Bosendorfer and most other tier one pianos.”</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2045" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rObyi8yHii0" width="2460" youtube-src-id="rObyi8yHii0"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="line-height: 18px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><b></b></span><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">ORIGINAL ESTONIA PIANO RENNER ACTION BLUE POINT HAMMER WAS REMOVED AND REPLACED WITH A CHEAP ACTION I bought an original Estonia Piano from Gary Dawkins 610.585.8598 representing the 7th day adventist church of Philadelpia who owned the piano. During the delivery process, the piano was transferred to the above company for preparation ( ORIGINAL ESTONIA PIANO ) of shipment. It took about 3 weeks before the delivery was started, not knowing that Rich Galassini was replacing the original Renner action was being replaced with a cheaper action. I found in google that the piano company was selling the Renner action was sold for $5000 to another client. I was happy at first when I received my Estonia Concert Grand with Serial # 7476 in September 2016 even without the bench that was promised in the contract with Gary Dawkins. Later, I found out that the ORIGINAL ESTONIA PIANO RENNER ACTION BLUE POINT HAMMER WAS REMOVED AND REPLACED WITH A CHEAP ACTION before delivery to my residence in El Dorado Hills, CA. I wrote a separate letter to the Estonia Factory to confirm the maker's original factory specification of the action. Please explain why the discrepancy, as this piano is not a true Estonia Concert Grand anymore. Give me a resolution to this problem to save everybody's reputations. I like to have a resolution to this theft and breach of contract. Thank you.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://m.bbb.org/terminuscontent/dist/img/business-placeholder-logo.svg?tx=w_46" /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">Cunningham Piano Company Response</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">02/28/2023</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">Dear Alexander, My name is Rich G******** and I own Cunningham Piano Company. I have not yet checked our records, but I believe that we did indeed pick this up at the North Philadelphia Seventh Day Adventist Church to be transferred to a long distance moving company, and I assume, to you. I do need to share that replacing an action in a concert grand piano is not a cheap process and the only concert grand piano actions that could be used would have to be custom made to fit a piano like Estonia, which is a very expensive process. Our go to manufacturer of custom built actions is Renner. Further the only piano that the action would fit is another Estonia concert grand made at close to the same manufacturing date. You also state that you saw we had sold your used action parts for $5,000.00 on Google. That does not make sense to me because NEW custom made Renner action parts would cost less than that at that time. Any technician would take many hours to remove the action parts, many more hours (about 80 to 100 hours) to install new parts, regulate them, and voice the piano to perform. Please do not interpret this response as an unwillingness to help. I want to help. But I assure you that your speculation of what occurred is incorrect. We do custom restoration for professional pianists, universities, and true lover of piano. We would never do what you have speculated and further, we would loose thousands of dollars doing so. Please call 800 394-1117 at your earliest convenience and ask for me. I am happy to help however I can in finding out what has actually occurred, Mr. C*******. Yours, Rich G********, Owner Cunningham Piano Company</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://m.bbb.org/terminuscontent/dist/img/business-placeholder-logo.svg?tx=w_46" /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">Customer Response</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">02/28/2023</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">Why was the transfer originated from your piano factory site, it should have been from the church of the 7th Day Adventist. The delivery truck was at your factory site as I informed them to get it at that factory instead, but Mr. G******** said the piano is not ready and to come back 3 weeks later. Is it about the right amount of time to tamper and change the action, as he said 80 to 100 hours. Also the $5000.00 on the google advertisement included the intallation and the Renner Action. My wife is a professional pianist and the piano delivered to us is not an Estonia original compared to any high European brand, the tone and touch do not have the characteristics of an expensive piano but just ordinary. FYI, we have 3 grand pianos in my house, so I can not be deceived by this tampered piano.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://m.bbb.org/terminuscontent/dist/img/business-placeholder-logo.svg?tx=w_46" /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">Cunningham Piano Company Response</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">03/02/2023</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">Dear Mr. C*******, The reason the piano was picked up at our warehouse is because the long distance movers do not do pick ups where there is no loading dock. We did nothing to the piano while it was in our warehouse. I am happy to have a conversation with you and I truly want to help, but what you are suggesting did not happen. The action would only fit another Estonia concert grand piano and I can buy a NEW renner action for $5,000.00. There is no one who would pay that. I ask again for you to please call me at *** ******** and ask for me by name. Also, please post the advertisement you keep referring to. It cannot exist. I truly look forward to helping however I can.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img src="https://m.bbb.org/terminuscontent/dist/img/business-placeholder-logo.svg?tx=w_46" /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">Customer Response</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">03/03/2023</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">Estonia Concert Grand Model 274. Length 9' 0" Width 5' 2" ADVERTISEMENTS ON ESTONIA CONCERT GRANDS A Fine Way to Treat ... an Estonia Sep 1, 2003,12:00am EDT This article is about 20 years old. Bright-and-brash-sounding pianos might be the norm, but the still little-known Estonia piano is making sweet noise with Old World parlor grands. The Russian-born Dmitry S**********, a world-class violinist, and his American wife, the light soprano Susan R******, are consummate classical musicians who demand the best. S********** performs on his very own Stradivarius, for example, an instrument built in 1717 and worth over $3 million. But that's precisely why a visitor to their London town house can't help noticing the grand piano sitting in their living room is no German Steinway, Bechstein or Bösendorfer. It's an Estonia. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">Six years ago S********** and his wife walked into a top London piano dealership looking for a piano that could accompany their rehearsals at home. "There was this piano that sounded good," recalls S**********, immediately struck by the Estonia's tone, "and the price was certainly competitive to the more famous brands, which sometimes don't quite deliver what you expect. This is a very good working piano." Since then other music industry insiders--such as Grammy nominee Marc-André H*****--have picked up on word-of-mouth and discovered the high-quality piano. Says Neeme Jä***, chief conductor of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra: "It is one of the best-kept secrets in piano making today." The cognoscenti are not recognizing the handcrafted Estonia--named after the republic on the Baltic--just for its uniquely lush and romantic tone, but also for its exceptionally good value. The official U.S. list prices of the 167cm Estonia Studio Grand and the more popular 190cm Estonia Parlor Grand range from $21,402 to $31,206 and they come in everything from ebony to African bubinga. The 273cm Estonia Concert Grand, weighing 500 kilograms, retails for $65,000. (Piano dealerships typically offer customers 10% discounts on the suggested retail price.) How do these prices compare? "An Estonia Concert Grand can be had for roughly half the price of a Steinway Concert Grand," says Irving Faust of Faust Harrison, a New York dealer and restorer of "vintage" American Steinway, Mason & H***** and Estonia pianos. "This great piano is giving pause to a lot of other manufacturers, because they'll have to meet the standard of the Estonia if they want to survive." Piano making in Estonia stretches back 200 years, but the company itself was founded in 1893 by Ernst Hiis, an Estonian master craftsman trained at Steinway-Hamburg. When the Soviets annexed the Baltic state in 1940, the conquered country was forced to give Joseph Stalin a gift, and the nation of 1.5 million gave a Hiis-made piano. Stalin apparently loved the handmade grand, and the Soviet commissars made sure Hiis was given a factory to consolidate all other Estonian piano workshops under him and a near-monopoly to supply the empire with grand pianos newly branded with the Estonia name. </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">Production peaked under the Soviets at 475 grand pianos a year, but, isolated from new techniques, the Estonia factory inevitably fell into decline after Hiis' passing. The Berlin Wall fell, Estonia regained its national independence, and in 1993 the factory's 130 employees took the piano maker private. Jump now to New York, where a gifted Estonian pianist, Indrek Laul, was getting his doctorate at the Juilliard School. Laul contacted the piano maker of his homeland and discovered they didn't have U.S. representation and that annual production was falling, to just 49 grand pianos in 1994. The young musician found a distributor to spearhead Estonia's American business, and from then on, whenever Laul cut a record or performed, he spent his pay buying out Estonia stockholders, until he owned the piano maker outright. Laul, from a well-known musical family in Estonia, stayed in New York to build the brand in the U.S. but put his choirmaster father in charge of quality control at the Tallinn factory. His mother, meanwhile, was enlisted to test-run every piano before it was put in containers bound for the U.S. and other markets. "Most other piano companies went for bright, brilliant tones sounding through the orchestra," says Laul. "We wanted to offer something different, something that when you sat down and played, you really enjoyed." That's why the Lauls have reinvested all their profits into the business, systematically redesigning, rebuilding and improving a piano that a decade ago was merely middling. The mechanical innards, for example, are now made by Germany's Renner, the world's best maker of hammerheads, shanks and flanges; the soundboard is made from Siberian white spruce and treated with a proprietary technique at the Tallinn factory. Such technical details create the piano's old-fashioned tone, which is frequently described as romantic, sweet and mellow. "We compare it to old winemaking," says Laul. "A very good-tasting wine has its unique characteristics, and so does a piano." </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1878" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/BiyHMC_g8vY" width="2259" youtube-src-id="BiyHMC_g8vY"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">The payoff? Production is back up, to 380 pianos a year, and Laul, 35, says he'd like to add more high-end dealers in places like Florida, where the Estonia is not yet represented. But he can't do so for the foreseeable future, because demand from his existing U.S. dealership is outstripping the Tallinn factories' production. If you want to stroke one yourself, go to "contact" on www.estoniapiano.com, and Laul's office will let you know where the nearest dealership is, anywhere in the world. But be prepared to haggle. Irving Faust in New York City is offering a sweet deal: If you buy an Estonia from his 58th Street store and want to trade up within five years, he'll buy it back at cost. That's because Faust is betting the still modestly priced Estonia will join the very few piano brands worldwide that appreciate, not depreciate, over time. "These are," says Faust, "investment-grade pianos." James Cameron, the principal at Estonia's U.K. distributor, the Edinburgh Piano Co., says British dealerships will probably also (but unofficially) take back the Estonia at cost if the buyer is spending considerably more on a grander Estonia or other more expensive piano. - Columbus Dispatch 07/13/08 "I just had to write you an email to tell you that I am completely, totally, head-over-heels in love with my Estonia studio grand piano. In 25 years of playing the piano, I have never had an experience even remotely similar to the Estonia. I have never heard a piano sound so clear, touched keys that literally form to my fingertips, had such an ability to control the high and low registers, or be able to play so soft and so loud and yet have the notes sound so very different. I am truly a better, more proficient and happier piano player with my Estonia. Growing up with a Kawai, I always assumed that I would purchase the same, or at the very least, a Yamaha. But as soon as I sat down at the 5 foot, 6 inch Estonia, I knew that this was my piano, my instrument. As a composer, one issue with all of the other piano's on which I created music was that my shoulders would be sore after an hour or so of playing. After playing my Estonia for 7 straight hours with absolutely no pain, it is clear that the Estonia experience is unique in so many, countless ways. "Closely resembling the Hamburg Steinway in both sound and touch, the Estonia combines, in one instrument, some of the best qualities of the great American pianos with those of the high-end Europeans. Its rich, full-bodied, and three-dimensional sound is American-like, whereas its purity and clarity are European-like. Its most distinguishing feature is its wonderfully sustaining, lyrical tone. More than anything else, it is this quality of tone that defines the Estonia piano and gives it its own special place in the high-end market." -- Piano Buyer, Fall 2009 Estonia: 100% European hand made piano with clear, warm and notably resonant, singing tone qualities. Buyers: pianists & music lovers. With and without money..The action that Estonia is using does not contain just "Renner parts" that more then a few manufacturers try to pass as "Renner actions"...They also don't use Renner actions only on their top of the line concert grand models but other actions on almost all the other instrument they make, as some companies do. The Estonia action is a FULL Renner action, which is being produced in Renner facilities in Germany, assembled in their Stuttgart, Germany factory, and sent to Estonia. Each and every Estonia has a full Renner action, from the concert grand to the smallest 5'6 piano. The full Renner action includes the rail, repetitions, flanges, shanks, damper undelever mechanism, damper heads, and of course the assembly. Estonia is also using the top of the line Renner Blue hammers. These are the same hammers used on Hamburg Steinway and Mason & H***** pianos (the density is a bit different as to the manufacturers specs, but quality and price are the same). </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #bbbbbb; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1793" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6SFWNQ5M6Y4" style="color: #e69138; display: inline; font-family: times; text-align: justify;" width="2159" youtube-src-id="6SFWNQ5M6Y4"></iframe></span></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">My wife playing a non Estonia grand that sounds better than the piano deliverd from the above piano company.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">All full R***** actions use the SAME quality of moving parts, and there is no significant price difference between them although geometry may be different as to the manufacturer's specs. Almost all High-end European manufacturers use full Renner actions in their pianos...at least in their concert grand pianos and largest models. The Renner action has proven itself and it's long-term reliability in high performance pianos. This is not cheap piano wire, but an expensive part with thousands of moving parts. THE DELIVERY OF THE PIANO TO US WAS DONE BY A TRUCK WITH ELEVATOR (shipping truck elevator tailgate lift) SO THERE WAS NO NEED FOR A LOADING DOCK.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;">CONFIRMED (STOLEN) CHANGED OF RENNER ACTION BY CUNNINGHAM PIANO COMPANY FROM A PIANO FORUM </b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="https://forum.pianoworld.com/ubbthreads.php/topics/2591237/re-when-did-estonia-become-a-premium-brand.html#Post2591237">When Did Estonia Become a "Premium" Brand?</a> - 11/30/16 04:51 PM<br /><br /><br />Is Estonia now considered in the same league as NY S&S? When I purchased my piano 11 years ago it was a performance grade piano (not exactly sure what that means), it's still a very nice instrument with Renner actions and Renner Blue hammers. There have been a number of changes since that time that have made them somewhat better instruments, I recall the improved harp and change in sound board that seemed to allow somewhat lighter hammers (and consequently lighter action). There were cosmetic changes at the same time that make these instruments easy to spot (mostly the nicer nuts on the harp). If the L190 you're looking at has plain screws and hexagonal nuts inside then it's the older design (still a very nice piano and I would say a good deal at $13K).<br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>The fact is there have been many changes and the Laul era has been a period of gradual improvement every year since before 2000. So it would be hard to pinpoint any one year as the time when they became a "premium" piano</b></div></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="https://forum.pianoworld.com/ubbthreads.php/topics/2591237/re-when-did-estonia-become-a-premium-brand.html#Post2591237">When Did Estonia Become a "Premium" Brand?</a> - 11/30/16 04:51 PM</b></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black;">Is Estonia now considered in the same league as NY S&S? When I purchased my piano 11 years ago it was a performance grade piano (not exactly sure what that means), it's still a very nice instrument with Renner actions and Renner Blue hammers. There have been a number of changes since that time that have made them somewhat better instruments, I recall the improved harp and change in sound board that seemed to allow somewhat lighter hammers (and consequently lighter action). There were cosmetic changes at the same time that make these instruments easy to spot (mostly the nicer nuts on the harp). If the L190 you're looking at has plain screws and hexagonal nuts inside then it's the older design (still a very nice piano and I would say a good deal at $13K).</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold;"><div style="text-align: justify;">The fact is there have been many changes and the Laul era has been a period of gradual improvement every year since before 2000. So it would be hard to pinpoint any one year as the time when they became a "premium" piano</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2034" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tWpzu8mtHoE" width="2448" youtube-src-id="tWpzu8mtHoE"></iframe></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span><div><p><br /></p></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-20526038303406380682023-08-20T01:47:00.000-07:002023-09-21T06:11:11.197-07:00<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2203" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/K0XCoX8malU" width="2649" youtube-src-id="K0XCoX8malU"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A FLYING AIRCRAFT CARRIER </b></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">MADE OF SUPER WOOD AND CARBON FIBER OR A LIGHT METAL COMPOSITE THAT FLOATS IN WATER POWERED BY ANTI GRAVITY PROPULSION</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2212" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2KHVJiUwoYI" width="2661" youtube-src-id="2KHVJiUwoYI"></iframe></div><br /><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: times, times new roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1988" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/59A8-rKRs-0" width="2391" youtube-src-id="59A8-rKRs-0"></iframe></div><br /></b></div>
<br /> <span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /> <br /> <br /> Depending upon mission needs, the ship can be outfitted with different modules that include: <br /> ■Manned aircraft, such as a helicopter and flight crew</b></span><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1840" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/p4np2YFojcs" width="2214" youtube-src-id="p4np2YFojcs"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span><div><b style="background-color: black; color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"> ■Manned and X-47 Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV)</b></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <br /> ■Amphivious assault ship armed with laser, SAM and anti ship missles</b></span></div><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1709" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dWnMe2NW2B4" width="2056" youtube-src-id="dWnMe2NW2B4"></iframe><div><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1641" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tfVIrJmScUw" width="1973" youtube-src-id="tfVIrJmScUw"></iframe><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2365" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bN5e6FPlpK0" width="2845" youtube-src-id="bN5e6FPlpK0"></iframe><br /> <br />Manned and Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /></b></span> <br /> <br /> <br />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><div class="entry-content" style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.62em; margin: 0px; overflow: visible; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <img height="1171" src="https://cdn.greenoptimistic.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/image012.jpg?x81535" width="1393" /> <br /><br /> </b></span></div><h1><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Maybe the title’s “antigravity spaceship” aim is too high (it’s a long way ’till there), but Tesla, followed by other scientists along the last century, discovered the principle of propulsion using strong electromagnetic fields. It’s not about traveling on the ground, but from the ground up, with extraordinary speed and ease.<br /> </b></span><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b> The entire document is posted on panaceauniversity<a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">.</a>org/D8.pdf, here is a short description of what the “spaceship” does and how it can be built, as described by Patrick J. Kelly (update: the document I mentioned in 2008 doesn’t exist anymore) :<br /> </b></span><span style="color: #f1c232; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b> “Tesla performed an experiment in which he applied high-voltage high-frequency alternating current to a pair of parallel metal plates. He found that the ‘space’ between the plates became what he described as “solid-state” exhibiting the attributes of mass, inertia and momentum. That is, the area transformed into a state against which a mechanical push could be exerted. This implied that, using this technique, it should be possible to produce a spaceship drive anywhere in space, if the mechanism for thrusting against the ‘solid-state’ space could be determined. Further experiments convinced Tesla that powerful electromagnetic waves could be used to push against (and pull against) what appears to be ’empty space’. The drive principle is based on the Hall-effect used in semiconductor magnetic sensors, and is called the magnetohydrodynamic (“MHD”) effect. This might be illustrated like this:</b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></h1><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: #e69138;"> </span> <br /> <br /> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#" style="background-color: black;"><img height="1129" src="https://cdn.greenoptimistic.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/image008.jpg?x81535" width="1249" /></a> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> Here, a box is constructed with two metal plates forming opposite sides and two insulating plates holding them in position and surrounding an area of ‘space’. High-frequency, high-voltage alternating current is applied to the metal plates and this creates an electric field “E” acting between the plates as shown in black. </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> A magnetic field “B” is generated by the electrical field. The magnetic field acts at right-angles to the electric field, as shown in blue. These two fields produce a propulsion thrust “F” shown in red in the diagram. This propulsion force is not produced by ejecting any matter out of the box, instead, it is produced by a reaction against the ‘solid-state’ condition of space-time caused by the high-frequency electromagnetic pulsing of that area of space. This is enormously more effective than a jet engine. The thrust increases with the fourth power of the frequency, so if you double the frequency, the effect is sixteen times greater. </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> To put this into perspective, consider the force being applied against gravity to lift an object into the air. The force pulling the object downwards is gravity and its strength is given by: </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> Gravitational force: </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> F = g x M x m / r2 </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> where </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> G is the gravitational constant (6.672 x 10-8 cm3 g-1 s-2) </span><br /> <br /><span style="background-color: black;"> M is the mas</span></b></span><span><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">s of the first body</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">m is the mass of the second body and</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">r is distance between the two centres of mass</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The lifting force is given by:</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Lorentz Force: Force on an object = Electric force + Magnetic force</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-style: inherit;">F = q x E + q x v x B</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">where</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">q is the charge on the object,</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">B is the magnetic field,</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">v is the velocity of the object and</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">E is the electric field</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b style="background-color: black; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1025" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_SGnOeGZUAU" width="1233" youtube-src-id="_SGnOeGZUAU"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>How do these forces compare? Well, the electromagnetic force is stronger than the gravitational force by a factor of about 2,200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 times. That number (2.2 x 1039) is too big for anybody to really visualise, so let me put it another way. <br /> <br /> If the amount of energy used to mechanically lift an object a distance of one hundredth of an inch (one quarter of a millimetre) off the ground, were used as an electromagnetic lifting force, then that amount of energy would lift the object more than 3,472,222,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles off the ground, or in metric units, more than 5,588,001,700,000,000,000,000,000 kilometres off the ground. This kind of drive is an entirely different kind of animal. This Hall-effect type of drive if used in a spaceship would require only a very small amount of input power to drive the ship at great speeds and over great distances.</b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; font-size: xx-large; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div style="background-color: black; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1224" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7mzMRVXts4U" width="1473" youtube-src-id="7mzMRVXts4U"></iframe></div><div style="background-color: black; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="background-color: black; font-size: xx-large; text-align: left;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">As the device shown above operates directly on the space-time field which penetrates all matter, there would appear to be no reason why it should not be used to drive a conventional vehicle by positioning it in a horizontal position rather than the vertical position shown in the diagram. Throttle operation could be by very slight adjustment to the frequency of the AC pulses applied to the metal plates. However, Bill Lyne indicates that horizontal movement is better achieved by producing Tesla’s very short, high-voltage high-frequency DC pulses at the front of the vehicle while at the same time generating very high-voltage high-frequency AC waves at the back of the vehicle. This style of drive is said to pull the vehicle along rather than push it along.</span></b></div></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tesla’s Dynamic Theory of Gravity (1897)</span> states that all bodies emit microwaves whose voltage and frequency are determined by their electrical contents and relative motion. He measured the microwave radiation of the earth as being only a few centimetres in wavelength. He said that the frequency and voltage were influenced by the velocity and mass of the earth, and that its gravitational interaction with other bodies, such as the sun, was determined by the interaction of the microwaves between the two bodies.</span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">If you find the concept of producing a driving force through pushing against the space-time continuum to be difficult to accept, then perhaps you should consider the US Patent granted to Boris Volfson on 1st November 2005. The important thing about this patent (which is crammed full of long words) is not whether or not it presents a realistic mechanism for a practical space drive, but the fact that the US Patent Office in the year 2005, granted the patent after what presumably was careful consideration. With that in view, it is hardly possible to consider Tesla to have been totally confused when he designed (and built) his “electric flying machine” which operated by pushing against the space-time field.</span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Tesla used high voltage at gigahertz frequencies for his electropulsion system. The propulsion of a vehicle powered by a Tesla drive is by the use of an additional AC generator at the back (which stiffens the space-time continuum behind the vehicle) and a DC ‘brush’ generator at the front (which weakens the space-time continuum in front, causing the vehicle to be pulled forwards).</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Tesla was very astute. He deduced that ’empty space’ actually contained:</span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Independent carriers which permeate all space and all matter and from which all matter is made.</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">These carry momentum, magnetism, electricity or electromagnetic force, and can be manipulated artificially or by nature.</span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: black; border: 0px; font-size: large; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. ‘Primary Solar Rays’ (starlight) which travel at the speed of light, </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">having frequencies far above X-rays, gamma and UV radiation.</span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">3. ‘Cosmic Rays’, particles in space propelled by the Primary Solar Rays.</span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">4. X-rays, Gamma rays and UV electromagnetic waves, all of which travel at the speed of light.</span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ordinary visible and Infra-Red electromagnetic waves which travel at the speed of light.</span></span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: black; border: 0px; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6. Rapidly varying electrostatic force of enormous potential,</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">emanating from the earth and other gravitational bodies in space.</span></span></span></b></span></div>
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<span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">When we grasp the actual nature of the universe, it becomes clear that we have a much larger range of opportunities for producing usable energy in large quantities and at minimal cost.”</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">For anti gravity propulsion </span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Dielectric Materials </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange;">or, insulating material which is a very poor conductor of electric current is needed for the body of the ship. When dielectrics are placed in an electric field, practically no current flows in them because, unlike metals, they have no loosely bound, or free, electrons that may drift through the material. Instead, electric polarization occurs.</span></span></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Dielectric typically means materials with a high <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizability" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polarizability">polarizability</a>. The latter is expressed by a number called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_permittivity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Relative permittivity">relative permittivity</a>. The term insulator is generally used to indicate electrical obstruction while the term dielectric is used to indicate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_storage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energy storage">energy</a> storing capacity of the material (by means of polarization). A common example of a dielectric is wood which is the electrically insulating material between the metallic plates of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a>. The polarization of the dielectric by the applied electric field increases the capacitor's surface charge for the given electric field strength.</b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1701" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RUan3OHSNBw" width="2045" youtube-src-id="RUan3OHSNBw"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Super wood that is so strong it can stop a bullet and is as robust as STEEL could be the building material of the ship. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">Engineers boiled blocks of regular wood in a chemical solution to soften them. </span></strong><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">These were then pressed between heated metal plates at extreme pressures. </span></b><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">This increasing its density threefold while reducing its thickness by 20 per cent. </span></strong><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;">The resulting material was able to stop a projectile in its tracks during tests. </span></strong><b style="background-color: black; color: orange;">Super wood that is as robust as steel and six times lighter could be a renewable construction material for the future, according to scientists. </b><b style="background-color: black; color: orange;">Planks of the reinforced lumber, which researchers have compared to carbon-fibre, could be used to create anything from buildings and cars to bullet proof jackets. </b><b style="color: orange;"><span style="background-color: black;">Scientists put the material through its paces in ballistic tests and found that a laminated version could even stop a projectile in its tracks.</span> </b></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>A new wonder material has been created from a surprisingly traditional source. Super wood is as robust as steel and six times lighter. Scientists put the material through its paces in ballistic tests and found that a specially laminated version can stop a projectile in its tracks</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Engineers at the University of Maryland created their super dense wood by boiling blocks of regular wood in a water-based solution, containing the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This process removed organic compounds in the wood that give its structure and rigidity, making it more pliable.shares</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>It is similar to the initial stages of treating wood to create paper. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The team then pressed the softened wood between two metal plates, heated to 100°C (212°F), at 50 times the atmospheric pressure of the Earth. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>By doing so, all of the gaps between cells in the wood were squeezed together.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'Super wood' strong as steel can stop a bullet</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The pressure creates a chemical bond between the atoms that make up the wood's cellular structure.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>It shrunk the size of the block to around one fifth of its original thickness, increasing its density by 300 per cent. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Liangbing Hu, who led the research, said: 'This new way to treat wood makes it 12 times stronger than natural wood and ten times tougher.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'This could be a competitor to steel or even titanium alloys, it is so strong and durable. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'It's also comparable to carbon fiber, but much less expensive. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The team tested the new wood material and natural wood by shooting bullet-like projectiles at it. </b></span></div>
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<b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><img alt="Engineers at the University of Maryland created their super wood by boiling blocks of regular wood in a water-based solution containing the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1443" id="i-a49facc5c1370e0a" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2018/02/08/16/48FF4D1E00000578-5367937-Engineers_at_the_University_of_Maryland_created_their_super_wood-a-6_1518108640509.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2554" /></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Engineers at the University of Maryland created their super wood by boiling blocks of regular wood in a water-based solution containing the chemicals sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite</b></span></div>
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<b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><img alt="This process removed organic compounds in the wood that give its structure and rigidity, making it more pliable. This image shows the treatment process used" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="2281" id="i-df695eec36408ece" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2018/02/08/16/48FFC53000000578-5367937-image-a-3_1518108455675.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2484" /></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This process removed organic compounds in the wood that give its structure and rigidity, making it more pliable. This image shows the treatment process used</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The projectile blew straight through the natural wood, while a single layer of the treated wood slowed the projectile's progress.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>A third laminated version, consisting of layers of five-layers of the densified wood, was penetrated by the projectile but stopped it from exiting.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Dr Hu's research team has explored the capacities of wood's natural nanotechnology in the past.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">WHAT IS THE STRONGEST MAN-MADE MATERIAL?</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>For years, researchers have known that carbon, when arranged in a certain way, can be very strong.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Two man-made materials based on carbon, Graphene and Carbyne, are among the strongest in the world.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Carbyne is linear acetylenic carbon, or an infinitely long carbon chain.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Its existence was first proposed in 1885 by Adolf von Baeyer, who warned it would remain elusive due to extreme instability.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Carbyne is a one-dimensional form of carbon and is thought to be 40 times stiffer than diamond and twice as stiff as graphene, outperforming all other carbon materials in strength.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>After eluding scientists for more than 50 years, a team of researchers found a way to not only synthesize carbyne, but to mass produce it, in April 2016.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon atoms bound in a hexagonal network, was previously thought to be the strongest man-made substance.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>It not only promises to revolutionize semiconductor, sensor, and display technology, but could also lead to breakthroughs in fundamental quantum physics research.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>It is often depicted as an atomic-scale chicken wire made of carbon atoms and their bonds.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>11:39</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Scientists believe it could one day be used to make transparent conducting materials, biomedical sensors and even extremely light, yet strong, aircraft of the future.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Similar to another important nanomaterial - carbon nanotubes - graphene is incredibly strong - around 200 times stronger than structural steel. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>While notable for its thinness and unique electrical properties, it’s very difficult to create useful, three-dimensional materials out of graphene.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>In January, 2017, a team of MIT researchers discovered that taking small flakes of graphene and fusing them following a mesh-like structure not only retains the material’s strength, but the graphene also remains porous. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Based on experiments conducted on 3D printed models, they determined that this new material can be used to make objects 10 times stronger than steel, with only five per cent of its density. They have previously made a range of technologies out of nanocellulose related materials.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>This has included super clear paper for replacing plastic, photonic paper for improving solar cell efficiency by 30 per cent and transparent wood for energy efficient buildings.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The full findings of the latest study were published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25476" rel="nofollow" style="margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Nature</a>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The pressure creates a chemical bond between the atoms that make up the wood's cellular structure. It shrunk the size of the block to around one fifth of its original thickness, increasing its density by 300 per cent. This image shows the changes in the various wood samples</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The team tested the new wood material and natural wood by shooting bullet-like projectiles at it. This image shows the results of those tests</b></span></div>
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<div><br /></div><div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1615" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dWnMe2NW2B4" width="1943" youtube-src-id="dWnMe2NW2B4"></iframe></div><div><br /></div><br />
<h1 style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Materials of construction shall be that can float on water: Radical new material a metal matrix could lead to 'indestructible' warships and ultralight cars. Metal matrix composite was developed with the US Army. Alloy is turned into foam by adding strong, lightweight hollow spheres. Warship made of it will not sink despite damage to its structure. Researchers have demonstrated a new type of metal so light it can float on water.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The radical new material, called a metal matrix composite, was developed with the US Army.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">A boat made of such lightweight composites will not sink despite damage to its structure.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1906" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/05/14/23/28B09ED000000578-0-image-a-40_1431642214956.jpg" width="2877" /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The radical new material, called a metal matrix composite, was developed with the US Army and could be used in everything from warship to cars.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">HOW IT IS MADE</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The syntactic foam captures the lightness of foams, but adds substantial strength.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The secret of this syntactic foam starts with a matrix made of a magnesium alloy, which is then turned into foam by adding strong, lightweight silicon carbide hollow spheres developed and manufactured by DST.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">A single sphere's shell can withstand pressure of over 25,000 pounds per square inch (PSI) before it ruptures—one hundred times the maximum pressure in a fire hose.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The new material also promises to improve automotive fuel economy because it combines light weight with heat resistance</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Although syntactic foams have been around for many years, this is the first development of a lightweight metal matrix syntactic foam.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'This new development of very light metal matrix composites can swing the pendulum back in favor of metallic materials,' said Nikhil Gupta, an NYU School of Engineering professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and the study's co-author.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">It was created by Deep Springs Technology and the New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'The ability of metals to withstand higher temperatures can be a huge advantage for these composites in engine and exhaust components, quite apart from structural parts.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The magnesium alloy matrix composite is reinforced with silicon carbide hollow particles and has a density of only 0.92 grams per cubic centimeter compared to 1.0 g/cc of water.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Not only does it have a density lower than that of water, it is strong enough to withstand the rigorous conditions faced in the marine environment.Significant efforts in recent years have focused on developing lightweight polymer matrix composites to replace heavier metal-based components in automobiles and marine vessels.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The technology for the new composite is very close to maturation and could be put into prototypes for testing within three years.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Amphibious vehicles such as the Ultra Heavy-lift Amphibious Connector (UHAC) being developed by the U.S. Marine Corps can especially benefit from the light weight and high buoyancy offered by the new syntactic foams, the researchers explained.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The syntactic foam made by DST and NYU captures the lightness of foams, but adds substantia strength.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">CURRENT DESIGN OF AN ENGINE SUITABLE FOR A FLYING AIRCRAFT CARRIER</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2392" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Xswb8dEyBVw" width="2877" youtube-src-id="Xswb8dEyBVw"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; 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color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2292" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EgbgIOThb4E" width="2756" youtube-src-id="EgbgIOThb4E"></iframe></div><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The first X-45A Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) technology demonstrator completed its sixth flight on Dec. 19, 2002, raising its landing gear in flight for the first time. The X-45A flew for 40 minutes and reached an airspeed of 195 knots and an altitude of 7,500 feet.</span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Credits: NASA Photo / Jim Ross Flying ships invulnerable to super cavitating torpedos</span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/research/X45A/index.html"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></a></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems (J-UCAS) program was a joint DARPA/Air Force/Navy effort to demonstrate the technical feasibility, utility and value for a networked system of high performance, unmanned air vehicles to effectively and affordably prosecute 21st century combat missions, including</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">suppression of enemy air defenses, surveillance, and precision strike within the emerging global command and control architecture. One of the aircraft systems evaluated was the Boeing X-45A, for which NASA Dryden provided technical expertise and support facilities.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2390" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/vITEC9ilNyY" width="2875" youtube-src-id="vITEC9ilNyY"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><section class="ember-view collapsible opened" id="ember1759" style="box-sizing: border-box; max-height: none; overflow-y: hidden;"><div class="text" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>
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</section><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-84953381522160522692023-08-19T19:52:00.078-07:002023-09-20T08:26:40.246-07:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2518" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/HQdpborKJUY" width="3029" youtube-src-id="HQdpborKJUY"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><div style="text-align: left;"><h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; word-break: break-word;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" force-default-style=""><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Was America's Top Secret Aurora spy plane real - Here's the evidence</span></yt-formatted-string></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Aurora is a rumored mid-1980s American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft">reconnaissance aircraft</a>. There is no substantial evidence that it was ever built or flown and it has been termed a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth">myth</a>.</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States">U.S. government</a> has consistently denied such an aircraft was ever built. Aviation and space reference site Aerospaceweb.org concluded, "The evidence supporting the Aurora is circumstantial or pure conjecture, there is little reason to contradict the government's position."</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Former <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk_Works">Skunk Works</a> director <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Rich_(engineer)">Ben Rich</a> confirmed that "Aurora" was simply a myth in Skunk Works (1994), a book detailing his days as the director. Rich wrote that a colonel working in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> arbitrarily assigned the name "Aurora" to the funding for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit">B-2</a> bomber design competition and somehow the name was leaked to the media.</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">In 2006, veteran <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_project">black project</a> watcher and aviation writer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Sweetman">Bill Sweetman</a> said, "Does Aurora exist? Years of pursuit have led me to believe that, yes, Aurora is most likely in active development, spurred on by recent advances that have allowed technology to catch up with the ambition that launched the program a generation ago."</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">The Aurora legend started in 1985, when the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times">Los Angeles Times</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and later <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a> magazine broke the news that the term "Aurora" had been inadvertently included in the 1985 U.S. budget, as an allocation of $455 million for "black aircraft production" in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year">FY</a> 1987.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-aemann.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk-6">[6]</a> According to Aviation Week, Project Aurora referred to a group of exotic aircraft, and not to one particular <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airframe">airframe</a>. Funding of the project allegedly reached $2.3 billion in fiscal 1987, according to a 1986 procurement document obtained by Aviation Week. In the 1994 book Skunk Works, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Rich_(engineer)">Ben Rich</a>, the former head of Lockheed's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk_Works">Skunk Works</a> division, wrote that the Aurora was the budgetary code name for the stealth bomber fly-off that resulted in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit">B-2 Spirit</a>.</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">By the late 1980s, many aerospace industry observers believed that the U.S. had the technological capability to build a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number">Mach</a> 5 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_speed">hypersonic speed</a>) replacement for the aging <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird">Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird</a>. Detailed examinations of the U.S. defense budget claimed to have found money missing or channeled into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_project">black projects</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-8">[8]</a> By the mid-1990s, reports surfaced of sightings of unidentified aircraft flying over California and the United Kingdom involving odd-shaped contrails, sonic booms, and related phenomena that suggested the US had developed such an aircraft. Nothing ever linked any of these observations to any program or aircraft type, but the name Aurora was often tagged on these as a way of explaining the observations.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-asw-1"><br /></a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">British sighting claims</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">In late August 1989, while working as an engineer on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackup_rig">jack-up barge</a> GSF Galveston Key in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea">North Sea</a>, Chris Gibson saw an unfamiliar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosceles_triangle">isosceles triangle</a>-shaped delta aircraft, apparently refueling from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker">Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker</a> and accompanied by a pair of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-111_Aardvark">F-111</a> fighter-bombers. Gibson watched the aircraft for several minutes, until they went out of sight. He subsequently drew a sketch of the formation.</span></span></span></span></h1><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aurora_spyplane_3-view.jpg"><img height="809" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Aurora_spyplane_3-view.jpg/250px-Aurora_spyplane_3-view.jpg" width="1011" /></a></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Artist's rendering of the Aurora from various angles</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">When the sighting was made public in 1992, the British <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence">Defence Secretary</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_King,_Baron_King_of_Bridgwater">Tom King</a> was told, "There is no knowledge in the MoD of a 'black' programme of this nature, although it would not surprise the relevant desk officers in the Air Staff and Defence Intelligence Staff if it did exist."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-9">[9]</a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">A crash at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoD_Boscombe_Down">RAF Boscombe Down</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> on 26 September 1994 appeared closely linked to "black" missions, according to a report in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirForces_Monthly">AirForces Monthly</a>. Further investigation was hampered by USAF aircraft flooding into the base. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service">Special Air Service</a> personnel arrived in plainclothes in an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agusta_109">Agusta 109</a>. The crash site was protected from view by fire engines and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpaulin">tarpaulins</a> and the base was closed to all flights soon afterwards.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-ind19970314-10">[10]</a> More recent analysis, however, indicates that the Boscombe Down crash was a towed missile decoy.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-11">[11]</a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">An unsubstantiated claim on the Horsted Keynes Village Web Site purports to show photos of the trail left after an unusual sonic boom was heard over the village in July 2002. In 2005 the information was used in a BBC report about the Aurora project.</span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-12"><br /></a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">U.S. sighting claims</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">A series of unusual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom">sonic booms</a> was detected in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California">Southern California</a> beginning in mid-to-late 1991 and recorded by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismometer">sensors</a> across Southern California used to pinpoint <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake">earthquake</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenter">epicenters</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The sonic booms were characteristic of a smaller vehicle, rather than of the 37-meter long <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter">Space Shuttle orbiter</a>. Furthermore, neither the Shuttle nor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA">NASA</a>'s single SR-71B was operating on the days the booms had been registered.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In the article, "In Plane Sight?" which appeared in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_City_Paper">Washington City Paper</a> on 3 July 1992 (pp. 12–13), one of the seismologists, Jim Mori, noted: "We can't tell anything about the vehicle. They seem stronger than other sonic booms that we record once in a while. They've all come on Thursday mornings about the same time, between 4 and 7."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-aemann.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk-6">[6]</a> Former NASA <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom">sonic boom</a> expert Dom Maglieri studied the 15-year-old sonic boom data from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> and has deemed that the data showed "something at 90,000 ft (c. 27 km), Mach 4 to Mach 5.2". He also said the booms did not look like those from aircraft that had traveled through the atmosphere many miles away at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport">Los Angeles International Airport</a>; rather, they appeared to be booms from a high-altitude aircraft directly above the ground, moving at high speeds.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The boom signatures of the two different aircraft patterns are wildly different.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-secret-4">[4]</a> There was nothing particular to tie these events to any aircraft, but they served to increase the number of stories about the Aurora.</span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aurora_x-plane_1.jpg"><img height="672" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aurora_x-plane_1.jpg/250px-Aurora_x-plane_1.jpg" width="894" /></a></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Artist's rendering of the Aurora from behind</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">On 23 March 1992, near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas">Amarillo, Texas</a>, Steven Douglass photographed the "donuts on a rope" <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrail">contrail</a> and linked this sighting to distinctive sounds. He described the engine noise as: "strange, loud pulsating roar... unique... a deep pulsating rumble that vibrated the house and made the windows shake... similar to rocket engine noise, but deeper, with evenly timed pulses." In addition to providing the first photographs of the distinctive contrail previously reported by many, the significance of this sighting was enhanced by Douglass' reports of intercepts of radio transmissions: "Air-to-air communications... were between an AWACS aircraft with the call sign "Dragnet 51" from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinker_Air_Force_Base">Tinker AFB</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and two unknown aircraft using the call signs "Darkstar November" and "Darkstar Mike". Messages consisted of phonetically transmitted alphanumerics. It is not known whether this radio traffic had any association with the "pulser" that had just flown over Amarillo." ("Darkstar" is also a call sign of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control">AWACS</a> aircraft from a different squadron at Tinker AFB)<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-16">[16]</a> A month later, radio enthusiasts in California monitoring <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base">Edwards AFB</a> Radar (callsign "Joshua Control") heard early morning radio transmissions between Joshua and a high flying aircraft using the callsign "Gaspipe". "You're at 67,000 feet, 81 miles out" was heard, followed by "70 miles out now, 36,000 ft, above glideslope." As in the past, nothing linked these observations to any particular aircraft or program, but the attribution to the Aurora helped expand the legend.</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">In February 1994, a former resident of Rachel, Nevada, and Area 51 enthusiast, Chuck Clark, claimed to have filmed the Aurora taking off from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51">Groom Lake facility</a>. In the David Darlington book <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_51:_The_Dreamland_Chronicles">Area 51: The Dreamland Chronicles</a>, he said:</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">I even saw the Aurora take off one night — or an aircraft that matched the Aurora's reputed configuration: a sharp delta with twin tails about a hundred and thirty feet long. It taxied out of a lighted hangar at 2:30 a.m. and used a lot of runway to take off. It had one red light on top, but the minute the wheels left the runway, the light went off and that was the last I saw of it. I didn't hear it because the wind was blowing from behind me toward the base." I asked when this had taken place. "February 1994. Obviously they didn't think anybody was out there. It was thirty below zero – probably ninety below with the wind chill factor. I had hiked into White Sides from a different, harder way than usual, and stayed there two or three days among the rocks, under a camouflage tarp with six layers of clothes on. I had an insulated face mask and two sleeping bags, so I didn't present a heat signature. I videotaped the aircraft through a telescope with a five-hundred-millimeter f4 lens coupled via a C-ring to a high-eight digital video camera with five hundred and twenty scan lines of resolution, which is better than TV." The author then asked, "Where's the tape?" "Locked away. That's a legitimate spyplane; my purpose is not to give away legitimate national defense. When they get ready to unveil it, I'll probably release the tape."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-17">[17]<br /></a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">Additional claims[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aurora_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=5">edit</a>]</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">By 1996, reports associated with the Aurora name dropped off in frequency, suggesting to people who believed that the aircraft existed that it had only ever been a prototype or that it had had a short service life.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-asw-1">[1]</a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">In 2000, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press_and_Journal_(Scotland)">Aberdeen Press and Journal</a> writer Nic Outterside wrote a piece on US stealth technology in Scotland. Citing confidential "sources", he alleged <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Machrihanish">RAF/USAF Machrihanish</a> in Kintyre, Argyll to be a base for Aurora aircraft. Machrihanish's almost 2-mile-long (3.2 km) long runway makes it suitable for high-altitude and experimental aircraft with the fenced-off coastal approach making it ideal for takeoffs and landings to be made well away from eyes or cameras of press and public. "Oceanic Air Traffic Control at Prestwick," Outterside says, "also tracked fast-moving radar blips. It was claimed by staff that a 'hypersonic jet was the only rational conclusion' for the readings."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)#cite_note-18">[18]</a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">In 2006, aviation writer Bill Sweetman put together 20 years of examining budget "holes", unexplained sonic booms, as well as the Gibson sighting and concluded:</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">This evidence helps establish the program's initial existence. My investigations continue to turn up evidence that suggests current activity. For example, having spent years sifting through military budgets, tracking untraceable dollars and code names, I learned how to sort out where money was going. This year, when I looked at the Air Force operations budget in detail, I found a $9-billion black hole that seems a perfect fit for a project like Aurora.</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">In June 2017, Aviation Week reported that Rob Weiss, the General Manager of the Skunk Works, provided some confirmation of a research project and stated that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_flight">hypersonic flight</a> technology was now mature, and efforts were underway to fly an aircraft with it.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b><br /></b></span></span></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2519" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/J_r31ibMshA" width="3031" youtube-src-id="J_r31ibMshA"></iframe></div></div><br /><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><br /></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>A British Ministry of Defence report released in May 2006 refers to USAF priority plans to produce a Mach 4-6 highly supersonic vehicle, but no conclusive evidence had emerged to confirm the existence of such a project. It was believed by some that the Aurora project was canceled due to a shift from spy-planes to high-tech unmanned aerial vehicles and reconnaissance satellites which can do the same job as a spyplane, but with less risk of casualties.</b></span></p><div class="google-auto-placed ap_container" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; height: auto; text-align: center; width: 868px;"><ins class="adsbygoogle adsbygoogle-noablate" data-ad-client="ca-pub-0490591066651992" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-status="filled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 280px; margin: auto; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></ins></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The main question here is, Does the US Air Force or America’s intelligence agencies have a secret hypersonic aircraft capable of a Mach 6 performance?. The continually growing evidence suggests that the answer to this question is YES. Perhaps the most well-known instance which provides evidence of such an aircraft’s existence is the sighting of a triangular plane over the North Sea in August 1989 by oil-exploration engineer Chris Gibson. As well as the famous “skyquakes” heard over Los Angeles since the early 1990s, found to be heading for the secret Groom Lake (Area 51) installation in the Nevada desert, numerous other facts provide an understanding of how the aircraft’s technology works. Rumored to exist but routinely denied by U.S. officials, the name of this aircraft is Aurora.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The outside world uses the name Aurora because a censor’s slip let it appear below the SR-71 Blackbird and U-2 in the 1985 Pentagon budget request. Even if this was the actual name of the project, it would have by now been changed after being compromised in such a manner.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The plane’s real name has been kept a secret along with its existence. This is not unfamiliar though, the F-117a stealth fighter was kept a secret for over ten years after its first pre-production test flight. The project is what is technically known as a Special Access Program (SAP). More often, such projects are referred to as “black programs.”</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>So what was the first sign of the existence of SR-91 Aurora ? On 6 March 1990, one of the United States Air Force’s Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird spyplanes shattered the official air speed record from Los Angeles to Washington’s Dulles Airport. There, a brief ceremony marked the end of the SR-71’s operational career. Officially, the SR-71 was being retired to save the $200-$300 million a year it cost to operate the fleet. Some reporters were told the plane had been made redundant by sophisticated spy satellites.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>But there was one problem, the USAF made no opposition towards the plane’s retirement, and congressional attempts to revive the program were discouraged. Never in the history of the USAF had a program been closed without opposition. Aurora is the missing factor to the silent closure of the SR-71 program.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Testing such a new radical aircraft brings immense costs and inconvenience, not just in the design and development of a prototype aircraft, but also in providing a secret testing place for an aircraft that is obviously different from those the public are aware of.</b></span></p><div class="quads-location quads-ad8" id="quads-ad8" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; margin: 0px; text-align: center; visibility: visible;"><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-0490591066651992" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-slot="3791337906" data-ad-status="filled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 200px; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></ins></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Groom Dry Lake, in the Nevada desert, is home to one of America’s elite secret proving grounds which was Aurora’s most likely test location. Comparing today’s Groom Lake with images of the base in the 1970s, it is apparent that many of the larger buildings and hangars were added during the following decade. Also, the Groom Lake test facility has a lake-bed runway that is six miles long, twice as long as the longest normal runways in the United States. The reason for such a long runway is simple, the length of a runway is determined either by the distance an aircraft requires to accelerate to a flying speed, or the distance that the aircraft needs to decelerate after landing. That distance is proportional to the speed at which lift-off takes place. Usually, very long runways are designed for aircraft with very high minimum flying speeds, and, as is the case at Edwards AFB, these are aircraft that are optimized for very high maximum speeds. Almost 19,000 feet of the runway at Groom Lake is paved for normal operations.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Lockheed’s Skunk Works, now the Lockheed Advanced Development Company, is the most likely prime contractor for the SR-91 Aurora aircraft. Throughout the 1980s, financial analysts concluded that Lockheed had been engaged in several large classified projects. However, they weren’t able to identify enough of them to account for the company’s income.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Technically, the Skunk Works has a unique record of managing large, high-risk programs under an incredible unparalleled secrecy. Even with high-risk projects that the company has undertaken, Lockheed has a record of providing what it promises to deliver.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>In 2006, renowned aviation writer Bill Sweetman had stated and derived to a conclusion that, “This evidence of 20 years of examining budget “holes”, unexplained sonic booms, plus the Gibson sighting , helps establish the program’s initial existence. My investigations continue to turn up evidence that suggests current activity. For example, having spent years sifting through military budgets, tracking untraceable dollars and code names, I learned how to sort out where money was going. This year, when I looked at the Air Force operations budget in detail, I found a $9-billion black hole that seems a perfect fit for a project like Aurora.”</b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><p></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></p><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;">NEW NGAD (</span></b></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><b>Next Generation Air Dominance</b></span></span></span><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><span style="background-color: black;">) INSANE UPGRADED US F-22</span></b></h1><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 2; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; text-align: justify; word-break: break-word;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2522" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/oj4DxSXCmRM" width="3033" youtube-src-id="oj4DxSXCmRM"></iframe></b></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><p></p><p><br /></p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">After several years of speculation, the United States Air Force (USAF) has confirmed that there will be only one <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a42929062/sixth-generation-fighter-jet-leaked-images-us-air-force-china/">Next-Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)</a> in the future. Speaking at a meeting in Washington D.C., Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall couldn't." have made the USAF's feeling clearer on the issue.</span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">"We're not going to do two NGADs. We're only going to do one," he stated, <a href="https://www.airandspaceforces.com/kendall-air-force-ngad-design/">according</a> to John Tirpak of Air and Space Forces. While the finalists for winning the contract are currently unknown, top contenders will likely be a mix of Lockheed-Martin, Boeing, and Northrop Grumman, with support from competing jet engine manufacturers Pratt & Whitney and General Electric.</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/usafs-6th-gen-fighter-in-development">The NGAD program</a> aims to take over the Air Force's F-22A Raptor stealth fighters by the 2030s. Despite their exceptional agility and stealth capabilities, the F-22 fleet's small size has made it excessively costly to maintain and upgrade due to its dependence on outdated non-open architecture systems and high-maintenance radar absorbent materials technology from the 1990s</span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">To this end, the Air Force recently invited designs for an NGAD fighter, with the winning concept set to be announced in 2024. Ideally, <a href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a43978942/air-force-only-building-one-ngad-sixth-generation-fighter-jet/">according to Popular Mechanics,</a> the Air Force would like to obtain 250 of these fighters, although they acknowledge that each one would likely cost hundreds of millions of dollars. To put things into perspective, the current F-35A stealth fighter costs around $85 million due to large-scale production. The NGAD fighter is expected to have improved sensors and communication links compared to the F-22, while also being more agile than the F-35.</span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: #e69138; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2451" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/MKu3fSnYuBQ" width="2949" youtube-src-id="MKu3fSnYuBQ"></iframe></b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">The Air Force is projected to spend $16 billion over the next five years on the research, development, testing, and evaluation of NGAD. They aim to create a future warplane that has significantly lower operating costs than the F-22s and, hopefully, the F-35s.</span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">According to Kendall, the Pentagon also aims to prevent ownership of the NGAD from being centralized in one manufacturer, which has caused intellectual property (IP) disputes with Lockheed, the manufacturer of the F-35. The objective of NGAD is for the government to maintain the IP of multiple aircraft systems right from the start. This will enable the incorporation of new technologies from other companies or the development of quick solutions without being bombarded with cease-and-desist letters.</span></span></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">It also is worth mentioning that there are two programs called "Next Generation Air Dominance". Interestingly, both programs bear the same name. One program is led by the U.S. Navy and aims to replace the FA-18E/F Super Hornet carrier-based fighters in the future. For the USAF, NGAD will specialize in air-to-air combat similar to the F-22, but it will also possess some ground attack capabilities, particularly for the suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD). Furthermore, it is anticipated that NGAD will have a higher internal weapon capacity than the F-22.</span></span></span></h1><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-59520025165211061042023-08-18T18:38:00.026-07:002023-10-01T17:40:27.132-07:00HOW THE US NAVY PREPARE FOR AN ARCTIC WAR AGAINST RUSSIA: USE AND MODERNIZED OLD CARRIERS AND DREADNOUGHTS AS MULTIROLE ICEBREAKERS<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div><div><div><br /><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/glWqFCjUq_Y" width="2744" youtube-src-id="glWqFCjUq_Y"></iframe></span></span></b><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">PREPARING THE US NAVY IN THE ARCTIC</span></span></b><div><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></b></div><div><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2572" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mid_jNgq6kg" width="3096" youtube-src-id="mid_jNgq6kg"></iframe></span></div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></b><div><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold" style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold" style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div><div class="small-12 columns wotr_article_head" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.9375rem; width: 1320px;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold"><div class="row" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px -0.9375rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"><div class="small-12 columns wotr_title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; float: left; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.9375rem; width: 1320px;"><h1 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 3.4rem; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">A U.S. SECURITY STRATEGY FOR THE ARCTIC</span></h1><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Unica One", Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div></div></div><div class="row" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: #fefefe; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Unica One", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px -0.9375rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"><br /><br /></div></span></span></b><img height="2022" src="https://warontherocks.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PODVODKA_Umka-1200_1-1024x654.jpg" width="3166" /></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">In March 2021, three Russian submarines simultaneously <a href="https://twitter.com/rianru/status/1375451906949144589">broke through the ice</a> near the North Pole. Each boat could carry <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00963402.2020.1728985">16 ballistic missiles</a>, and each missile could field multiple nuclear warheads. The submarines were soon joined by two MiG-31 aircraft and ground troops participating in <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/39953/three-russian-ballistic-missile-submarines-just-surfaced-through-the-arctic-ice-together">Umka-2021</a>, a Russian military exercise.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The exercise in March highlighted increased Russian military activity in the Arctic, but that was <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/russian-military-seeks-to-outmuscle-u-s-in-arctic-11621935002?mod=djemCapitalJournalDaybreak">not the sole Russian signal</a>. U.S. Alaska Command, under U.S. Northern Command, reported that they had <a href="https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2021/04/28/spike-in-russian-aircraft-intercepts-straining-air-force-crews-in-alaska-three-star-says/">intercepted more Russian military aircraft</a> near the Alaska Air Defense Identification Zone in 2020 than at any other time since the end of the Cold War. In April, Secretary of State Antony <a href="https://apnews.com/article/arctic-europe-russia-business-technology-b67c5b28d917f03f9340d4a7b4642790">Blinken stated</a> that Russia is trying “to exert control over new spaces. It is modernizing its bases in the Arctic and building new ones.” Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov responded by saying, “We hear whining about Russia expanding its military activities in the Arctic. But everyone knows that it’s our territory, our land.”</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Russia is not the only authoritarian power with increased interest in Arctic affairs. In January 2018, Chinese officials published their <a href="https://www.uaf.edu/caps/resources/policy-documents/china-arctic-policy-2018.pdf">first Arctic strategy</a> document and attempted to buy and greatly expand Finland’s <a href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/climate-crisis/2021/03/china-wanted-buy-airport-lapland-north-pole-climate-research-flights">Kemijärvi air base</a> for use by large Chinese aircraft, ostensibly for Arctic research. Their offer was rejected, supposedly because the northern airfield is next to Finland’s Rovajärvi artillery range. This fits a pattern. China has built Arctic research stations, conducted ongoing oceanographic surveys, and attempted infrastructure development across the region, projects that <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/05/11/chinas-strategic-interest-in-the-arctic-goes-beyond-economics/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=EBB%2005.12.20&utm_term=Editorial%20-%20Early%20Bird%20Brief">some believe</a> have geostrategic or military purposes.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">In order to better position the United States for geopolitical competition in the region, the Biden administration should write and publish a new national security strategy for the Arctic. The United States has a moribund <a href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/nat_arctic_strategy.pdf">2013 Arctic strategy</a> that was superseded by events and ignored by the Trump administration. In 2019, the Office of the Secretary of Defense released an <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2019/Jun/06/2002141657/-1/-1/1/2019-DOD-ARCTIC-STRATEGY.PDF">Arctic strategy</a>, and the <a href="https://www.af.mil/Portals/1/documents/2020SAF/July/ArcticStrategy.pdf">Air Force</a>, <a href="https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jan/05/2002560338/-1/-1/0/ARCTIC%20BLUEPRINT%202021%20FINAL.PDF/ARCTIC%20BLUEPRINT%202021%20FINAL.PDF">Navy</a> and <a href="https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/15/9944046e/regaining-arctic-dominance-us-army-in-the-arctic-19-january-2021-unclassified.pdf">Army</a> each released their own subordinate strategies. However, these individual strategies were not coordinated before being released, did not fully integrate efforts with civilian foreign policy agencies, and in some cases were produced only because of pressure from <a href="https://www.sullivan.senate.gov/">Sen. Dan Sullivan</a> from Alaska.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">It is time to rectify those omissions. A new Arctic security strategy should focus on deterring Russian and Chinese military attacks and preventing their attempts to weaken the established Arctic international order. To avoid mistakes from past Arctic national security, the Biden administration should build an Arctic strategy that responds to future security threats, can be resourced within constrained national budgets, and that integrates military and civilian actions across the government and private sector.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Goals for an Arctic Strategy</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2559" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/25A6yO06ON0" width="3076" youtube-src-id="25A6yO06ON0"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Though the Biden administration has yet to release a National Defense Strategy and National Military Strategy, guideposts exist to begin conceptualizing a new Arctic security strategy. <a href="https://www.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-intervention-at-arctic-council-ministerial/">Blinken expressed</a> the U.S. desire to keep the Arctic peaceful when speaking at the May 2021 Arctic Council ministerial meeting. The administration’s March 2021 <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NSC-1v2.pdf">Interim National Security Strategic Guidance</a> focuses on deterring and preventing adversaries from threatening the United States and its allies, inhibiting access to the global commons, or dominating key regions (i.e., the Indo-Pacific, Europe, and the Western Hemisphere). Even though the document does not mention the region, its priority actions are applicable to the Arctic, such as leading a stable and open international system underwritten by alliances, partnerships, multilateralism, and international rules.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Any new U.S. Arctic security strategy should have three goals: deter military attacks against U.S. or allied territory originating from the Arctic, prevent China or Russia from weakening existing rules-based Arctic governance through coercion, and prevent regional hegemony by either China or Russia. To accomplish these goals, U.S. strategy should develop military capabilities for use in the North American and European Arctic subregions and then demonstrate the ability to use them in harsh Arctic conditions. The U.S. government should persuade regional allies and partners that the United States can be a trusted security partner in the region. Finally, the strategy should contain inducements to the private sector to build dual-use Arctic infrastructure that benefits the private sector while giving the military platforms from which to observe and operate in the Arctic.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The Arctic’s Geopolitical Context</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Any Arctic strategy is constrained by the region’s harsh terrain and weather conditions. High latitudes and harsh weather make communications, global positioning, and domain awareness a significant challenge across the Arctic. In the Alaskan Arctic, <a href="https://infrastructurereportcard.org/state-item/alaska/">ground-based infrastructure</a> outside the Anchorage-Fairbanks-Prudhoe corridor is localized rather than interconnected and is dependent on bulk summer resupply. U.S. security infrastructure in the Arctic comprises aging <a href="https://www.aviationtoday.com/2020/11/23/air-force-examining-modernization-early-warning-radars/">early warning radars</a> in Alaska and Greenland, <a href="https://www.mda.mil/system/gmd.html">missile defenses</a> and significant <a href="https://www.aviationtoday.com/2021/03/15/fifth-generation-fighters-vital-respond-future-crises-pacific-theater-commander-says/">5th-generation fighter aircraft</a> in Alaska, <a href="https://seapowermagazine.org/as-arctic-sea-ice-melts-deputy-cno-says-u-s-subs-will-become-more-important/">submarines in Arctic waters</a>, and modest rotational forces in <a href="https://thebarentsobserver.com/ru/node/437">Iceland</a> and <a href="https://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/2435403/us-marines-complete-norway-deployment-for-arctic-warfare-training/">Norway</a>. U.S. relations with Arctic nations have been generally cooperative, with the exception of relations with Russia on non-Arctic issues since 2014. Finally, different security issues are associated with the <a href="https://inss.ndu.edu/Media/News/Article/1024908/charting-a-course-strategic-choices-for-a-new-administration/">three Arctic subregions</a> — the North American, European, and Russian Arctic — with the European Arctic subregion being the area with the greatest security challenges.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">A new Arctic strategy should factor in <a href="https://warontherocks.com/2021/03/a-blueprint-for-the-department-of-defenses-strategic-assessment-of-climate-change/">climate change</a>, protect the Arctic Council’s viability, and assume a future budget-constrained environment. It’s safe to assume that <a href="https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/arctic-climate-change-update-2021-key-trends-and-impacts.-summary-for-policy-makers/3508">Arctic warming</a> will continue and regional activity — shipping, mining, commercial fishing, tourism, etc. — will increase as a result. Transnational cooperation on Arctic science and soft-security issues (search and rescue, oil spill prevention, etc.) is a valued behavior. As a result, maintaining the Arctic Council as a viable international forum serves the continued interests of Arctic states both because of the substantive work done by the council’s working groups and as a venue for transarctic consultations. A new strategy should not needlessly threaten this progress.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2573" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IFpZZZLSYh4" width="3094" youtube-src-id="IFpZZZLSYh4"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Finally, the next U.S. Arctic strategy will be means-constrained. The Arctic will be a relatively low budget priority for the U.S. government and its military services. None of the recent U.S. military strategies for the Arctic obligate significant spending in the region for new capabilities or permanent presence.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Below I list the main goals and new or promised capabilities of recent U.S. defense strategies for the Arctic. With the exception of the Air Force’s strategy, none of the strategies commit the United States to major defense investments in the Arctic, and the Air Force expenditures are not aimed at the Arctic per se, but are instead global capabilities that happen to be based in the Arctic or in space. Indeed, the gaps identified below are big-ticket items. The assumption, then, is that any new Arctic security strategy will be means-constrained going forward but should compensate for the gaps identified in the table.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">U.S. Arctic military strategies (2019 to 2021)</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Goals and Priorities Arctic Capabilities</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Office of the Secretary of Defense</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Arctic Strategy (2019)Defend the homeland and U.S. sovereignty in the Arctic</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Maintain a credible deterrent in the Arctic</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Shape the Arctic’s geopolitical landscape</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Respond effectively to regional contingencies</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Maintain flexibility for U.S. power projection</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Ensure freedom of navigation and overflight</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Limit the ability of China and Russia to engage in malign or coercive behavior</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Intent: “The U.S. will require an agile, capable and expeditionary force with the ability to project power into and operate within the [Arctic] region.”</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">New capabilities: Funding for one <a href="https://www.dcms.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/Assistant-Commandant-for-Acquisitions-CG-9/Programs/Surface-Programs/Polar-Icebreaker/">Polar Security Cutter</a>; <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2018/05/05/the-navy-is-resurrecting-a-fleet-to-protect-the-east-coast-and-north-atlantic-from-russia/">reactivation of Navy’s 2nd Fleet headquarters</a>; and <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/the-air-forces-f35-fleet-at-eielson-alaska-is-growing-2020-6">stationing two F-35 squadrons</a> at Eielson air base in Alaska.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Gaps: Dedicated funding for Arctic military capabilities.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Air Force Arctic Strategy (July 2020)</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">• Vigilance via warning and defense capabilities</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">• Power projection from Alaska and Greenland</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">• Cooperation with allies and partners</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">• Preparation via exercises, training, and research and development</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Intent: Expand Air Force Arctic capabilities.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">New capabilities: Missile warning and defense; satellite communications and data links (<a href="https://www.defensedaily.com/10-starlink-satellites-enhance-arctic-communications-northcom/space/">Starlink</a>); expanded weather forecasting; adoption of expeditionary, modular infrastructure.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Gaps: Cruise missile early warning system, unmanned intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Navy Strategic Blueprint (January 2021) Defend the homeland</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Deter aggression and discourage malign behavior</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Ensure strategic access and freedom of the seas</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Strengthen existing and emerging alliances</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Intent: Maintain enhanced presence and partnerships and build a more capable Arctic naval force.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">New capabilities: The Navy will “find new ways to integrate and apply naval power with existing forces,” and “invest in key capabilities that enable naval forces to maintain enhanced presence and partnerships;” <a href="https://news.usni.org/2021/02/01/navy-hopes-to-deploy-its-early-razorback-uuvs-soon-even-as-development-continues-on-updated-capability">development of unmanned underwater vehicles</a> and buoys for mobile sensing; <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/07/us-expands-icelandic-airfield-for-tankers-big-cargo-lift/">Keflavik airfield expansion</a>.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Gaps: Acquisition of “key capabilities,” ice-hardened surface vessels, Navy icebreaking capabilities, Arctic port(s).</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Army Regaining Arctic Dominance (January 2021)Homeland defense of Alaska</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Defense support to civilian authorities</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Support for search and rescue operations</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">International partnerships</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Intent: Ensure land dominance in the Arctic; “Generate Arctic-capable forces ready to compete and win in extended operations in extreme cold weather and high-altitude environments.”</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">New capabilities: Creation of an Arctic Multi-Domain Task Force; recasting two Alaska-based brigade combat teams to operate for extended periods in the Arctic winter; increased winter training; development of a new <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/smr/frozen-pathways/2021/04/05/us-army-embarks-on-competitive-prototyping-journey-for-arctic-vehicle/">Arctic small-unit support vehicle</a>.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Gaps: Logistical and infrastructure capabilities for sustained Arctic operations.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Arctic Threats and Opportunities</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The key threats to U.S. interests in the region are from Russian military forces in the Arctic and from Chinese influence attempts. Russian military activity in the Barents and Greenland Seas (the northern part of the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom gap) poses the most direct threat to U.S. security interests. Russian forces there could attack the U.S. homeland, ships and data links crossing the North Atlantic, and <a href="https://warontherocks.com/2020/10/nato-in-the-arctic-keep-its-role-limited-for-now/">threaten NATO allies</a> in northern Europe. Russian forces in the Bering and Chukchi Seas off the Alaskan coast are equally concerning. Russian capabilities could also be used to flout international law through <a href="https://warontherocks.com/2019/10/now-is-not-the-time-for-a-fonop-in-the-arctic/">unilateral assertions of control along the Northern Sea Route</a> or the undersea Lomonosov Ridge, should the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf rule against <a href="https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/russia-considers-extended-claim-arctic-seabed">Russia’s recent expansive claims</a> to the Arctic seabed.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><a href="https://warontherocks.com/2019/05/chinas-multifaceted-arctic-strategy/">China’s regional actions</a> are troubling, particularly its use of government-linked investments, loans, and trade deals to influence Arctic states or populations. Threats could also arise from the <a href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/northern-expedition-chinas-arctic-activities-and-ambitions/">military potential</a> in China’s bathymetric mapping or its polar research stations across Scandinavia. Any U.S. security strategy in the Arctic should alleviate these threats.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The most obvious opportunities for the United States in the Arctic are in private-sector infrastructure development and security coordination with allies. Poor infrastructure and <a href="https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/bitstream/handle/11374/1924/2017-04-28-ACSTelecomsREPORTWEB-2.pdf?sequence=1">communications</a> plague Alaska. A hard-security strategy that prioritized infrastructure development in the name of national security, a green-energy transformation, or broadband connectivity initiatives could improve infrastructure and resilience in Alaska. Internationally, security coordination among U.S. allies and partners could generate momentum on nonsecurity behavioral norms for resource extraction, investments, and economic cooperation across the Arctic.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The Strategy’s Ways and Means</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">To deter Russia and China from threatening U.S. interests in the Arctic, the U.S. military needs to demonstrate presence in the region beyond submarines. Submarines can deter large-scale attacks but are less useful against coercion and intimidation. Deterring Russia will require Navy surface assets (manned and unmanned) and a more robust air and ground presence in the European and North Atlantic Arctic. It is difficult to police fisheries, monitor potentially hostile surface ships, or target airborne intruders without capabilities in the region. As Adm. <a href="https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/1656517/natos-trident-juncture-exercise-tests-deterrence-capabilities/">James Foggo said</a> of the Arctic when commanding Allied Joint Forces Command in Italy, “In order to deter, you have to be present. You’ve got to be there and you’ve got to be there quickly.” Gen. Glen VanHerck, commander of U.S. Northern Command and the North American Aerospace Defense Command, made <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/39953/three-russian-ballistic-missile-submarines-just-surfaced-through-the-arctic-ice-together">similar remarks</a> in late April 2021.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Capabilities</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Budget constraints, however, will prevent large-scale acquisition of military equipment designed for the Arctic. There are just too many competing demands on the defense budget. A handful of <a href="https://www.dcms.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/Assistant-Commandant-for-Acquisitions-CG-9/Programs/Surface-Programs/Polar-Icebreaker/">modern icebreakers</a> and limited numbers of the <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/smr/frozen-pathways/2021/04/05/us-army-embarks-on-competitive-prototyping-journey-for-arctic-vehicle/">Army’s new cold-weather vehicle</a> may be the extent of new, manned Arctic capabilities funded for the foreseeable future. That said, the United States could shift cold-weather-capable equipment to the region, especially <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36821/the-navy-is-building-a-network-of-drone-submarines-and-sensor-buoys-in-the-arctic">unmanned</a> intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance platforms. Unmanned capabilities need not have been developed for the Arctic per se but could be adapted for use in the region.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2349" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dMQKLODOmAM" width="2825" youtube-src-id="dMQKLODOmAM"></iframe></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">There is a role for the U.S. private sector in developing Arctic capabilities and infrastructure if given the right government inducements. One promising area is satellite communication and positioning systems. Satellite companies are potentially attractive government partners. The U.S. military is looking into private-sector efforts such as the <a href="https://spacenews.com/oneweb-gets-u-s-air-force-contract-for-arctic-broadband/">OneWeb</a> and <a href="https://www.defensedaily.com/10-starlink-satellites-enhance-arctic-communications-northcom/space/">Starlink</a> polar communication satellites. The European Space Agency is doing the same with <a href="https://www.geospatialworld.net/news/esas-new-arctic-weather-satellite-flies-with-a-power-system-by-ruag-space/">Arctic weather satellites</a>. There is no reason these initiatives could not be expanded.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The Biden administration’s Arctic strategy should consider the role of extractive industries (oil, mining, timber, fishing) in the region. Those industries have built much of the nonmilitary infrastructure in Alaska. In the future, as the global economy shifts from hydrocarbons to green energy, government efforts to foster infrastructure development could focus on distributed electricity grids, port facilities, and overland freight transport associated with mineral extraction (particularly rare earth minerals) rather than on oil and gas. All are consistent with the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/04/22/fact-sheet-president-biden-sets-2030-greenhouse-gas-pollution-reduction-target-aimed-at-creating-good-paying-union-jobs-and-securing-u-s-leadership-on-clean-energy-technologies/">Biden climate plan</a>. New ports and rail lines could be funded through cost-sharing agreements between the government and business, which could make infrastructure cost-effective for business while saving the taxpayer money. The private sector could use the infrastructure during normal times, with the U.S. military having priority use during military exercises or national emergencies.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Political Will</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Demonstrating the political will to use Arctic capabilities unilaterally or in conjuncture with allies and partners is the other prerequisite for successful deterrence and defense. The most important priority should be to convince allies that the United States is a reliable security partner. Some of that persuasion has already begun with the Biden administration’s <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/26/readout-of-president-joseph-r-biden-jr-call-with-secretary-general-jens-stoltenberg-of-nato/">reaffirmation</a> of the U.S. commitment to NATO’s Article 5 security guarantees and <a href="https://www.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-danish-foreign-minister-jeppe-kofod-at-a-joint-press-availability/">Blinken’s consultations</a> in Denmark before the May 2021 Arctic Council ministerial meeting.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2500" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0u27-sJ_OJ0" width="3007" youtube-src-id="0u27-sJ_OJ0"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Persuading allies also requires demonstrating the ability to come to their defense if needed, regardless of climate conditions. Unilateral, bilateral, and “mini-multilateral” military <a href="https://warontherocks.com/2020/10/nato-in-the-arctic-keep-its-role-limited-for-now/">exercises are all useful</a> as practice and as international signals in the Arctic. Unilaterally, the U.S. Army is starting to relearn how to operate in the Arctic, as highlighted in its Arctic strategy. The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps learned important lessons from NATO’s <a href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2019/march/trident-juncture-2018-lessons-north-atlantic">Trident Juncture</a> exercise in 2018 and smaller <a href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/us-nato-warships-exercise-off-russias-arctic-coast/">exercises since then</a>. More exercises are needed to demonstrate to friend and foe alike that the U.S. military can again operate in cold climates.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">In addition, the United States should expand its use of flexible basing and deployment agreements with allies. The recent <a href="https://www.state.gov/u-s-norway-supplementary-defense-cooperation-agreement-sdca/">agreement</a> covering the U.S. military’s use of the Ramsund naval facility and Evenes air base in northern Norway are a good start. A similar arrangement could be made for the Danish air force to have permanent facilities at the U.S. base in Thule, Greenland, for search and rescue, air surveillance, anti-submarine warfare, and air interdiction missions, something that could tie allied forces more closely together, better defend this early warning facility, and improve surveillance in the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom gap. Expansion of the runway and facilities on Norway’s <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/us-air-force-fixing-up-norwegian-base-arctic-near-russia-2020-1">Jan Mayen island</a> and refurbishing an additional airfield in Greenland in conjunction with the Danes could serve similar purposes. Finally, the United States could coordinate existing niche capabilities amongst Arctic allies, an Arctic version of NATO’s <a href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_98527.htm">Connected Forces Initiative</a>.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The Way Forward</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The Biden administration should publish a new Arctic national security strategy. The last U.S. Arctic strategy was written in 2013, before the country refocused on geopolitical competition with Russia and China. The strategy should prioritize deterring attacks from the Arctic on U.S. or allied territory, minimizing and defending against Russian or Chinese coercion, and preventing either country from achieving future regional hegemony. The United States could achieve these objectives through cost-effective military acquisition, incentives for private-sector infrastructure development, activities that demonstrate military presence, and political and military commitments to Arctic allies.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">The Biden administration has a lot on its plate, and has yet to produce a final National Security Strategy, National Defense Strategy, or National Military Strategy. Nevertheless, the government should begin crafting an updated national strategy for the Arctic. The region is important for U.S. national security, and is increasingly a theater for competition with Russia and China</span></b>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div><div><b style="color: orange;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="background-color: black; clear: both; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2523" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aSp9OlnGsNE" width="3033" youtube-src-id="aSp9OlnGsNE"></iframe></div><br /></span></b><h1><b style="color: orange;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold" style="background-color: black; font-family: times;"><br /></span></span></b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: orange;"><span><span class="sciencetech-ccox mol-style-medium mol-style-bold">MODIFY THE DREADNOUGHTS AS ICEBREAKERS</span><span class="mol-style-medium sciencetech-ccox mol-style-bold"> </span></span></b></span></span></h1></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span><br /></span></span></div><div class="wrapper clearfix col-lg-12 pb-feature pb-layout-item pb-f-article-mco-slimline-byline col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12" id="fZ6y1618REVShr" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 691.134px;"><div class="row" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: -15px; margin-right: -15px;"><div class="byline slimline col-sm-12 col-xs-12" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; margin-bottom: 20px; min-height: 1px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 20px; position: relative; width: 691.134px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><br /><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: center;"></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span><header style="box-sizing: border-box;"><img height="1197" src="https://www.armytimes.com/resizer/JXx_-v0eA5huo8xnFeS0kabmhQo=/1200x0/filters:quality(100)/arc-anglerfish-arc2-prod-mco.s3.amazonaws.com/public/XNU7U35IBNCTRKEPNUR5HUH4S4.JPG" width="2757" /><figure style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: lato, sans-serif; margin: 0px;"><h1 style="font-family: "times new roman";"><b style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;">WASHINGTON — Barely two weeks after the US Navy commissioned its newest and most futuristic warship, armed with two huge guns that can hit targets 80 miles away, the service is moving to cancel the </span><span style="color: orange;">Zumwalt class destroyers plans for more than 32 ships. </span></span></b></h1><h1 style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;">Supported by the old Iowa class BBGs can be more an excellent supply. logistics tanker and as a </span></span></b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Multi-Mission Surface Combatant (MMSC):</b></span></span></h1><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div></figure></header><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black;">DESIGN OF THE HULL REMOVE ALL THE 16" GUN TURRETS AND MAKE IT NUCLEAR POWERED</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: black;"><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2289" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zKCbhgLxW_U" width="2754" youtube-src-id="zKCbhgLxW_U"></iframe><br /><br /><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: center;"><b>DESIGN OF THE HULL REMOVE ALL THE 16" GUN TURRETS AND MAKE IT NUCLEAR POWERED</b></div></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><ul style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Converted old carriers and battleships shoud be used like </b></span><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Arctic Ocean Icebreaker which should be nuclear powered also.</b></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></b></span></li></ul><ul style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Amphibious assault ship and </b></span><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Nuclear Aircraft Carrier, CVN.</b></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: orange; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></b></span></li></ul><ul style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Missiles platform located around and between the double hull of the ships.</b></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></li></ul><ul style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Forward Force Projection Ship</b></span></li></ul></span></div></div></span></b></b></div></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2359" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fVGDYeKO6bs" width="2837" youtube-src-id="fVGDYeKO6bs"></iframe></div><br /></b></span><div style="font-family: lato, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"></div></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>Additional 16" steel armor from top to bottom the whole length of the ship,</b></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="thinline" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: lato, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span><ul><li><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Arctic Ocean Icebreaker </b></span></li><li><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Amphibious assault ship</b></span></li><li><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Nuclear Aircraft Carrier, CVN</b></span></li><li><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Missiles platform </b></span></li><li><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Forward Force Projection Ship</b></span></li></ul></div></div><div style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span></span><span><br /></span></span></div></div><div class="detail-hero" style="background-image: none;"><div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><img height="1250" src="https://nationalinterest.org/sites/default/files/styles/desktop__1486_x_614/public/main_images/7976335373_2a31734825_o.jpg?itok=u0CGclWL" width="2794" /><span style="background-color: black; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: 10px; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; width: 1px;">Share on Facebook</span></div></div></div></div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /><br /><br /></span><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b><br /><b style="color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;">From this battleship to a Multi Role Combatant ship</b><br /></span><div><img border="0" height="1758" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7mWCqPnX_8bLcJK8kftQ4B2mRu-waZ_FTYR7eWPU1iYudS94VE1LZHEZXoLGXpNIgJ1vAS5x0bI0uld8Xt-sEZmudaiOTdGqVwV8Boyyf07NpbHCDQIfAB3i1jDNoFeciFSXXzZOC_9_P/w2648-h1758/BPC_Dixmude+2.jpg" width="2648" /><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></b></b><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></b></b><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large;"><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></b></b><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: orange;"><br /></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: orange;"><br /></b></span></span><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: orange;"><b style="background-color: black;">The addition of a 16 inch thick protective armor on all the surface of the ship ie. Flight deck, bridge, sides etc. </b></b></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: orange;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></b></span></span></div><div><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: orange;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></b></span></span></div><div itemprop="articleBody" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><div class="artSplitter mol-img-group" style="clear: both; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px auto 4px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; width: 636px;"><div class="mol-img" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><img alt="HMS Daring, a new £1 billion warship: Using the new material, future ships could look radically different - and be able to survive multiple hits without sinking" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1522" id="i-d028059ccf2027cb" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/05/14/23/016FE320000004B0-0-image-a-46_1431642646989.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2289" /></b></div><div class="overlay-icon mobile-gallery" style="background-position: 0px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; border-radius: 3px; bottom: 11px; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; height: 36px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 34px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 10px;"><div class="mobile-gallery-icon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//i.dailymail.co.uk/i/furniture/mobile/icon_camera_90x68.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 10px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 27px; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; float: none; height: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 7px 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 24px;"></div><span style="display: table-cell; letter-spacing: -0.01em; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></div></div><div class="container-3zJLP vertical-2XJd5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 3px; bottom: 56px; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 7px; position: absolute; right: 8px; z-index: 2;"><ul class="linksHolder-3KBa2" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><li class="linkItem-2NXrW shareIcon-8A2dW" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-size: cover; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: right; height: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: justify; width: 20px;"></li></ul></div></div><div class="imageCaption" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); clear: both; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">HMS Daring, a new £1 billion warship: Using the new material, future ships could look radically different - and be able to survive multiple hits without sinking</b></span></span></div></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The secret of this syntactic foam starts with a matrix made of a magnesium alloy, which is then turned into foam by adding strong, lightweight silicon carbide hollow spheres developed and manufactured by DST. </b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">A single sphere's shell can withstand pressure of over 25,000 pounds per square inch (PSI) before it ruptures—one hundred times the maximum pressure in a fire hose.</b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The hollow particles also offer impact protection to the syntactic foam because each shell acts like an energy absorber during its fracture. </b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The composite can be customized for density and other properties by adding more or fewer shells into the metal matrix to fit the requirements of the application. </b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">This concept can also be used with other magnesium alloys that are non-flammable.</b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The new composite has potential applications in boat flooring, automobile parts, and buoyancy modules as well as vehicle armor.</b></span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Add 400 feet at the stern, to provide an elevator to a hangar below deck and below the hangar install an LSD type attack amphibious assault module, thus creating a multi role ship.</span><span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></span></b><br /><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></b><br /></span><div class="mol-img-group artSplitter" style="clear: both; margin: 0px auto 4px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; width: 636px;"><img height="1648" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/12/23/331D24D700000578-3536797-LPDs_can_be_used_as_a_landing_ship_helicopter_platform_and_well_-a-104_1460500217977.jpg" width="2466" /><div class="imageCaption" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); clear: both; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">LPDs can be used as a landing ship, helicopter platform and well deck. This system would give LPD-28 air defenses and the ability to hit inland and other enemy ships in the water. The ship could also provide fire support for vehicles that cannot reach certain areas - such as AH-1 attack helicopters. Pictured is an LPD-19</b></span></span></div></div><div class="mol-img-group artSplitter" style="clear: both; letter-spacing: -0.16px; margin: 0px auto 4px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; width: 636px;"><div class="mol-img" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="image-wrap fff-pic" style="cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><img alt="Lockheed Martin wants to outfit LPD-28 with the Aegis Combat System, giving it the ability to defend itself as well as pick up vehicles. Pictured is the LPD-26" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1709" id="i-c50484a22f2bc3e4" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/04/12/23/331D0F1800000578-3536797-Lockheed_Martin_wants_to_outfit_LPD_28_with_the_Aegis_Combat_Sys-a-100_1460500217972.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2562" /></b></div><div class="overlay-icon mobile-gallery" style="background-position: 0px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; border-radius: 3px; bottom: 11px; box-sizing: border-box; display: table; height: 36px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 34px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 10px;"><div class="mobile-gallery-icon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//i.dailymail.co.uk/i/furniture/mobile/icon_camera_90x68.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 10px 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 27px; box-sizing: content-box; display: table-cell; float: none; height: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 7px 10px 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle; width: 24px;"></div><span style="display: table-cell; letter-spacing: -0.01em; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: middle;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></span></div></div><div class="container-3zJLP vertical-2XJd5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 3px; bottom: 56px; box-sizing: border-box; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 7px; position: absolute; right: 8px; z-index: 2;"><ul class="linksHolder-3KBa2" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><li class="linkItem-2NXrW shareIcon-8A2dW" style="background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-size: cover; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; float: right; height: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: justify; width: 20px;"></li></ul></div></div><div class="imageCaption" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); clear: both; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Lockheed Martin wants to outfit LPD-28 with the Aegis Combat System, giving it the ability to defend itself as well as pick up vehicles. Pictured is the LPD-26</b></span></span></div><div class="imageCaption" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); clear: both; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></div></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.16px; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Currently, the 'Baseline 9' Aegis equipped ships are the only vessels capable of defending against these threats.</b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.16px; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">This new system would also give LPD-28 air defenses and the ability to hit inland and other enemy ships in the water.</b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.16px; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The ship could also provide fire support for vehicles that cannot reach certain areas.</b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.16px; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Lockheed sees this as a 'Navy in a box' or a self-contained fight unit that could reach even the most dangerous areas.</b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.16px; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Although this type of technology does substantially increase the ship's cost, it would give the Navy and Marines other resources for deployment..</b></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Remove one half the height of its superstructure but lengthrn it to the #1 gun turret, in order to decrease topside weight, and center of gravity. Also, install the armor around around the superstructure as discussed above. That topside weight will balance out after the removal of the 3 gun turrets.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Remove the #2 and #3 turrets and all of their ammunition bunker machinery. </b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Install nuclear power systems in the #3 turret. Remove old traditional propulsion systems and replace with steam, cooling and gearing for a Nuclear plant.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Under the #2 turret install a multi directional Azipod (propeller) system.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">If you took an anti ship missile and fired it at a WWII battleship, it would do superficial damage but not penetrate the armor protecting the bridge, the main battery gun turrets, the sides or deck covering the magazines and engine space. The armor protecting these areas was often as thick as the diameter of the guns, in hardened steel plates. So it struck head on would have to traverse 16 inches of steel, if struck at an oblique angle, even more.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Very possibly an antiship missile would simply bounce off the armor and explode harmlessly. If the missile had a lot of fuel left, it could start a surface fire with that fuel and its explosive charge,</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></b></span><span><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">WWII armor piercing shells were reduced explosion charge with delayed fuses and hardened cases and points to penetrate armor and explode within. A 16 inch shell was massive, a 2000 lb projectile and these are what the armor I described above is designed to protect against.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I suppose its possible to defeat armor with enough kinetic energy from a large antiship missile and shaped charges but the question is, what would they be used against? There are no more battleships.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The result of this conversion is a BBG that could sink any enemy surface action group protecting an enemy island or coastline, then strike antiaccess/area-denial targets such as antiship ballistic missiles, surface-to-air missile batteries, radars, air bases and and other enemy targets. Once it was safe enough to close within a hundred miles of the enemy coast, sixteen-inch guns with hypervelocity shells would come into play, destroying a half-dozen targets at a time with precision.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a action_mousedown="QuestionLinkClickthrough" class="question_link" href="https://www.quora.com/Could-North-Korea-or-Iran-launch-a-nuclear-tipped-missile-to-hit-the-US-from-a-disguised-container-ship" id="__w2_wfoLONIa28_link" rel="noopener" style="display: block;" target="_blank"><span class="ui_content_title unstyled_ui_title" style="user-select: text;"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext" style="tab-size: 4;"><b>Could North Korea or Iran launch a nuclear-tipped missile to hit the US from a disguised container ship?</b></span></span></a></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">This is North Korea’s KN-18* MaRV ship killer missile. It has a maneuvering Hypersonic Glide vehicle with a 4 kiloton warhead and an accuracy of 7m CEP. Three of these were demonstrated on 26 August 2017.* [corrected missile name]</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Their warhead reentry vehicle was obtained by cyber espionage from plans for the American Pershing -II missile and may have been copied by DPRK from the Chinese DF-21D missile after they obtained plans for the Pershing II.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Physical overpressure would likely kill the ship’s crew in the same way that a Thermobaric bomb does.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The KN-18 warhead has a radar seeker that can detect and identify the shapes of targets and terrain matching these with RCS templates stored in its memory. This means that it does not require active targeting updates.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">It is very similar to the EMAD warhead seen on Iran’s missiles</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">China calls their version the WU-14</span></b></div>
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<span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="sputniknews.com" href="https://sputniknews.com/military/201506141023358426/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//qsf.c7.quoracdn.net/-3-images.new_grid.external_link.svg-26-7f84ed22dfd7e97b.svg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 10.5px; padding-right: 15px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Faster Than Light: China's Hypersonic WU-14 Getting on Pentagon's Nerves</span></b></a></span></div>
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<span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="wikipedia.org" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WU-14" rel="noopener nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//qsf.c7.quoracdn.net/-3-images.new_grid.external_link.svg-26-7f84ed22dfd7e97b.svg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 10.5px; padding-right: 15px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">WU-14 - Wikipedia</span></b></a></span></div>
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<span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="cetusnews.com" href="http://www.cetusnews.com/tech/China-To-Test-Hypersonic-Weapons-That-Could-Reach-U-S--In-14-Minutes.SJE2IbckM.html" rel="noopener nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//qsf.c7.quoracdn.net/-3-images.new_grid.external_link.svg-26-7f84ed22dfd7e97b.svg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 10.5px; padding-right: 15px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">17.11.15 China To Test Hypersonic Weapons That Could Reach US In 14 Minutes</span></b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The point of the nuclear warhead is to create an over pressure that breaks the back of a ship.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Torpedoes are designed to do much the same by exploding under a ship’s keel, not actually hitting the ship.</span></b></div>
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<span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="sputniknews.com" href="https://sputniknews.com/military/201511281030919618-china-military-hypersonic-glide-vehicle-us-defense/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//qsf.c7.quoracdn.net/-3-images.new_grid.external_link.svg-26-7f84ed22dfd7e97b.svg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 10.5px; padding-right: 15px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">China’s New Hypersonic Weapon Capable of Defeating US Air Defense System</span></b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">In terms of intercept by an Aegis BMD vessel, this type of interceptor missile depends upon a radar operator predicting the Ballistic trajectory. If there is no ballistic trajectory interception by an Aegis missile becomes much more complicated.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">This article below refers to the same missile incorrectly named as the KN-17 (designation subsequently revised by the Pentagon to KN-18):</span></b></div>
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<span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="38north.org" href="http://www.38north.org/2017/05/jschilling050117/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//qsf.c7.quoracdn.net/-3-images.new_grid.external_link.svg-26-7f84ed22dfd7e97b.svg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 10.5px; padding-right: 15px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">North Korea's "Carrier-Killer" May Be No Such Thing | 38 North: Informed Analysis of North Korea</span></b></a></span></div>
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<span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="38north.org" href="http://www.38north.org/2010/05/master-proliferator-or-simple-front-company/" rel="noopener nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//qsf.c7.quoracdn.net/-3-images.new_grid.external_link.svg-26-7f84ed22dfd7e97b.svg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 10.5px; padding-right: 15px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Master Proliferator or Simple Front Company?</span></b></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">the Soviet Union first developed a very primitive Anti Ship Ballistic Missile in 1962 known as the R-27K in Russia and as the SS-NX-13 in the west. This missile was abandoned due to SALT treaty negotiations, however it gave a lot of clues as to what a more modern Hypersonic Glide Vehicle could accomplish.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The R-27K used satellite targeting and then once launched homed in on the radar emissions from surface vessels. It was launched in a high lofted trajectory and could make targeting corrections of up to 30nm on re-entry. Against a target emanating radio-frequency transmissions, the SS-NX-13 was capable of a CEP of 0.1 to 0.2 nm.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The R-27K however did not have a hypersonic glide reentry vehicle. The chief advantage of a Hypersonic glide vehicle is to extend the range for engagement</span></b></div>
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<span class="qlink_container"><a class="external_link" data-qt-tooltip="globalsecurity.org" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/ss-n-13.htm" rel="noopener nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("//qsf.c7.quoracdn.net/-3-images.new_grid.external_link.svg-26-7f84ed22dfd7e97b.svg"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 10.5px; padding-right: 15px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">SS-NX-13 [KY-9] SLBM</span></b></a></span></div>
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<i><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">(Chinese intelligence identified DPRK missile warhead yield in 2014. Accuracy of 7m CEP in August 26 tests was reported in Korean language news articles derived from ROK military intelligence disclosures)</span></b></i></div>
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</span><img height="1608" src="https://nationalinterest.org/sites/default/files/styles/desktop__1486_x_614/public/main_images/RTXI80W.jpg?itok=Q8a-uoHu" width="2364" />
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"></span></span><span><span><b><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In an all out war, nuclear tipped missles could render the Iowa class battleship defensible because of its thick armor, also, these can be used in a limited war. </span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-size: x-large;"><br />
<span><span><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></b></span></span><span><span><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">To reinforce the protection of this BBG, in the future, it will be escorted by F-35B, a new type of task force, more advance than that of a typical carrier escorts of destroyers and cruisers.</span></b></span></span><br />
<span><span><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">see below....</span></b></span></span></span><br />
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<li style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><strong style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;">The 600-foot-long destroyer cruised along the Kennebec River to the Atlantic on its first voyage</strong></span></li>
<li style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><strong style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;">The ship, which weighs 15,000 tons, has taken four years to build at an estimated cost of $4.3 billion</strong></span></li>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Navy destroyer is designed to look like a much smaller vessel on radar, and it lived up to its billing during recent builder trials.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span>F</span><span>ILE - In this March 21, 2016 file photo, Dave Cleaveland and his son, Cody, photograph the USS Zumwalt as it passes Fort Popham at the mouth of the Kennebec River in Phippsburg, Maine, as it heads to sea for final builder trials. The ship is so stealthy that the U.S. Navy resorted to putting reflective material on its halyard to make it visible to mariners during the trials. (AP Photo/Robert F. Bukaty, File)</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">He watched as the behemoth came within a half-mile while returning to shipbuilder Bath Iron Works.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">'It's pretty mammoth when it's that close to you,' Pye said.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Despite its size, the warship is 50 times harder to detect than current destroyers thanks to its angular shape and other design features, and its stealth could improve even more once testing equipment is removed, said Capt. James Downey, program manager.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">During sea trials last month, the Navy tested Zumwalt's radar signature with and without reflective material hoisted on its halyard, he said. </b></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">The goal was to get a better idea of exactly how stealthy the ship really is, Downey said from Washington, D.C.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">The reflectors, which look like metal cylinders, have been used on other warships and will be standard issue on the Zumwalt and two sister ships for times when stealth becomes a liability and they want to be visible on radar, like times of fog or heavy ship traffic, he said.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The possibility of a collision is remote. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Zumwalt has sophisticated radar to detect vessels from miles away, allowing plenty of time for evasive action.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">But there is a concern that civilian mariners might not see it during bad weather or at night, and the reflective material could save them from being startled.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The destroyer is unlike anything ever built for the Navy.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Besides a shape designed to deflect enemy radar, it features a wave-piercing 'tumblehome' hull, composite deckhouse, electric propulsion and new guns.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">More tests will be conducted when the ship returns to sea later this month for final trials before being delivered to the Navy. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The warship is due to be commissioned in October in Baltimore, and will undergo more testing before becoming fully operational in 2018. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b>Future version of the radical design are expected to be used to test a futuristic 'Star Wars' railgun that uses electromagnetic energy to fire a shell weighing 10kg at up to 5,400mph over 100 miles – with such force and accuracy it penetrates three concrete walls or six half-inch thick steel plates. </b></span><br />
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The largest destroyer ever built for the U.S. Navy is currently undergoing sea trials. Future versions of the radical design will be fitted with 'star wars' railguns, if tests go according to plan.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">More than 200 shipbuilders, sailors and residents gathered to watch as the futuristic 600-foot, 15,000-ton USS Zumwalt glided past Fort Popham, accompanied by tugboats on Monday.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The $4.3bn ship departed from shipbuilder Bath Iron Works in Maine and carefully navigating the winding Kennebec River before reaching the open ocean where the ship will undergo sea trials.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Kelley Campana, a Bath Iron Works employee, said she had goose bumps and tears in her eyes.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">'This is pretty exciting. It's a great day to be a shipbuilder and to be an American,' she said. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">'It's the first in its class. There's never been anything like it. It looks like the future.'</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Larry Harris, a retired Raytheon employee who worked on the ship, watched it depart from Bath.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">'It's as cool as can be. It's nice to see it underway,' he said. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">'Hopefully, it will perform as advertised.'</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Bath Iron Works will be testing the ship's performance and making tweaks this winter. </b></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">For the crew and all those involved in designing, building, and readying this fantastic ship, this is a huge milestone,' the ship's skipper, Navy Capt. James Kirk, said before the ship departed.</span></b></span></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The ship has electric propulsion, new radar and sonar, powerful missiles and guns, and a stealthy design to reduce its radar signature" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="2407" id="i-2237e7c2adb4c5f2" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/08/21/2F2F32D800000578-0-image-m-12_1449610697598.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2645" /></b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Advanced automation will allow the warship to operate with a much smaller crew size than current destroyers.</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Warship of the future: Future versions of the radical design are expected to be used to test a futuristic 'Star Wars' railgun (advanced gun system) that uses electromagnetic energy to fire a shell weighing 10kg at up to 5,400mph over 100 miles</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The ship has electric propulsion, new radar and sonar, powerful missiles and guns, and a stealthy design to reduce its radar signature. </b></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Advanced automation will allow the warship to operate with a much smaller crew size than current destroyers.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">All of that innovation has led to construction delays and a growing price tag. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Zumwalt, the first of three ships in the class, will cost at least $4.4 billion.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The ship looks like nothing ever built at Bath Iron Works.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The inverse bow juts forward to slice through the waves. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Sharp angles deflect enemy radar signals. Radar and antennas are hidden in a composite deckhouse.</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">THE FIRST SHIP TO BE FITTED WITH A RAILGUN? </span></span></h3>
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<b style="color: orange; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="A prototype of the BAE railgun which could be fitted to future versions of the Zumwalt" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="304" id="i-aff0794b66e1a13e" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/08/21/2F2F60AC00000578-3351736-image-a-19_1449611624614.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="470" /></span></b></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A prototype of the BAE railgun which could be fitted to future versions of the Zumwalt</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Described as 'Star Wars technology' by researchers, the railgun can fire shells at seven times speed of sound, and penetrate concrete 100 miles away.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The weapon was on display to the public for the first time at the Naval Future Force Science and Technology EXPO at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in Washington, D.C. earlier this year</b></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Using electromagnetic energy, the gun can fire a shell weighing 10kg at up to 5,400mph over 100 miles – with such force and accuracy it penetrates three concrete walls or six half-inch thick steel plates.</b></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Two prototypes of the weapon have been developed for the US Navy – one by British arms manufacturer BAE Systems and the second by a US firm.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Rear Admiral Matthew Klunder, head of US Naval Research, has previously said said the futuristic electromagnetic railgun – so called because it fires from two parallel rails – had already undergone extensive testing on land.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">It will eventually be mounted on the third Zumwalt class ship. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The likely candidate for the weapon would be the third planned Zumwalt, Lyndon B. Johnson (DDG-1002) currently under construction at General Dynamics Bath Iron Works (BIW) with an expected delivery date of 2018.</b></span></div>
<img height="2168" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/08/21/0C792B50000005DC-3351736-image-a-21_1449611723335.jpg" width="2523" />
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">He said the first two ships – Zumwalt (DDG-1000) and Michael Monsoor (DDG-1001) – would be less likely to field the capability initially due to the schedule of testing with the new class.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">'It's firing. An electromagnetic railgun is a gun that uses just electricity – no gun powder – and … can shoot a projectile well over 100 miles at Mach 7. Energetic weapons, such as EM railguns, are the future of naval combat.'</b></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Electromagnetic launchers were one of the areas researched by Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defence Initiative, nicknamed 'Star Wars' after the science fiction film franchise.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">The builder sea trials will answer any questions of seaworthiness for a ship that utilizes a type of hull associated with pre-dreadnought battleships from a century ago.</span></b></span></span></div>
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<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Critics say the 'tumblehome' hull's sloping shape makes it less stable than conventional hulls, but it contributes to the ship's stealth and the Navy is confident in the design.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Eric Wertheim, author and editor of the U.S. Naval Institute's 'Guide to Combat Fleets of the World,' said there's no question the integration of so many new systems from the electric drive to the tumblehome hull carries some level of risk.</b></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Operational concerns, growing costs and fleet makeup led the Navy to truncate the 32-ship program to three ships, he said. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">With only three ships, the class of destroyers could become something of a technology demonstration project, he said. </b></span></div>
<div class="art-ins mol-factbox sciencetech" data-permabox-url="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3534697/US-Navy-s-giant-destroyer-stealthy-Zumwalt-fitted-reflectors-ships-spot-sea.html" style="clear: both; margin: 0px 0px 16px; min-height: 50px; padding: 0px;">
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<span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">USS ZUMWALT: EQUIPPED TO DOMINATE THE SEAS FOR DECADES</span></span></h3>
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<img height="1882" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/08/21/2F256FB300000578-3351736-A_model_of_the_Zumwalt_Class_destroyer_built_by_Bath_Iron_Works_-a-13_1449610957998.jpg" width="2697" />
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A model of the Zumwalt Class destroyer built by Bath Iron Works and Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding is seen displayed during a contract signing ceremony at the Pentagon</b></span></span></div>
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<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Displacement: </span>14,564 long tons (14,798 t)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Length:</span> 600 ft (180 m)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Beam:</span> 80.7 ft (24.6 m)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Draft:</span> 27.6 ft (8.4 m)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Propulsion: </span>Two Rolls-Royce Marine Trent-30 gas turbines driving Curtiss-Wright generators and emergency diesel generators, 78 MW (105,000 shp); two propellers driven by electric motors</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Speed:</span> Over 30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span class="mol-style-bold" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Weapons:</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">20 × MK 57 VLS modules, with a total of 80 launch cells</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile (ESSM), four per cell</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Tactical Tomahawk, one per cell</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Vertical Launch Anti-Submarine Rocket (ASROC), one per cell</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Two × 155 mm/62 caliber Advanced Gun System</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">920 × 155 mm rounds total; 600 in automated store with Auxiliary store room with up to 320 rounds (non-automatic) as of April 2005</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">70–100 LRLAP rounds planned as of 2005 of total</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">Two × Mk 110 57 mm gun (CIGS)</b></span></div>
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<b style="color: orange; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="The Zumwalt looks like no other U.S. warship, with an angular profile and clean carbon fiber superstructure that hides antennas and radar masts, among many other features" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1343" id="i-de397d5c19142868" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/08/21/2F256FAF00000578-3351736-The_Zumwalt_looks_like_no_other_U_S_warship_with_an_angular_prof-a-15_1449610980450.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2628" /></span></b></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Zumwalt looks like no other U.S. warship, with an angular profile and clean carbon fiber superstructure that hides antennas and radar masts, among many other features </b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Zumwalt looks like no other U.S. warship, with an angular profile and clean carbon fiber superstructure that hides antennas and radar masts. </b></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Originally envisioned as a 'stealth destroyer,' the Zumwalt has a low-slung appearance and angles that deflect radar. Its wave-piercing hull aims for a smoother ride. </span></b></span></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Local news organizations report that the ship was supposed to get underway for training at sea, but as the crew prepared for the voyage, it detected the leak" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1783" id="i-64f1f1f0766116d1" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/07/16/E88L5UDXj7feca0b884394df904-3349443-The_first_Zumwalt_class_destroyer_USS_Zumwalt_the_largest_ever_b-a-13_1449506093887.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2677" /></b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Heading out to sea: The 600-foot-long destroyer cruised along the Kennebec River to the Atlantic on its maiden voyage</b></span></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Big moment: The first Zumwalt-class destroyer, the USS Zumwalt is the largest ever built for the Navy and cost an estimated $4.3 billion</b></span></span></div><div class="imageCaption" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); clear: both; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<img height="1967" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/07/16/cu6rthdRwa5e75a04f6c593b591-3349443-The_first_Zumwalt_class_destroyer_the_USS_Zumwalt_the_largest_ev-a-14_1449506093951.jpg" width="2958" />
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Spectators line the shore in Phippsburg, Maine, on Monday morning to witness the ship is headed out to sea for sea trials</b></span></span></div>
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<span><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">'IIt's the first in its class. There's never been anything like it. It looks like the future': said Kelley Campana, a Bath Iron Works employee</b></span></span></div>
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<img height="2100" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/07/18/2F25908600000578-3349443-image-a-33_1449513269310.jpg" width="2800" />
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<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Futuristic: Resembling a 19th century ironclad warship the, USS Zumwalt uses a 21st century version of a 'tumblehome' hull</b></span></span></div>
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<img height="1841" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/07/18/2F256F4800000578-3349443-image-a-35_1449513277424.jpg" width="2763" />
<div class="imageCaption" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); clear: both; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></div><div class="imageCaption" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); clear: both; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></span></div><div class="imageCaption" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); clear: both; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Hulking: First-in-class USS Zumwalt is the largest U.S. Navy destroyer ever built and took four years to complete. It is now being tested </b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #e69138; font-size: large;"><br /></span><h2><img height="1796" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/12/07/16/E88L5UDXj7feca0b884394df3f6-3349443-The_first_Zumwalt_class_destroyer_the_largest_ever_built_for_the-a-11_1449506093864.jpg" width="2699" /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /> </span></b></span></h2><h2><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /></span></b></span></h2></div></div></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="detail-hero" style="background-image: none;"><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">My proposed BBG's will have one half the height of the Superstructure or bridge but will have it extended all the way to the stern. Thus creating a flat top suitable for F -35B and helicopters. </span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><br /></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><br /></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><br /></h2><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">THE US SHOULD USE AIRPOWER FIRST TO KNOCKOUT AII CHINESE, NORTH KOREAN AND RUSSIAN BASES WITH B-2 B=21, B-1, ARSENAL AIRSHIPS (RAPID DRAGONS) FOR AS LONG AS THERE ARE MILITARY ASSETS EXIST OF THE ENEMIES, WITHOUT THE USE OF SURFACE SHIPS. AIR SUPERIORITY FIRST BEFORE THE NAVY ACCORDING TO THE WAR GAMES BELOW.</b></span></div><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2554" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lu6wmemSJYU" width="3073" youtube-src-id="lu6wmemSJYU"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The first Zumwalt-class destroyer, the largest ever built for the U.S. Navy, heads down the Kennebec River after leaving Bath Iron Works, This future battleship would give the Navy— and by extension the president—warfighting options other than the total annihilation of the enemy. Regular FONOPs already demonstrate the need for such options. </span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><br /></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2560" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Qa_FH-qM6IM" width="3080" youtube-src-id="Qa_FH-qM6IM"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></h2><h2 style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The A2/AD threat will likely generate even more dangerous missions that only a durable battleship of the future can safely perform.</span></b></h2></div></div></div><div><div><div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="detail-hero" style="background-image: none;"><div itemprop="articleBody" style="line-height: 26px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2501" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/B6X5I_HlDoA" width="3008" youtube-src-id="B6X5I_HlDoA"></iframe></div><br /><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></div></div>
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</div></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-25877075632805914552023-08-18T14:25:00.002-07:002023-09-15T14:28:25.051-07:00<p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">UKRAINE WITHOUT A NAVY TERRIFIES THE RUSSIANS</b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2557" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/R7G9qHHCSXo" width="3078" youtube-src-id="R7G9qHHCSXo"></iframe></div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2558" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Iv1WbNY-yB0" width="3079" youtube-src-id="Iv1WbNY-yB0"></iframe></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: black; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;">There are submersible drones too with sonar reflectors or dampeners that can navigate autonomously during targeting phase onto "locked on" targets. They are more cost efficient especially while engaging submarines and surface ships. They have ISR roles/ capabilities and can also swarm into " formational" attack roles as reactive/ responsive mines.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;">They probably have been inspired by the “barchini”, the italian royal navy small boats, used by the incursori (special operations personnel of the navy) in the Adriatic Sea against the Austrian-Hungarian Navy, during first world war. Similar tactic: they were launched by main ships or departed from Italian coast. At about 250 mts from their target, the sailor blocked rudder and throttle of the barchino and jumped outboard, in the sea. The boats were full of explosive. They were invented by Italian admiral and hero of war, Nazario Sauro. May the victory be with Ukraina: may the spirit of Italian brave sailors be with Ukrainian people!<br /><br /></span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2537" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GIyhpD-cGoA" width="3053" youtube-src-id="GIyhpD-cGoA"></iframe></div><p><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Those marine drones travel at 50mph, no ship can go that speed so the drone can easily catch up. Ukraine has been very clever with telling commercial ship owners that if their ships are going to and from Russian ports then they will be treated as valid military targets - they have given ship owners two weeks notice to get their ships out of the black sea - and large commercial ships cannot dodge and weave, and will not be carrying the means to destroy the naval drones. A lot of Russian oil, and even more of their wheat goes via Black Sea ports... This could really cripple Russia.</b></span></div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> </p><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-85892491752282901882023-08-18T11:16:00.013-07:002023-09-16T12:15:03.077-07:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">BBM MARCOS BEWARE: Duterte's clan army in Davao Philippines, INSIDER IN YOUR MIDST AND AGAINST YOUR PRO WESTERN POLICIES</b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2657" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Y5yisZHctcg" width="3195" youtube-src-id="Y5yisZHctcg"></iframe></div><br /><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.875rem; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.875rem; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.875rem; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Monday's all-but-official election of Ferdinand Marcos Jr. to become the next president of the Philippines will hold significant implications for Manila's foreign policy. Marcos, known as Bongbong, is likely to be influenced by the policies of both his father, former dictator Ferdinand Marcos, and his predecessor, Rodrigo Duterte, yielding a new government interested in engaging China while keeping the United States close by. Marcos has consistently <a href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1589037/marcos-defends-fathers-rule" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">lauded</a> his father's achievements, one of which was maintaining a strong security alliance with Washington in spite of bilateral frictions, and he is <a href="https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/4/28/marcos-pdp-laban-endorsement-duterte.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">politically aligned with Duterte</a>, who sought to pivot away from the United States to China. Thus, over his term of six years, Washington should expect a kind of Duterte-light leader who is China-friendly but who does not have the expressed intent, as Duterte did, of dismantling the Philippine-U.S. alliance. Indeed, he might even bolster it if Beijing's assertiveness in the South China Sea continues to rise.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.875rem; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Because Marcos refused to participate in most presidential debates during the campaign and did not release any official foreign-policy statements, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/05/asia/philippine-elections-china-marcos-robredo-intl-hnk/index.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">analysts</a> have largely been forced to read the tea leaves to determine his exact position. He did, however, participate in one major <a href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/02/19/marcos-shares-clear-cut-foreign-policy-west-phl-sea-responses-in-smni-debate/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">debate</a> and a few media <a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/philippine-presidential-candidates-espouse-tougher-china-sea-approach/6539123.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">interviews</a> this year that covered foreign policy at length. On these occasions, Marcos's responses to questions on Philippine foreign policy offer the clearest sense of what he will look to achieve on foreign policy when he takes over from Duterte on June 30.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.875rem; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">At the very highest level, Marcos, like every Philippine leader, seeks to maintain his country's national interests regardless of deepening U.S.-Chinese competition. During the debate, he said: “No matter what the superpowers are trying to do, we have to work within the interest of the Philippines. We cannot allow ourselves to be part of the foreign policy of other countries. We have to have our own foreign policy.” This statement suggests that he envisions Manila as neither wedded to the alliance with Washington nor forging a new partnership with Beijing. Rather, he wants to steer a middle path to navigate intensifying great-power competition. By contrast, Duterte, on his first trip to China not long after his election, <a href="https://globalnation.inquirer.net/147175/time-to-say-goodbye-duterte-tells-us-during-visit-to-china" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">famously announced</a> it was “time to say goodbye” to Washington. Despite his political alignment with Duterte, Marcos probably won't be choosing a side.</b></span></p><div class="pull-quote right" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.9375rem; margin-left: 0.9375rem; max-width: 16.25rem;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Marcos, like every Philippine leader, seeks to maintain his country's national interests regardless of deepening U.S.-Chinese competition.</b></span></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;"><a class="pull-quote-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fblog%2F2022%2F05%2Fnew-philippine-president-marcos-jr-likely-wont-repeat&text=Marcos%2C+like+every+Philippine+leader%2C+seeks+to+maintain+his+country%27s+national+interests+regardless+of+deepening+U.S.-Chinese+competition.&via=RANDCorporation" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a class="pull-quote-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fblog%2F2022%2F05%2Fnew-philippine-president-marcos-jr-likely-wont-repeat&text=Marcos%2C+like+every+Philippine+leader%2C+seeks+to+maintain+his+country%27s+national+interests+regardless+of+deepening+U.S.-Chinese+competition.&via=RANDCorporation" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Share on Twitter</b></span></a></div></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.875rem; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Regarding what he hopes to achieve on China policy, Marcos underscored in the debate that the Philippines is in a “hot spot” when it comes to geopolitics. However, he also argued that Manila “will not cede any one square inch to any country, particularly China, but will continue to engage and work on our national interest.” Marcos's resolve to defend Philippine national sovereignty and territorial integrity against China in the South China Sea—where the two nations have many overlapping claims and have increasingly been at loggerheads in recent years—is striking relative to Duterte's unabashed pro-China stance on these challenges early on in his tenure. For instance, it took Duterte's government four years to finally <a href="https://globalnation.inquirer.net/189412/on-4th-anniversary-of-arbitral-win-vs-china-ph-insists-award-non-negotiable" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">acknowledge</a> the 2016 Permanent Court of Arbitration ruling in Manila's favor on Beijing's expansive claims in the South China Sea—a victory not just for the Philippines, but for international law and norms of maritime behavior. Marcos has been neutral on the ruling itself, simply stating that because China rejected participating in the arbitration in 2013, “it's no longer available to us.” This should not be interpreted as a rejection of the ruling but a recognition of the difficulties in enforcing it without Beijing's cooperation.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.875rem; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Although it is well known that Marcos and his family <a href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/Bongbong-Marcos-will-move-the-Philippines-closer-to-China" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">maintain close ties</a> to the Chinese Communist Party, the new president has also voiced concern over China's rising assertiveness against the Philippines in the South China Sea. During the debate, he noted, “It should not be hard to point out to China that our fishing boats are not a military threat to them, so why should they deploy warships there? But we have to respond. If it happens again, we can send the Navy or even Coast Guard, so there's a military presence … a presence of the state in that area.” The fact that Marcos highlighted the need for “a presence of the state” in disputed areas strongly suggests he seeks to leverage the U.S.-Philippine alliance to deter China, since any attack on Philippine state assets would necessarily trigger the Mutual Defense Treaty. <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-usa/pompeo-assures-philippines-of-u-s-protection-in-event-of-sea-conflict-idUSKCN1QI3NM" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">Washington's policy</a> on this point has been consistent for years.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.875rem; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">During the debate, Marcos also argued for showing resolve in the South China Sea. He said the objective “is to show to China that we are defending what we consider our territorial waters and [the objective] is not to fire upon the Chinese vessels.” He further contended that Manila needs to “make [the Chinese] aware that we know what they are doing and we don't agree with what they are doing, and we carry on with our diplomatic channels, other channels, to fix the problem so it won't happen again.” Yet again, Marcos's statements on China are far more hawkish than Duterte's were, both early on and throughout most of his tenure.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.875rem; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">On the U.S. alliance, Marcos has likewise distinguished himself sharply from Duterte. In answering a question at the debate, he noted, “Our relationship with the United States is not something to be cavalier about.” He further referred to the alliance as “a very important one.” He argued that the alliance “has stood us in good stead for over a hundred years and that will never disappear from the Philippine psyche, the idea and the memory of what the United States did for us and fought with us in the last war.” Marcos's intentions appear to be the exact opposite of Duterte's, who <a href="https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/02/14/1993016/mdt-edca-may-also-be-scrapped" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">sought to systematically dismantle</a> the alliance, one agreement at a time—including the Visiting Forces Agreement, the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement, and even the Mutual Defense Treaty itself. That is a good thing for Washington and almost certainly represents a nod to the elder Marcos's <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1148755?seq=1" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">prioritization of the alliance</a>. Indeed, the days of dredging up the United States' dark colonial legacy in the Philippines may end with Duterte's tenure.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.875rem; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">To be sure, Marcos, like Duterte, may still wish to explore renegotiating certain aspects of the alliance. <a href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/02/19/marcos-shares-clear-cut-foreign-policy-west-phl-sea-responses-in-smni-debate/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">During the debate</a>, he noted, “I think any of these agreements we should, of course, encourage as long as it is very clear to us: What is the advantage for the Philippines?” Hence, it is possible that Marcos's future defense secretary, whoever he or she may be, will follow in the footsteps of outgoing Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana, who repeatedly called for a <a href="https://www.rappler.com/nation/lorenzana-calls-review-philippines-mutual-defense-treaty-united-states/" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">“review” of the Mutual Defense Treaty</a>. But if Marcos's government does launch a review process, it will likely be in good faith to improve Manila's benefits within the alliance rather than trying to find ways to terminate it. Either way, Marcos is unlikely to seek U.S. support against China unless absolutely required. In one <a href="https://www.voanews.com/a/philippine-presidential-candidates-espouse-tougher-china-sea-approach/6539123.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;">interview</a>, he said, “The problem is between China and us. If the Americans come in, it's bound to fail because you are putting the two protagonists together.”</b></span></p><div class="pull-quote right" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: right; margin-bottom: 0.9375rem; margin-left: 0.9375rem; max-width: 16.25rem;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Unlike Duterte, Marcos appears to highly value the U.S. alliance.</b></span></p><div style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;"><a class="pull-quote-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fblog%2F2022%2F05%2Fnew-philippine-president-marcos-jr-likely-wont-repeat&text=Unlike+Duterte%2C+Marcos+appears+to+highly+value+the+U.S.+alliance.+&via=RANDCorporation" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"></a><a class="pull-quote-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fblog%2F2022%2F05%2Fnew-philippine-president-marcos-jr-likely-wont-repeat&text=Unlike+Duterte%2C+Marcos+appears+to+highly+value+the+U.S.+alliance.+&via=RANDCorporation" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Share on Twitter</b></span></a></div></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.875rem; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Marcos's hesitance to involve the U.S. military in future potential conflicts with China should not be a source of concern in Washington. Unlike Duterte, Marcos appears to highly value the alliance. In fact, he might be arguing for Manila to do more on its own—a development, if it comes to pass, that should be embraced by Washington. It would fit neatly into the Biden administration's strategy of so-called integrated deterrence, in which U.S. allies and partners work together to deter China and other adversaries, such as Russia.</b></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0.875rem; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Of course, all these statements are just that—statements. Marcos will have to match his words with deeds in the coming years to demonstrate that he actually plans to defend Philippine sovereignty against China and prioritize the U.S. alliance. It is likely he will do both, not least because of the overwhelmingly pro-U.S. sentiment among the Philippine population, the military leadership, and other constituencies. These basic facts of Philippine politics—coupled with Beijing's rising assertiveness against Manila's interests in the South China Sea, which shows no signs of abating—made Duterte's pro-China gambit politically dead on arrival. Hence, Marcos is likely to tweak Duterte's foreign policy just enough to avoid the same pitfalls and maximize the strategic benefits to the Philippines.</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2934" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z3-WGR0S9Xw" width="3528" youtube-src-id="Z3-WGR0S9Xw"></iframe></div><br /><header class="ssrcss-1eqcsb1-HeadingWrapper e1nh2i2l5" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.5rem 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 1rem; vertical-align: baseline;"><h1 class="ssrcss-15xko80-StyledHeading e10rt3ze0" id="main-heading" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 2.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.09091; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="-1"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">What the Marcos' return to power means for the Philippines</span></h1><div style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul class="ssrcss-1xpwu3-MetadataStripContainer eh44mf03" role="list" style="border: 0px; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap-reverse; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; list-style: none; margin: -0.25rem 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-13nu8ri-GroupChildrenForWrapping eh44mf02" style="border: 0px; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li class="ssrcss-30fcoe-MetadataStripItem eh44mf01" role="listitem" style="-webkit-box-align: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: inline-flex; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.25rem 0.875rem 0px 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0" style="border: 0px; clip-path: inset(100%); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><b>Published<span style="font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">S</span></b></span><span style="background-color: #eb0000; color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">hare</span></div></li></div></ul></div></header><div class="ssrcss-1y79c70-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="1849" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/17B78/production/_124644179_gettyimages-1395951494.jpg" width="3285" /><span class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20" role="text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; left: 0px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25rem; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0" style="border: 0px; clip-path: inset(100%); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">IMAGE SOURCE,</span><span style="color: #f6f6f6; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #141414; font-size: 0.75rem; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit; text-transform: uppercase;">GETTY IMAGES</span></span></span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1mget3o-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(138, 140, 142); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1px; color: #545658; font-family: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0.5rem 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.5rem; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0" style="border: 0px; clip-path: inset(100%); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Image caption,</span><div class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260" spacing="6" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr and his family</div></figcaption></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-1bdte2-BylineComponentWrapper e8mq1e90" data-component="byline-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem auto; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-qt5zqv-BylineWrapper e8mq1e917" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-h3c0s8-ContributorContainer e8mq1e916" style="align-items: flex-end; border: 0px; display: grid; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; gap: 1rem 0.5rem; grid-template-columns: 1fr; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-1u2in0b-Container-ContributorDetails e8mq1e913" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; grid-column: 1 / 3; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-68pt20-Text-TextContributorName e8mq1e96" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.22222; margin: 0px 0px 0.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b class="ssrcss-hmf8ql-BoldText e5tfeyi3" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">History has come full circle in the Philippines.</span></b></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A ruling family which was driven out of power 36 years ago, accused of spectacular greed and brutality, is all but set to return to Malacañang - the presidential palace.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">It is a stunning blow to those in the Philippines who have campaigned for accountability for the abuses of the old Marcos era. The Marcos family has never apologised for those abuses, nor given back much of the treasure they are accused of stealing from the national purse.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">How has Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr done it? And what are the implications for the 110 million people of the Philippines, and for its place in the world?</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-19w8cxh-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0" data-component="subheadline-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.5rem 0px 1.5rem; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 class="ssrcss-y2fd7s-StyledHeading e10rt3ze0" id="Lies-and-distortion" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="-1"><span role="text" style="background-color: black; border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Lies and distortion</span></span></h2></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">In 1986, public anger towards the Marcos regime saw Ferdinand Marcos and his family toppled and forced out of the Philippines.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">But after just five years in exile, the family returned - and immediately began making their way back into political circles.</b></span></p></div></div><div id="piano-inline1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Bongbong has been almost continually in office since the age of 23, aside from his time abroad. Winning the presidency is something he has been preparing for all his life.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Other members of his family have also held various political offices since they were allowed to return to the Philippines, including his mother Imelda and his older sister Imee. Imelda even contested the presidency just a year after coming back in 1992.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">They have also benefitted greatly by aligning themselves with another powerful family, the Dutertes. Rodrigo Duterte is the current president of the Philippines.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">This brought together the Marcos' fiefdom in the provinces of Ilocos Norte and Leyte in the north and centre, together with the Dutertes' stronghold of Mindanao in the south.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">"If I'm going to put a number on it that's at least 50% of the reason he has come this far," says political strategist Alan German. "The Duterte machinery is strong, he is a well-loved president."</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="1821" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/0951/production/_124658320_gettyimages-1371583608.jpg" width="3237" /><span class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20" role="text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; left: 0px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25rem; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0" style="border: 0px; clip-path: inset(100%); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: justify; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">IMAGE SOURCE,</b></span></span><div style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; text-align: justify; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="background-color: black; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>GETTY IMAGES</b></span></span></div></span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1mget3o-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(138, 140, 142); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0.5rem 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.5rem; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0" style="border: 0px; clip-path: inset(100%); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: justify; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Image caption,</b></span></span><div class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260" spacing="6" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Marcos and Duterte families came together in the 2022 election</b></span></div></figcaption></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Then there was the social media campaign to rebrand the old Marcos era - not as a period of martial law, with its terrible human rights abuses, corruption and near-economic collapse - but as a golden age of crime-free prosperity.</b></span></p></div></div><div id="piano-inline2" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">This began at least a decade ago, with hundreds of deceptively-edited videos being uploaded to Youtube, which were then reposted on sympathetic Facebook pages.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">These persuaded millions of Filipinos that the vilification of the Marcoses after their downfall was unfair, that the stories of unrivalled greed were untrue.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">"There's a spectrum of lies and distortion in these videos," says Fatima Gaw at the University of the Philippines Department of Communications Research.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">"There is outright denial of the atrocities of the martial era. There's also a lot of distortion, claims of economic progress during the so-called golden years of the Philippines, by cherry picking particular details."</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">And then there are the myths, widely believed in poorer parts of the Philippines, that the Marcoses do indeed hold vast wealth in offshore accounts or hidden stashes of gold bullion, but that these are being kept to benefit the Filipino people once they are restored to power.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="unordered-list-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-1o5f7ft-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul role="list" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="ssrcss-k17ofw-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-61212659" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-color: rgb(138, 140, 142); text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The man attempting to revive a corrupt dynasty</b></span></a></li><li style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="ssrcss-k17ofw-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-61379915" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-color: rgb(138, 140, 142); text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 0.25em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Why the Marcos family is so infamous</b></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Collaborative fact-checking venture Tsek.ph found that up to the end of April, 92% of online disinformation about the Marcos campaign was in its favour, whereas 96% about his main rival, Vice President Leni Robredo, was negative - including some nasty slanders against her.</b></span></p></div></div><div id="piano-inline3" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">But the pro-Marcos disinformation campaign has also benefited from widespread public disappointment over the failure of the post-1986 administrations to bring significant improvements to the lives of poorer Filipinos.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Bongbong has successfully portrayed himself as the candidate for change, promising happiness and unity to a country weary of years of political polarisation and pandemic hardship, and hungry for a better story.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">By staying away from all the presidential debates and refusing media interviews, he avoided having his family's record challenged, and was able to maintain the illusion of harmony, despite millions remaining opposed to his presidency.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The fact that he faced so many rivals was also a significant advantage. The anti-Marcos vote was divided among nine candidates, and the strongest among them, Leni Robredo, declared late, giving her unusually spirited campaign little time to counter the powerful Marcos narrative.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-19w8cxh-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper egtrm1f0" data-component="subheadline-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 2.5rem 0px 1.5rem; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><h2 class="ssrcss-y2fd7s-StyledHeading e10rt3ze0" id="The-fate-of-democracy" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;" tabindex="-1"><span role="text" style="background-color: black; border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The fate of democracy</span></span></h2></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">So what can we expect from the Marcos presidency? He spoke little about the details of his policy platform while campaigning, which in any case is an unremarkable list of promises, largely to continue the policies of President Duterte.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">One obvious concern is what happens to the efforts to recover the money allegedly stolen by the Marcoses when they were last in power.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Presidential Commission on Good Governance (PCGG), established after the 1986 uprising, has recovered about one third of the $10-15bn of so-called "ill-gotten wealth" - including jewellery, valuable paintings and Imelda's famous shoes - but is officially still pursuing the rest.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="1215" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/68CE/production/_124303862_gettyimages-152810060.jpg" width="2160" /><span class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20" role="text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; left: 0px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25rem; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0" style="border: 0px; clip-path: inset(100%); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: justify; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">IMAGE SOURCE,</b></span></span><div style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; text-align: justify; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="background-color: black; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>GETTY IMAGES</b></span></span></div></span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1mget3o-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(138, 140, 142); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0.5rem 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.5rem; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0" style="border: 0px; clip-path: inset(100%); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: justify; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Image caption,</b></span></span><div class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260" spacing="6" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Imelda Marcos' infamous shoe collection</b></span></div></figcaption></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Bongbong has suggested that he would widen the PCGG's remit to include other families, but given the limited progress in holding the Marcoses to account while they were out of power, it is hard to imagine much progress now they are back.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">There is also the matter of unpaid tax on the Marcos estate - Bongbong was found guilty of failing to file a tax return in 1995.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">And there's a verdict in the United States that he is in contempt of court for failing to pay reparations to victims of his father's human rights violations, which will make any official visit to the US, a treaty ally of the Philippines, tricky.</b></span></p></div></div><img height="4044" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/1218D/production/_124652147_marcos_family_timeline-nc-v2_2x-nc.png" width="3187" /><div class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="ssrcss-var3ia-Placeholder etlorgc0" style="border: 0px; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 3.1625px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><source srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png.webp 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png.webp 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png.webp 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png.webp 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png.webp 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png.webp 976w" type="image/webp"></source><img alt="line" class="ssrcss-evoj7m-Image edrdn950" height="2" loading="lazy" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png" srcset="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 976w" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; align-items: center; border: 0px; display: flex; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; height: 3.1625px; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; object-fit: cover; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; width: 990px;" width="624" /></b></span></span></span></div></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">His partnership with the Dutertes will also be watched closely.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Bongbong has promised to continue President Duterte's controversial anti-drug campaign, but hinted that he would support less violent methods.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Sara Duterte, the president's daughter, is near-certain to win the vice-presidency, and her own popularity makes her a likely presidential candidate in 2028.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">But President Duterte has not formally endorsed Marcos, nor is his relationship with his daughter always smooth.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The vice-president is elected separately from the president, and Ms Duterte may wish to use her position to propel her own political career.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">However the post carries little power compared to that of the president. While formally allied in the campaign, they will need to agree on how to divide the spoils of office.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">But there are some bigger questions.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">How much corruption - always a problem in the Philippines - will there be under a family with the reputation of the Marcoses?</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">And perhaps the greatest concern will be over the fate of democracy and civil rights, both of which suffered under President Duterte.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-xza2yt-ComponentWrapper ep2nwvo1" data-component="image-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5rem 0px; max-width: 50rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="ssrcss-4qvfmb-StyledFigure e34k3c23" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="1947" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/A591/production/_124658324_gettyimages-633012278.jpg" width="3461" /><span class="ssrcss-tvuve5-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20" role="text" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; left: 0px; line-height: 1.33333; margin: 0px; padding: 0.25rem; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0" style="border: 0px; clip-path: inset(100%); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: justify; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">IMAGE SOURCE,</b></span></span><div style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; text-align: justify; text-transform: uppercase;"><span style="background-color: black; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>GETTY IMAGES</b></span></span></div></span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1mget3o-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(138, 140, 142); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 0px 1px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1.28571; margin: 0.5rem 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0.5rem; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0" style="border: 0px; clip-path: inset(100%); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: justify; text-wrap: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Image caption,</b></span></span><div class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260" spacing="6" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Mr Duterte's administration has been condemned for its brutality</b></span></div></figcaption></figure></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">How will Bongbong deal with opposition to a Marcos administration? How free will the media be to keep investigating his family's past?</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Marcos campaign's open hostility to all but the most friendly media outlets is not an encouraging sign.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Voters in the Philippines have long shown a partiality to strongman rule, to roguish characters who promise to dispense with the messy compromises of democracy and get things done.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">That explains the election of Joseph Estrada in 1998, and more recently in the 2016 of Mr Duterte, who made no secret of his impatience with democratic norms.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Bongbong Marcos does not have that kind of charisma, but he has run largely on refashioned memories of the strongman rule of his father.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">His social media campaign has proved so successful there are fears this will now be the model for future elections in the Philippines, with the mainstream media sidelined, and a blizzard of fact-free narratives competing online.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">His family's return to power also neatly bookends the optimistic age of globalisation. This arguably began when the US refused to support his autocratic father in the waning years of the Cold War, inspiring pro-democracy movements across the world.</b></span></p></div></div><div class="ssrcss-11r1m41-RichTextComponentWrapper ep2nwvo0" data-component="text-block" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 1rem 0px; max-width: 36.25rem; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="ssrcss-7uxr49-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">It has now come to an end with the war in Ukraine, the breakdown of China-US relations, and the rise of populist leaders riding a tsunami of social media disinformation.</b></span></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2521" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/r4bK_8efoS0" width="3034" youtube-src-id="r4bK_8efoS0"></iframe></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span><p></p></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-41520771672217783312023-08-17T12:52:00.004-07:002023-09-11T14:26:59.564-07:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><br />MAKE CHINA PAY FOR OUR MURDERED KINS<br /><br /></span></span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2548" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lKZQ-ZYyZ78" width="3065" youtube-src-id="lKZQ-ZYyZ78"></iframe><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br />A recently uncovered bombshell dossier suggests Chinese scientists have been “preparing” for a Third World War fought with “biological and genetic weapons – including coronavirus,” according to Sky News host Alan Jones. “The paper by Chinese scientists describes these biological weapons as the core for victory and outlines the ‘perfect’ conditions to release them,” he said. “The documents obtained by US investigators indicate, presumably at the direction of President Xi, a complete lack of regulation in China’s laboratories, and that the infamous Wuhan Institute of Virology has been collecting numerous coronaviruses from bats ever since the SARS outbreak in 2002.” Mr Jones questioned where the “collective Western leadership” is to “lay it on the line and challenge China to come clean”. “The biggest weapon available to China today is an incoherent and cognitively deprived President of the United States,” he said. “Coronavirus may well be the thin edge of the wedge. Is coronavirus a preliminary test of this new biological strategy?</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></h2><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 40px; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">“Do we have the scholarship in our parliaments to deal with this? I suspect not.”China was preparing for a Third World War with biological weapons - including coronavirus - 8 years ago, according to dossier produced by the People's Liberation Army in 2015 and uncovered by the US State Department</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Beijing ha</span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">s considered the military potential of SARS coronaviruses since 2015</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The bombshell document was accessed by US State Department investigators</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Scientists examined manipulation of diseases 'in a way never seen before'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Foreign affairs committee's Tom Tugendhat says evidence is a 'major concern'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2490" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0Q77qmML_K4" width="2996" youtube-src-id="0Q77qmML_K4"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-9556415/China-preparing-WW3-biological-weapons-six-years-investigators-say.html#comments"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Chinese scientists have been preparing for a Third World War fought with biological and genetic weapons including <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/coronavirus/index.html">coronavirus</a> for the last 8 years, according to a document obtained by US investigators.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The bombshell paper, accessed by the US State Department, insists they will be 'the core weapon for victory' in such a conflict, even outlining the perfect conditions to release a bioweapon, and documenting the impact it would have on 'the enemy's medical system'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">This latest evidence that <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/beijing/index.html">Beijing</a> considered the military potential of SARS coronaviruses from as early as 2015 has also raised fresh fears over the cause of Covid-19, with some officials still believing the virus could have escaped from a Chinese lab.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The dossier by People's Liberation Army scientists and health officials, details of which were reported in<a href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a_GGL&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Fpolitics%2Fchinese-military-scientists-discussed-weaponising-sars-coronaviruses%2Fnews-story%2F850ae2d2e2681549cb9d21162c52d4c0&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium"> The Australian</a>, examined the manipulation of diseases to make weapons 'in a way never seen before'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Senior government figures say it 'raises major concerns' over the intentions of those close to Chinese President Xi Jinping amid growing fears about the country's lack of regulation over its activity in laboratories.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1731" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2021/05/08/07/42723146-9556415-image-a-1_1620456272865.jpg" width="2595" /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Chinese scientists have been preparing for a Third World War fought with biological and genetic weapons including coronavirus for the last six years</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1915" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2021/05/08/13/42726374-9556415-This_latest_evidence_that_Beijing_considered_the_military_potent-a-3_1620478579819.jpg" width="3012" /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">This latest evidence that Beijing considered the military potential of SARS coronaviruses from as early as 2015 has also raised fresh fears over the cause of Covid-19, with some officials still believing the virus could have escaped from a Chinese lab</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Did coronavirus originate in Chinese government laboratory?</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The Wuhan Institute of Virology has been collecting numerous coronaviruses from bats ever since the SARS outbreak in 2002.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">They have also published papers describing how these bat viruses have interacted with human cells.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">US Embassy staff visited the lab in 2018 and 'had grave safety concerns' over the protocols which were being observed at the facility.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The lab is just eight miles from the Huanan wet market which is where the first cluster of infections erupted in Wuhan.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The market is just a few hundred yards from another lab called the Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (WHCDC).</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The WHCDC kept disease-ridden animals in its labs, including some 605 bats.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Those who support the theory argue that Covid-19 could have leaked from either or both of these facilities and spread to the wet market.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Most argue that this would have been a virus they were studying rather than one which was engineered.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Last year a bombshell paper from the Beijing-sponsored South China University of Technology recounted how bats once attacked a researcher at the WHCDC and 'blood of bat was on his skin.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The report says: 'Genome sequences from patients were 96% or 89% identical to the Bat CoV ZC45 coronavirus originally found in Rhinolophus affinis (intermediate horseshoe bat).'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">It describes how the only native bats are found around 600 miles away from the Wuhan seafood market and that the probability of bats flying from Yunnan and Zhejiang provinces was minimal.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">In addition there is little to suggest the local populace eat the bats as evidenced by testimonies of 31 residents and 28 visitors.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Instead the authors point to research being carried out within 300 yards at the WHCDC.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">One of the researchers at the WHCDC described quarantining himself for two weeks after a bat's blood got on his skin, according to the report. That same man also quarantined himself after a bat urinated on him.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">And he also mentions discovering a live tick from a bat - parasites known for their ability to pass infections through a host animal's blood.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'The WHCDC was also adjacent to the Union Hospital (Figure 1, bottom) where the first group of doctors were infected during this epidemic.' The report says.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'It is plausible that the virus leaked around and some of them contaminated the initial patients in this epidemic, though solid proofs are needed in future study.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The authors of the document insist that a third world war 'will be biological', unlike the first two wars which were described as chemical and nuclear respectively.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Referencing research which suggested the two atomic bombs dropped on Japan forced them to surrender, and bringing about the end of WWII, they claim bioweapons will be 'the core weapon for victory' in a third world war.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The document also outlines the ideal conditions to release a bioweapon and cause maximum damage.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2435" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UmC4344enw4" width="2930" youtube-src-id="UmC4344enw4"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The scientists say such attacks should not be carried out in the middle of a clear day, as intense sunlight can damage the pathogens, while rain or snow can affect the aerosol particles.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Instead, it should be released at night, or at dawn, dusk, or under cloudy weather, with 'a stable wind direction...so that the aerosol can float into the target area'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Meanwhile, the research also notes that such an attack would result in a surge of patients requiring hospital treatment, which then 'could cause the enemy's medical system to collapse'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Other concerns include China's 'Gain of Function' research at the Wuhan Institute of Virology - near where the first Covid outbreak was discovered - at which virologists are creating new viruses said to be more transmissible and more lethal.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">MP Tom Tugendhat, chairman of the foreign affairs committee, said: 'This document raises major concerns about the ambitions of some of those who advise the top party leadership. Even under the tightest controls these weapons are dangerous.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Chemical weapons expert Hamish de Bretton-Gordon said: 'China has thwarted all attempts to regulate and police its laboratories where such experimentation may have taken place.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The revelation from the book What Really Happened in Wuhan was reported yesterday.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The document, New Species of Man-Made Viruses as Genetic Bioweapons, says: 'Following developments in other scientific fields, there have been major advances in the delivery of biological agents.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'For example, the new-found ability to freeze-dry micro-organisms has made it possible to store biological agents and aerosolise them during attacks.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">It has 18 authors who were working at 'high-risk' labs, analysts say.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Australian Strategic Policy Institute executive director Peter Jennings also raised concerns over China's biological research into coronaviruses potentially being weaponised in future.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'There is no clear distinction for research capability because whether it's used offensively or defensively is not a decision these scientists would take,' he said.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'If you are building skills ostensibly to protect your military from a biological attack, you're at the same time giving your military a capacity to use these weapons offensively. You can't separate the two.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Intelligence agencies suspect Covid-19 may be the result of an inadvertent Wuhan lab leak. But as yet there is no evidence to suggest it was intentionally released.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Only this week, Brazil President Jair Bolsonaro appeared to strongly criticise China by accusing it of creating Covid to spark a chemical 'warfare.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The comments were made during a press conference on Wednesday as the hardline leader sought to further distance himself from the growing attacks over his domestic handling of a pandemic that has produced the second-highest death toll in the world.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'It's a new virus. Nobody knows whether it was born in a laboratory or because a human ate some animal they shouldn't have,' Bolsonaro said.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'But it is there. The military knows what chemical, bacteriological and radiological warfare. Are we not facing a new war? Which country has grown its GDP the most? I will not tell you.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">While Bolsonaro did not name China in his speech, data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development showed that China was the only G20 member whose GDP showed a growth during the pandemic in 2020, expanding by 2.3%.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1889" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2021/05/08/11/42726378-9556415-image-a-12_1620468068614.jpg" width="2832" /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">View gallery</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The dossier by People's Liberation Army scientists and health officials examined the manipulation of diseases to make weapons 'in a way never seen before'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Brazil's hardline President appears to claim China created Covid to spark a 'chemical war'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Only this week, Brazil President Jair Bolsonaro appeared to strongly criticise China by accusing it of creating Covid to spark a chemical 'warfare.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The comments were made during a press conference on Wednesday as the hardline leader sought to further distance himself from the growing attacks over his domestic handling of a pandemic that has produced the second-highest death toll in the world.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'It's a new virus. Nobody knows whether it was born in a laboratory or because a human ate some animal they shouldn't have,' Bolsonaro said.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'But it is there. The military knows what chemical, bacteriological and radiological warfare. Are we not facing a new war? Which country has grown its GDP the most? I will not tell you.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">While Bolsonaro did not name China in his speech, data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development showed that China was the only G20 member whose GDP showed a growth during the pandemic in 2020, expanding by 2.3%.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">And the World Health Organization chief said as recently as March that all theories on the origins of Covid-19 remained open after reading the WHO-China study – despite the claim the report dismissed the notion that the virus escaped from a lab as 'extremely unlikely'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said all of the hypotheses are 'on the table' and require further investigation after reading the report from the international experts' mission to Wuhan.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">But his comments came just hours after it emerged the report dismissed the lab leak theory and said the transmission of the virus from bats to humans through another animal is the most likely scenario.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The report's release was repeatedly delayed, raising questions about whether the Chinese side was trying to skew the conclusions to prevent blame for the pandemic falling on China.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Critics including ex-President Trump have accused the WHO of parroting Chinese propaganda on the virus since the outbreak was first announced to the world.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The comments by Dr Tedros came after New York Republican Representative Lee Zeldin slammed China for 'covering up to the world the pandemic's origins', while the WHO 'has played along time and time again'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Meanwhile, Dr Anthony Fauci, President Biden's chief medical adviser, revealed he has 'concerns' over the WHO's controversial fact-finding mission.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Repeated delays in the report's release raised questions about whether the Chinese side was trying to skew its conclusions.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'We've got real concerns about the methodology and the process that went into that report, including the fact that the government in Beijing apparently helped to write it,' U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said in a recent CNN interview.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">China rejected that criticism and accused the US of 'exerting political pressure' on the fact-finding mission experts.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'The US has been speaking out on the report. By doing this, isn't the U.S. trying to exert political pressure on the members of the WHO expert group?' asked Foreign Ministry spokesperson Zhao Lijian.</span></b></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Worrying new clues about the origins of Covid: How scientists at Wuhan lab helped Chinese army in secret project to find animal viruses, writes IAN BIRRELL</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Scientists studying bat diseases at <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/china/index.html">China</a>'s maximum-security laboratory in Wuhan were engaged in a massive project to investigate animal viruses alongside leading military officials – despite their denials of any such links.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Documents obtained by The Mail on Sunday reveal that a nationwide scheme, directed by a leading state body, was launched nine years ago to discover new viruses and detect the 'dark matter' of biology involved in spreading diseases.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">One leading Chinese scientist, who published the first genetic sequence of the <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/coronavirus/index.html">Covid-19</a> virus in January last year, found 143 new diseases in the first three years of the project alone.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The fact that such a virus-detection project is led by both civilian and military scientists appears to confirm incendiary claims from the United States alleging collaboration between the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) and the country's 2.1 million-strong armed forces.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The scheme's five team leaders include Shi Zhengli, the WIV virologist nicknamed 'Bat Woman' for her trips to find samples in caves, and Cao Wuchun, a senior army officer and government adviser on bioterrorism.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Prof Shi denied the US allegations last month, saying: 'I don't know of any military work at the WIV. That info is incorrect.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1910" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2021/05/08/13/42170288-9556415-Colonel_Cao_Wuchun_a_WIV_adviser-a-1_1620478579798.jpg" width="1279" /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="2025" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2021/05/08/13/42170292-9556415-Major_General_Chen_Wei_China_s_top_biodefence_expert-a-2_1620478579804.jpg" width="1356" /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">QUESTIONS: Colonel Cao Wuchun, a WIV adviser, and, right, Major General Chen Wei, China's top biodefence expert</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Yet Colonel Cao is listed on project reports as a researcher from the Academy of Military Medical Sciences of the People's Liberation Army, works closely with other military scientists and is director of the Military Biosafety Expert Committee.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Cao, an epidemiologist who studied at Cambridge University, even sits on the Wuhan Institute of Virology's advisory board. He was second-in-command of the military team sent into the city under Major General Chen Wei, the country's top biodefence expert, to respond to the new virus and develop a vaccine.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The US State Department also raised concerns over risky 'gain of function' experiments to manipulate coronaviruses at the Wuhan lab and suggested researchers fell sick with Covid-like symptoms weeks before the outbreak emerged more widely in the Chinese city.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Last month, Britain, the US and 12 other countries criticised Beijing for refusing to share key data and samples after a joint World Health Organisation and Chinese study into the pandemic's origins dismissed a lab leak as 'extremely unlikely'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Filippa Lentzos, a biosecurity expert at King's College London, said the latest disclosures fitted 'the pattern of inconsistencies' coming from Beijing.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">'They are still not being transparent with us,' she said. 'We have no hard data on the pandemic origins, whether it was a natural spill-over from animals or some kind of accidental research-related leak, yet we're unable to get straight answers and that simply does not inspire confidence.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The documents obtained by The Mail on Sunday detail a major project called 'the discovery of animal-delivered pathogens carried by wild animals', which set out to find organisms that could infect humans and investigate their evolution.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">It was launched in 2012 and funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The project was led by Xu Jianguo, who boasted at a conference in 2019 that 'a giant network of infectious disease prevention and control is taking shape'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">The professor also headed the first expert group investigating Covid's emergence in Wuhan. He denied human transmission initially, despite evidence from hospitals, then insisted in mid-January 'this epidemic is limited and will end if there are no new cases next week'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">One review of his virus-hunting project admitted 'a large number of new viruses have been discovered, causing great concern in the international virology community'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">It added that if pathogens spread to humans and livestock, they could cause new infectious diseases 'posing a great threat to human health and life safety and may cause major economic losses, even affect social stability'.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">An update in 2018 said that the scientific teams – who published many of their findings in international journals – had found four new pathogens and ten new bacteria while 'more than 1,640 new viruses were discovered using metagenomics technology'. Such research is based on extraction of genetic material from samples such as those collected by Prof Shi from bat faeces and blood in the cave networks of southern China.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Such extensive sampling led to Prof Shi's rapid revelation last year of RaTG13, the closest known relative to the new strain of coronavirus that causes Covid.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">It was stored at the Wuhan lab, the biggest repository of bat coronaviruses in Asia.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1624" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2021/05/08/14/42170556-9556415-Pictured_Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology_in_Wuhan_in_China_s_central-a-10_1620480152572.jpg" width="2442" /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Pictured: Wuhan Institute of Virology in Wuhan, in China's central Hubei province, during a visit by members of the World Health Organization (WHO) team investigating the origins of the COVID-19 coronavirus</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">It later emerged she changed its name from another virus identified in a previous paper, thus obscuring its link to three miners who died from a strange respiratory disease they caught clearing bat droppings.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Prof Shi also admitted that eight more unidentified SARS viruses had been collected in the mine. The institute took its database of virus samples offline in September 2019, just a few weeks before Covid cases exploded in Wuhan.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">A comment was made on social media after Colonel Cao published a paper on a fatal tick bite, saying he and Prof Shi 'can always find a virus that has never been found in humans', adding: 'I suspect this is another so-called 'scientific research' made in the laboratory.'</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">In recent years, China's military has ramped up its hiring of scientists after President Xi Jinping said this was a key element in the nation's march for global supremacy.</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Lianchao Han, a dissident who used to work for the Chinese government, said Cao's involvement raised suspicions that military researchers who are experts in coronaviruses might also be involved in bio-defence operations.</span></b></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-54957807782656275882023-08-17T11:36:00.007-07:002023-09-22T02:27:27.945-07:00BATTLE OF AGINCOURT (Update)<p><font color="#ff8000" size="4"><strong></strong></font> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2190" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jIkyL9NcXaA" width="2634" youtube-src-id="jIkyL9NcXaA"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1520" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DuZyTu66bLQ" width="1829" youtube-src-id="DuZyTu66bLQ"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p><br /></p> <p><font color="#ff8000" size="4"><strong></strong></font> </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="425"><font color="#ff8000" size="6"><strong>BATTLE OF AGINCOURT<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1218" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/emr6A8WaL8Q" width="1464" youtube-src-id="emr6A8WaL8Q"></iframe></div><br /></strong></font> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:ef38242b-aa83-43e2-b545-04ff92d35b00" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="dbc6ef24-66c6-4379-b450-8c46b4e8c2bb" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/XRkmdpLgLiE&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div><br /></td> <td valign="top" width="573"><font color="#ff8000" size="4"><strong><font color="#ff8000" size="4"><strong><img alt="Engraving depicting the Battle of Agincourt of 1415 in which Henry V defeated the French" height="819" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/10/25/article-0-02DFB2830000044D-514_468x387.jpg" width="990" /> </strong></font> </strong></font><img height="739" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/22/30607298_f14d6f9f12_b.jpg" width="985" /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 1071px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="323"> <h3 style="text-align: center;"><font><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #ff8000; font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1088" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iYBZVSShBIE" width="1309" youtube-src-id="iYBZVSShBIE"></iframe></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></span></div></font><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">The fields of Agincourt</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Old men forget: yet all shall be forgot,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">But he'll remember with advantages</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">What feats he did that day: then shall our names.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Familiar in his mouth as household words</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Harry the king, Bedford and Exeter,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">Be in their flowing cups freshly remember'd.</span></div></span></h3> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">- Shakespeare. <i>Henry V</i></b></span></p></td> <td style="text-align: justify;" valign="top" width="746"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Morning_of_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_25th_October_1415.PNG"><img alt="File:Morning of the Battle of Agincourt, 25th October 1415.PNG" height="595" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Morning_of_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_25th_October_1415.PNG" width="818" /></a><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg"><img alt="File:Schlacht von Azincourt.jpg" height="561" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg/800px-Schlacht_von_Azincourt.jpg" width="843" /></a></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Battle of Agincourt was a major English victory in the Hundred Years' War.The battle took place on Friday, 25 October 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day) in the County of Saint-Pol, Artois, some 40 km south of Calais (now Azincourt in northern France). Henry V's victory at Agincourt, against a numerically superior French army, crippled France and started a new period in the war during which Henry V married the French king's daughter, and their son, later Henry VI of England and Henry II of France, was made heir to the throne of France as well as of England. Henry V led his troops into battle and participated in hand-to-hand fighting. The French king of the time, Charles VI, did not command the French army himself as he suffered from severe psychotic illnesses with moderate mental incapacitation. Instead, the French were commanded by Constable Charles d'Albret and various prominent French noblemen of the Armagnac party.</span></b></span></p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span><div style="background-color: black; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><h1 style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-large;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>This battle is notable for the use of the English longbow in very large numbers, with English and Welsh archers forming most of Henry's army. The battle is the centerpiece of the play Henry V by William Shakespeare.</b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Henry V invaded France following the failure of negotiations with the French. He claimed the title of King of France through his great-grandfather Edward III, although in practice the English kings were generally prepared to renounce this claim if the French would acknowledge the English claim on Aquitaine and other French lands (the terms of the Treaty of Brétigny). He initially called a Great Council in the spring of 1414 to discuss going to war with France, but the lords insisted that he should negotiate further and moderate his claims. In the following negotiations Henry said that he would give up his claim to the French throne if the French would pay the 1.6 million crowns outstanding from the ransom of John II (who had been captured at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356), and concede English ownership of the lands of Normandy, Touraine, Anjou, Brittany and Flanders, as well as Aquitaine. Henry would marry Princess Catherine, the young daughter of Charles VI, and receive a dowry of 2 million crowns. The French responded with what they considered the generous terms of marriage with Princess Catherine, a dowry of 600,000 crowns, and an enlarged Aquitaine. By 1415, negotiations had ground to a halt, with the English claiming that the French had mocked their claims and ridiculed Henry himself. In December 1414, the English parliament was persuaded to grant Henry a "double subsidy", a tax at twice the traditional rate, to recover his inheritance from the French. On 19 April 1415, Henry again asked the Great Council to sanction war with France, and this time they agreed.</span><br /><br /></span></h1><span><b style="background-color: black;"><div style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div><span><div style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Henry's army landed in northern France on 13 August 1415, carried by a fleet described by Shakespeare as "a city on the inconstant billows dancing / For so appears this fleet majestical", often reported to comprise 1,500 ships, but probably far smaller, and besieged the port of Harfleur with an army of about 12,000, and up to 20,000 horses. The siege took longer than expected. The town surrendered on 22 September, and the English army did not leave until 8 October. The campaign season was coming to an end, and the English army had suffered many casualties through disease. Rather than retire directly to England for the winter, with his costly expedition resulting in the capture of only one town, Henry decided to march most of his army (roughly 9,000) through Normandy to the port of Calais, the English stronghold in northern France, to demonstrate by his presence in the territory at the head of an army that his right to rule in the duchy was more than a mere abstract legal and historical claim. He also intended the manoeuvre as a deliberate provocation to battle aimed at the dauphin, who had failed to respond to Henry's personal challenge to combat at Harfleur.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span><div style="letter-spacing: 0.2px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">The French hoped to raise 9,000 troops, but the army was not ready in time to relieve Harfleur. After Henry V marched to the north, the French moved to block them along the River Somme. They were successful for a time, forcing Henry to move south, away from Calais, to find a ford. The English finally crossed the Somme south of Péronne, at Béthencourt and Voyennes and resumed marching north. Without a river obstacle to defend, the French were hesitant to force a battle. They shadowed Henry's army while calling a semonce des nobles, calling on local nobles to join the army. By 24 October, both armies faced each other for battle, but the French declined, hoping for the arrival of more troops. The two armies spent the night of 24 October on open ground. The next day the French initiated negotiations as a delaying tactic, but Henry ordered his army to advance and to start a battle that, given the state of his army, he would have preferred to avoid, or to fight defensively: that was how Crécy and the other famous longbow victories had been won.</span></div></b></span></span></span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 900px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="450"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 600px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="300"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /><br /><img alt="HENRY V (1989) Pers: BRANAGH, KENNETH" height="963" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/07/22/article-0-05CEB39B000005DC-42_468x286.jpg" width="1578" /></b></span></td> <td valign="top" width="300"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:54fbe74f-938d-46b8-9477-996489b340d1" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="232583bb-a267-4796-8e66-a78738859fe7" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/uy7DT_FTms0&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <font>Legend says the Battle of Agincourt was won by stalwart English archers. It was not. In the end it was won by men using lead-weighted hammers, poleaxes, mauls and falcon-beaks, the ghastly paraphernalia of medieval hand-to-hand fighting. It was fought on a field knee-deep in mud and it was more of a massacre than a battle. </font></b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:75c33ab3-ecdb-4d5d-a4f2-75ca7d94266b" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="33c6c153-904c-40ca-8689-2f660ab7d6ef" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/k-gTUUgZCQo&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:c371bb4b-c57a-4523-afd1-21f8e521041b" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="5b991bac-02c5-4316-83fa-2fee51e9f6eb" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/MeeuqGyualQ&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Laurence Olivier's film of Shakespeare's Henry V shows French knights charging on horseback, but very few men were mounted at Agincourt. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The French came on foot and the battle was reduced to men hitting other armoured men with hammers, maces and axes. </strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Crowning glory: Kenneth Branagh in his film version of Shakespeare's Henry V dramatising the 15th-century Battle of Agincourt" height="1280" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/10/26/article-1080764-02419940000005DC-221_468x380.jpg" width="1575" /> </strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:be2b09ee-8e4d-4dce-a35b-142285499f81" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="0baee140-88dc-4b17-a023-97022b7dbe6b" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/OAvmLDkAgAM&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <font>Crowning glory: Kenneth Branagh in his film version of Shakespeare's Henry V dramatising the 15th-century Battle of Agincourt. </font><font>A sword would not penetrate armour and did not have the weight to knock a man off his feet, but a poleaxe (a long-handled axe or hammer, topped with a fearsome spike) would fell him fast, and then it was easy to raise the victim's visor and slide a knife through an eye. That was how hundreds of men died; their last sight on earth a dagger's point. </font></b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">It is not a tale of chivalry, but rather of armoured men hacking at each other to break limbs and crush skulls. At the battle's height, when Henry V expected an attack on his rear that never materialised, he ordered the newly captured French prisoners to be killed. They were murdered. </strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:90a18b97-0275-4771-b84d-573cb4d8db50" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="8809c492-04e7-4368-b583-ccc54c2f3948" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/PKwkRsiZJ2I&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:2117b534-aad2-47ad-80ce-a76107561b8b" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="24d7b6e6-4254-4218-9f64-f61e1b2a41a1" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/N2Pb_jpSyiE&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Over the weekend, during a conference at the Medieval History Museum in Agincourt, French academics met to declare that English soldiers acted like 'war criminals' during the battle, setting fire to prisoners and killing French noblemen who had surrendered. The French 'were met with barbarism by the English', said the museum's director Christophe Gilliot. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The French pronouncement smacks of bias, but what is certain is that Agincourt was filthy, horrible and merciless. Yet it is still celebrated as a golden moment in England's history. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Why do we remember it? Why has this battle galvanised English hearts over the centuries? These are questions I came to ask as I researched my new novel Azincourt - spelled as it is in France - and discovered just what an extraordinary event it was. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Part of the legend about the archers is certainly true. Most of the English army were archers and their arrows caused huge damage, although they never delivered the knock-out blow it is claimed. </strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:8636ef81-3664-41de-ba6d-31f1695ef89e" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="79384a39-8bfa-4010-88fa-8a3c071649ae" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/PFp-zGWPzLQ&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:e4bd9722-09a6-40b6-8adb-1c35e7ee010b" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="a28fc1b9-1d07-45ae-ac49-cb2df7626fda" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/VzDUFrOkoNM&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Henry V was also an inspirational leader. He fought in the front rank and part of his crown was knocked off. Eighteen Frenchmen had taken an oath to kill him and all of them died at Henry's feet, slaughtered by the King or by his bodyguard. And, despite recent claims to the contrary, it seems the English were horribly outnumbered. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>In the cold, wet dawn of October 25, 1415, no one could have expected Henry's army to survive the day. He had about 6,000 men, more than 5,000 of them archers, while the French numbered at least 30,000 and were so confident that, before the battle was joined, they sent away some newly arrived reinforcements. By dusk on that Saint Crispin's Day, Henry's small army had entered legend. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>But the English should never have been at Agincourt, which lies 25 miles south of Calais. England was in the thick of the 100 Years' War with France, and Henry had invaded Normandy in the hope of making a quick conquest of Harfleur, a strategic port. Yet the town's stubborn defence delayed him and by the siege's end his army had been struck by dysentery. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Sick men were dying and the campaign season was ending as winter drew in. Sensible advice suggested that Henry cut his losses and sail back to England. But he had borrowed huge amounts of money to invade France and all he had to show for it was one gun-battered port. Going home looked suspiciously like defeat. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">He instead marched north to Calais with probably nothing more in mind than cocking a snook at the French who, though they had gathered an army, had done nothing to relieve the brave defenders of Harfleur. </strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The Battle of Agincourt, as depicted the Channel 4 show The World's Worst Century" height="1083" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/10/26/article-1080764-008313EE00000258-113_468x391.jpg" width="1297" /> </strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:902039e3-cfea-4cbf-8bb0-3d5501a39dd1" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="78d8a140-26fb-4e33-a265-3a30388d581a" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/Z010dVtscYw&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </b></span><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Battle of Agincourt, as depicted in the Channel 4 show The World's Worst Century </strong></font></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Henry wanted to humiliate the French by flaunting his banners, yet I doubt he truly wanted to face that large French army with his own depleted numbers. </strong></font></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The French had been supine all summer, but now, suddenly, they woke and moved to block Henry's path. Henry tried to go round them. A march meant to last eight days stretched to 16. The English exhausted their food, they were ill with dysentery and soaked from the continual autumn rains. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>They were driven far inland in search of a place to cross the River Somme and then trudged north, only to discover the French army waiting for them on a muddy field between the woods of Azincourt and Tramecourt. The English were trapped. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The French were barring the English road home, so Henry had to fight. He hoped the French would attack him and he ordered his archers to protect themselves from knights on horseback by making a thicket of sharpened stakes to impale the stallions' chests. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>But the French remained motionless, so Henry was forced to advance on them. Did he really say 'Let's go, fellows!' as one contemporary claimed? It seems so, yet whatever his words, the English plucked up their stakes and waded through the mud to get close to the French line. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">And the French, even though they must have seen that the English were in disarray, did nothing. They let Henry's men come to within extreme bowshot distance where, once again, the stakes were hammered into the ground and the battle line was reformed on a newly ploughed field that had been soaked by constant rain. If I had to suggest one cause for the French defeat, it would be mud. <br />The two sides were now little more than a couple of hundred paces apart. The English, astonishingly, had been given time to reposition themselves, and now the archers began the battle by shooting a volley of arrows. </strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:be77c505-3671-40b7-aa43-d3a45a2ae492" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="a012f59b-e709-4937-87b8-e0d75a7c18c9" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/zMtb1aYNBvU&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:6adc49ac-d6af-4079-83a6-2f34d027ca95" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="ce31e4e1-66c5-4767-a083-f3dbabb2c27e" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>At least 5,000 of them, most converging from the flanks, slashed into the French, and it seems that the shock of that first arrow strike prompted the French to attack. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>A handful of Frenchmen advanced on horseback, trying to get among the archers, but mud, stakes and arrows easily defeated those knights. Some of the horses, maddened by pain, galloped back through the French men-at-arms, tearing their ranks into chaos. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Some 8,000 Frenchmen were now advancing on foot. No one knows how long it took them to cover the 200 or more paces which separated them from Henry's men-at-arms, but it was not a quick approach. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>They were wading through mud made treacherous by deeply ploughed furrows and churned to quagmire by horses' hooves. And they were being struck by arrows so that they were forced to close their helmets' visors. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>They could see little through the tiny eye- slits, their breathing was stifled and still the arrows came. The conventional verdict suggests that the French were cut down by those arrow storms, but the chief effect of the arrows was to delay and, by forcing them to close their visors, half-blind the attackers. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The French knew about English and Welsh archers. The longbow could shoot an arrow more than 200 paces with an accuracy that was unmatched till the rifled gun barrel was invented. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>At Agincourt some barbed broadhead arrows (which were designed to cause maximum damage and could fell cavalry) would have been shot at those few horses that attacked the English line. But most were bodkins, long and slender arrowheads without barbs that were made to pierce armour. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>A good archer could easily shoot 15 arrows a minute, so 5,000 archers could loose 75,000 arrows in one minute; more than 1,000 a second. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Why did the French not deploy their own longbowmen? Because to shoot a longbow demanded great strength (they were at least three times as powerful as a modern competition bow) and considerable skill. It took years for a man to develop the muscles and technique, and for reasons that have never been understood, such men emerged in Britain, but not on the Continent. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>So as the first French line advanced it was being struck repeatedly by arrows, and even if a bodkin did not penetrate plate armour its strike was sufficient to knock a man backwards. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">If the advance took four minutes (and I suspect it took longer), then about 300,000 arrows would have been shot at the 8,000 men. </strong></font></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><font><img alt="A page entitled 'Agincourt' from John Lennon's illustrated schoolbook, 'Anthology', created when he was 12" height="885" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/10/26/article-1080764-04538E5E0000044D-416_468x301.jpg" width="1375" /></font> <p style="text-align: justify;"><font><strong>A page entitled 'Agincourt' from John Lennon's illustrated schoolbook, 'Anthology', created when he was 12 </strong></font><font></font></p></strong></font></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d69b2897-8434-4b96-8704-480edda5d545" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="40e44eb1-e980-477f-875a-2d0e1bcfe6e0" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/DtRpGszvINw&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Even if the English were short of arrows and cut their shooting rate to one-third, then they would still have driven 100,000 arrows against the struggling 8,000, and if the legend is correct, then not one of those Frenchmen should have survived. </strong></font><font><strong>Yet they did survive, and most of them reached the English line and started fighting with shortened lances, poleaxes and war-hammers. </strong></font><font><strong>The fight became a struggle of hacking and thrusting, slaughter in the mud. </strong></font><font><strong>But if so many arrows had been shot, how did the French survive to reach the English and start that murderous brawl? The answer probably lies in the eternal arms race. </strong></font><font><strong>Armour technology had advanced and the French plate armour was mostly good enough to resist the English arrow-heads. And how good were those heads? </strong></font><font><strong>Arrow-making was an industrial-scale activity in England, yet few men understood what happened when iron was hardened into steel and many of the English arrows crumpled on contact with the enemy's armour. So the many reached the few, but the many were exhausted by mud, some were wounded and the English, enjoying the luxury of raised visors, cut them down. </strong></font><font><strong>What seems to have happened was that the front rank of the French, exhausted by slogging through the mud, battered and wounded by arrows, disorganised by panicked horses and by stumbling over wounded men, became easy victims for the English men-at-arms. </strong></font><font><strong>There would have been the ghastly sound of hammers crushing helmets, the screams of men falling, and suddenly the leading French rank being chopped down and its fallen men becoming an obstacle to those behind who, being thrust forward by the rearmost ranks, tripped on the newly fallen bodies and so became victims themselves. One witness claimed that the pile of dead and dying was as tall as a man, an obvious exaggeration, but undoubtedly the first French casualties made a rampart to protect the English men-at-arms. </strong></font></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Morning_of_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_25th_October_1415.PNG"><img alt="File:Morning of the Battle of Agincourt, 25th October 1415.PNG" height="944" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Morning_of_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_25th_October_1415.PNG" width="1298" /></a> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The French had attacked the centre of the English line where the King, the nobles and the gentry stood. Their aim had been to take prisoners and so become rich from ransoms, but now that centre was a killing ground and, to escape it, the French widened their attack to assault the archers who had probably exhausted their arrows. </strong></font><font><strong>Yet the archers had been equipped with poleaxes and other handweapons, and they fought back. </strong></font></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 600px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="300"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="A painting of Henry V, who is described by Bernard Cornwell as an 'inspirational leader'" height="1418" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/10/26/article-1080764-0093BB020000044C-389_233x404.jpg" width="818" /> </strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></font></td> <td valign="top" width="300"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:ba917348-6668-418b-b5f1-31a28a680920" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="e1221717-163e-4956-9182-39ba2ffce7bf" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/9rwlvL-dafk&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1987" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WBAGWgu4ceA" width="2391" youtube-src-id="WBAGWgu4ceA"></iframe> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>A painting of Henry V, who is described by Bernard Cornwell as an 'inspirational leader' </strong></font><font><strong>The bowmen wore little armour, and in the glutinous mud they were far more mobile than their plate-armoured opponents. </strong></font><font><strong>Any man capable of hauling a warbow's string was hugely strong and a battle-axe in his hands would be a ghastly weapon. So the archers joined the hand-to-hand fight and the tired French were killed in their hundreds. <br />The second French line, another 8,000 men on foot, tried to support their beleaguered colleagues, but they too were cut down and the rest of the French melted away. The extraordinary, awful battle was over. The field was now groaning with horribly wounded men; men lying in piles, men suffocating in mud, dead men, blood-drenched men. </strong></font><font><strong>Perhaps as many as 5,000 French died that day, while English losses were in the hundreds, maybe not even as many as 200. The few had gained their extraordinary triumph. </strong></font><font><strong>There were other victories, like Poitiers in 1356, that were more decisive, and it is arguable that Agincourt achieved very little; it would take another five years of warfare before Henry won the concessions he wanted from the French and even then his premature death proved those gains worthless. </strong></font><font><strong>Shakespeare's heart-stirring Henry V helped ensure the battle's place in English folklore, but Shakespeare was playing to an audience that already knew the tale and wanted to hear it again. </strong></font><font><strong>Agincourt was well-known long before Shakespeare made it immortal, yet even so there were those other great triumphs like Poitiers and Crecy, so why Agincourt? </strong></font><font><strong> </strong></font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:5a38a025-168f-4ed7-99f0-5ff8a49e5d22" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="f2a65129-7c57-4e85-868c-7de07e093670" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="252" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/s5C0avWFUjA?hl=en&hd=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="448"></embed></div></div></div></font> </b></span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>It must have started with the stories told by survivors. They had expected annihilation and gained victory. It might even be true that the archers, when the battle was over, taunted the French by holding up the two string-fingers that the enemy had threatened to slice off every captured bowman - the V- sign that is common parlance today. </strong></font><font><strong>The men in Henry's army must have believed they had been part of a miracle. The few had destroyed the many, and most of those few were archers. </strong></font><font><strong>They were not lords and knights and gentry, but butchers, bakers and candlestick-makers from the shires. They were the ordinary men of England and Wales. They had met the awesome power of France in hand-to-hand fighting and they had won. </strong></font><font><strong>The battle is part of the binding of England, the emergence of the common man as a vital part of the nation, and those common men returned to England with their tales, their plunder and their pride. </strong></font><font><strong>The stories were told in taverns over and over, how a few hungry, trapped men had gained an amazing victory. The story is still told because it has such power. It is a tale of the common man achieving greatness. Instead of being outnumbered five to one by French forces, as tradition tells, his bedraggled English army may actually have had an even fight on their hands. </strong></font></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Engraving depicting the Battle of Agincourt of 1415 in which Henry V defeated the French" height="766" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/10/25/article-0-02DFB2830000044D-514_468x387.jpg" width="926" /> </strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:ce2fb1a4-fb37-4258-975e-a2d8507d4168" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="93ae55f1-3844-4aae-9040-8dd5da8532d2" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/i80HZQjEFu8&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>An engraving depicting the Battle of Agincourt of 1415 in which Henry V defeated the French. </font><font>Historians who have combed through complex tax and military records claimed yesterday - the 594th anniversary of the battle - that the stunning scale of Henry’s win was exaggerated by his spin doctors for propaganda purposes. </font><font>And it was a story that Shakespeare happily repeated, dubbing Henry’s troops ‘we few, we happy few, we band of brothers’ who delivered an extraordinary victory against all odds on St Crispin’s Day, October 25, 1415. </font><font>The outcome was certainly shocking, for the French army was made up of heavily armoured nobles, while the English were exhausted, depleted by battle losses and wracked by dysentery. </font><font>To Shakespeare, it was the moment a feckless youth turned into a great king, leading his army to victory against seemingly impossible odds. </font><font>They accuse King Henry V of giving his permission for captives to be burnt to death and ordering his bodyguards to execute a noble who had surrendered.</font> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Heroic: Kenneth Branagh playing Henry V in a recent film of Shakespeare's play in which the king leads his army to victory against impossible odds" height="1044" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/10/25/article-1080497-000E6E0300000258-794_468x510.jpg" width="958" /></strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:729cd06e-507f-4c25-8561-5dac23ead021" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="a7de7aa0-6be9-4374-a75b-6164c8e07d01" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/pUpBl4EKewk&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Romantic view of history? Kenneth Branagh playing Henry V in a film of Shakespeare's play in which he leads his army to victory against impossible odds. </strong></font><font><strong>The battle - part of the Hundred Years War - has become a byword for English heroism in the face of insurmountable odds. </strong></font><font><strong>But nearly 600 years later, historians will tell a conference at the Medieval History Museum in Agincourt that the stories that Henry's troops were hugely outnumbered are a lie. </strong></font><font><strong>The museum's director, distinguished French historian Christophe Gilliot, said: 'There's been a distortion of the facts and this conference will attempt to set the record straight. </strong></font></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="A new version of history? An illustration of the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 in which the English were always thought to have been hugely outnumbered - but French academics claim they in fact acted like war criminals" height="822" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/10/24/article-1080497-023CD053000005DC-953_468x401.jpg" width="960" /></strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d358c67c-d1d2-402a-a49b-c92502e666ef" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="6bd3c2fe-69a3-4ee8-9a21-a2a438bfba4c" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/XRkmdpLgLiE&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Brave or brutal? An illustration of the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 in which the English were always thought to have been hugely outnumbered. </strong></font><font><strong>'We have historians arriving from all over France, and all will produce hard facts concerning the battle. </strong></font></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Inspired leader: Henry V" height="1319" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/10/24/article-1080497-023CD0B8000005DC-873_233x333.jpg" width="923" /></strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:a4269099-c4a4-443a-a703-e2bec4582b38" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="c9291465-8b30-4d2f-b570-987871831f70" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/cRj01LShXN8&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Inspired leader: A portrait of Henry V</font> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>'At the very least the English forces acted dishonourably. The Middle Ages were a very violent time, of course, but some might accuse the English of acting like what might now be called war criminals.' </strong></font><font><strong>The Battle of Agincourt was immortalised by Shakespeare and is the centrepiece of his play Henry V. </strong></font><font><strong>It took place on Friday, October 25 in 1415 after a force led by Henry engaged the French at Agincourt, a small village not far from Calais in northern France. </strong></font><font><strong>The traditional story is that the English army, made up mainly of archers using longbows, massacred a vast force of French noblemen. </strong></font><font><strong>But detailed bureaucratic records from the army of the French king, Charles VI, reveal it was made up of 9,000 travelling soldiers, perhaps with another 3,000 local troops. </strong></font><font><strong>This compares with a total force of 12,000 which travelled to France with Henry - although 3,000 were lost during the preceding siege of Harfleur. </strong></font><font><strong>English chroniclers writing in the years following the battle wrongly claimed that there were as many as 150,000 French, compared with 6,000 English soldiers. </strong></font><font><strong>Perhaps unsurprisingly, no English academics have been invited to today's conference in France. </strong></font><font><strong>But Professor Anne Curry, a military historian from Southampton University, admitted that many accounts of the battle have been exaggerated to give the impression of 'plucky little England against the evil French'. </strong></font><font><strong>Although Henry triumphed at Agincourt, he never succeeded in his ultimate aim - taking the French throne. </strong></font><font><strong>What isn’t at issue is that the French became bogged down in treacherous mud after being lured by Henry’s brilliant tactics into a narrow field, where they were devastated by thousands of arrows from English longbow men and outmaneuvered by common soldiers with much lighter equipment. </strong></font></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Shakespeare fed the 'against-the-odds' story, describing Henry's troops as: 'We few, we happy few'" height="1257" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/10/25/article-0-03CBE15A000005DC-749_233x344.jpg" width="851" /> </strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:45861747-eea5-4c23-84b0-fe47efd1a077" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="2c20509a-2990-46fd-a065-826252e68aa7" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/nvFY93WBPPY&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>William Shakespeare fed the 'against-the-odds' story </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>But what researchers have now concluded is that rather than facing a force five times as big, the English could not have been outnumbered by more than two to one. </font><font>And the two sides may in fact have been more evenly matched, according to historian Anne Curry from the University of Southampton, who is leading the study. </font><font>She believes French forces numbered no more than 12,000 - basing her estimate on military pay records, muster rolls, ships’ logs, published rosters of the wounded and dead, and wartime tax levies - while Henry probably had at least 8,700 men. </font><font>Others agree. 'It was not the complete French power at Agincourt,' said Bertrand Schnerb, a professor of medieval history at the University of Lille, who estimated that there were 12,000 to 15,000 French soldiers. </font><font>According to these new versions, after the battle the English crown launched a PR effort to magnify the victory by exaggerating the difference in numbers. </font><font>This is clearly disappointing news for Britons who have been delighting for centuries at the idea that Agincourt delivered a David v Goliath walloping to the traditional French foe. </font><font>'It’s just a myth, but it’s a myth that’s part of the British psyche,' Ms. Curry said, adding that academics had long been reluctant to challenge Shakespeare’s famous lines and a central tenet of English pride. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"> </strong></font></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"> <p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">SHAKESPEARE'S WORDS<br />'And gentlemen in England now-a-bed<br />Shall think themselves accurs'd they were not here,<br />And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks <br />That fought with us upon Saint Crispin's day.' </strong></font></p></td> <td valign="top" width="499"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d1717d17-64ff-4e69-b17f-8263962eb152" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="64bb294f-7d13-4c53-8926-e0495de040d3" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="252" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/uy7DT_FTms0?hl=en&hd=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="448"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>But all is not lost. Clifford J. Rogers, a professor of history at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, told the New York Times today that Shakespeare was right. </font><font>The English had a total of 6,000 - 1,000 men-at-arms in heavy steel armour from head to toe and 5,000 lightly armoured men with longbows, he said. </font><font>The French had 10,000 troops, each with an attendant servant who could also fight, plus 4,000 men with crossbows and other fighters – totalling more than 24,000. </font><font>As French lines broke down under volley after volley of arrows and panic set in, English archers killed thousands by stabbing them in the neck, eyes, armpits and groin through gaps in the armour, or bludgeoned the Frenchmen to death. </font><font>Against the odds: Agincourt, as portrayed in Kenneth Branagh's film of Shakespeare's Henry V. </font><font>Instead of an abstract idea of '6,000 men', you suddenly begin to form pictures in your head of what this band of brothers might have looked like. Names are powerfully suggestive, and they give these ordinary heroes a startling, poignant reality. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Among their numbers, we find such good old English names as Robert Smith, archer, serving under Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and James Barton, man-at-arms, serving under Sir John Dabridgecourt. </font><font>They came from every shire, we can tell, because often their surnames simply record their place of origin, such as Lancashire lad, Richard of Bolton, or Richard of Kelby, from the tiny hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire, not far from Grantham. </font><font>From farther afield come more Celtic names such as Thomas Pentryth, surely a Cornishman, and David ap Llewellyn Lloyd, who might just have been Welsh, like many of the heroes of Agincourt. </font><font>Others are somehow quintessentially medieval, such as Watt Hunter, or Hodgekin Somerton. </font><font>The priceless muster rolls on which these richly atmospheric names appear survive because busybody bureaucrats were just as active in the Middle Ages as they are today. </font><font>The English exchequer, which controlled the state finances, wanted to know exactly which soldiers had served where, and so kept scrupulous records. </font><font>This is why we know now about Lord Despencer, whose military career had started at the age of 12; Sir Thomas Erpingham, who had fought from Scotland to Spanish Castile; and Thomas Gloucestre, whose soldiering lasted an astonishing 43 years, ranging from 'the vasty fields of France', as Shakespeare calls them in Henry V, to the sun-baked plains and valleys of Palestine. </font><font>Yet it's safe to assume that the redoubtable Thomas Gloucestre never saw combat quite like Agincourt. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/07/22/article-0-0093BAF31000044C-92_233x373_popup.jpg"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Enlarge</strong></font></a></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 622px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><a href="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/07/22/article-0-0093BAF31000044C-92_233x373_popup.jpg"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The plan of Agincourt" height="1366" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/07/22/article-0-0093BAF31000044C-92_233x373.jpg" width="853" /> </strong></font></a></td> <td valign="top" width="220"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:b3c78178-83bb-4425-8761-4d82c1e3fd91" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="f3900b8f-aeba-4065-a5cb-049e9388949f" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/1oR3pXcnsTs&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Carnage: A map of Agincourt where the bloody battle took place. </font><font>A cold, wet morning, October 25, 1415, St Crispin's Day. The sun edging up over the thickly forested countryside to the east, not far from the River Somme. And in a muddy ploughed field, a small, bedraggled army of Englishmen, waiting for their inevitable end. </font><font>Henry V had led his men into France back in August, late in the campaigning season. They had besieged and finally captured the port of Harfleur, but it had taken longer than expected. </font><font>And now it was time to retreat, fast, before the onset of the bitter medieval winter. Their ships were waiting for them at Calais, 280 miles away, and the Channel was becoming rougher by the day in the October storms. </font><font>Meanwhile, somewhere in the hinterland, a vast French army was gathering. But if they could just make it to Calais and the ships... </font><font>They came so close. But in mid-October, as they marched north between the little villages of Agincourt and Tramecourt, across some fields hemmed in on either side by thick woodland, they came to a sudden halt. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Across their line of retreat lay a vast French army. They were cut off and vastly outnumbered. </font><font>Henry commanded about 6,000 men, 5,000 of them only lightly armoured archers. Before them stood an enemy army of some 30,000, ready to fight on their home soil and burning to avenge the previous defeats of Crecy and Poitiers. </font><font>The flower of arrogant but ferocious French chivalry, pennants fluttering, swords gleaming, knights grimly smiling. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Many of the weary English must have crossed themselves and bowed their heads in the rain when they saw that sight. They must have thought of their loved ones. For there would surely be no going home now. </font><font>On the eve of battle, the chronicles tell us, many of the English confessed their sins, ready for their deaths on the morrow. </font><font>Nevertheless, the next day, the Feast of St Crispin, under the inspiration of their great warrior-king, Henry V, they summoned their last reserves of energy and spirit. </font><font>Outnumbered as they were, they could not hope to attack, only defend. So they set sharpened staves in the soft ground, which would break the French charge and impale their horses. </font><font>Then they stood shoulder-to-shoulder, butted their long-handled pikes into the earth, and waited for that thunderous onslaught. It never came. The French nobles were quarrelling among themselves about who would charge first. So Henry gave his men the astonishing order, against all the rules of engagement for an outnumbered force. </font><font>Attack! And the English pulled up their defensive staves and began to march forward. </font><font>The territory gained proved crucial. Rapidly, the English set up a new line of staves, now only 200yards from the enemy. Well within bowshot. </font><font>Their men-at-arms stood shoulder-to-shoulder once more, hands clenched white-knuckled around the long ashen shafts of their pikes, raindrops beading on their steel helmets and running down into their eyes, trying not to shake with fear. </font><font>Along the lines, many faces of beardless boys, some as young as 12. And hanging over them all, the terrible sense of dread before a battle. Gregory More, archer. Thomas Langford, man-at-arms. Sir John Grey, Knight. They would stand or fall together. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Engraving depicting the Battle of Agincourt of 1415 in which Henry V, with 10,000 men, defeated three times that number of French" height="866" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/07/22/article-0-02DFB2830000044D-102_468x363.jpg" width="1117" /></strong></font></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font><font>Battle: A trained archer could shoot around 15 arrows a minute, so a force of 5,000 could shoot a staggering 1,000 arrows <cite>per second. </cite></font></font><font>King Henry gave the order and the English bowmen began to drop volley after volley of arrows on to the stationary French. </font><font><font>A trained archer could shoot around 15 arrows a minute, so a force of 5,000 could shoot a staggering 1,000 arrows <cite>per second. </cite></font></font><font>The rain of arrows forced the French to move forward and attack. </font><font>Since the field was hemmed in by woodland, any attempt at outflanking was impossible. They could only march forward, heavily armoured, through the saturated mud. </font><font>Crossing even 200 yards in such conditions was exhausting. </font><font>Some of them sank up to their knees, some even drowned, according to eyewitnesses. </font><font>And as they approached, that arrow storm from the English longbows became ever more lethal, shooting with a power and accuracy that would be unmatched until the invention of the rifle. At last they reached the English line, and the real fighting began. </font><font>Men on foot, facing each other with lead-weighted maces, war hammers, bill hooks, falcon-beaks ending in terrible pointed spikes, and pole axes, usually used for killing cattle. </font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>And then it was a matter of bone-crunching, slashing and clubbing your enemy into the mud. </strong></font><font><strong>Now those horny-handed, barrel-chested ploughmen and blacksmiths from the English shires, wielding little more than glorified clubs, proved themselves more than a match for French chivalry. </strong></font><font><strong>The left flank under the command of Lord Camoys came under particularly fierce attack from the French. Yet Camoys and his men stood their ground unyielding: men such as Simon Codyngton and John Colmer, Thomas Fitzhenry, and the aptly named John Bold. </strong></font></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="solider database" height="670" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/07/22/article-1201517-05CED2A2000005DC-955_468x299.jpg" width="1049" /> <p style="text-align: justify;"><font><strong>A project by the University of Reading, the Medieval Soldier Database, has put online the records of 250,000 soldiers who fought through the Hundred Years War</strong></font> </p></strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:6ca52dd4-ff2e-4262-8a74-1ec8188b353d" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="1b28d074-9b5a-41f5-b9af-72143c19bf9b" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ZLBiR_9qMoM&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"> </strong></font></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 1053px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>They fought without mercy, trapped and outnumbered as they were. A second French wave was sent in, but as in the most atrocious scenes of carnage from the trench warfare of World War I - which Agincourt in some ways resembled - the dead bodies of their fallen comrades only made their advance harder. </strong></font><font><strong>Another key to English survival was the extraordinary fighting spirit of Henry V himself. An elite of 18 French knights, an assassination squad, had sworn to make directly for him across the battlefield and kill him, or die in the attempt. </strong></font><font><strong>Theydied. All 18 of them, at the very feet of the warrior-king, cut down either by him or his bodyguard. He fought in the front line for much of the day, taking many a blow, one of which demolished part of his crown. </strong></font><font><strong>And his resolute cries of 'Rally!' and 'Stand firm, men of England!' contributed immeasurably to the victory. </strong></font><font><strong>Yet along with his encouraging cries there were the sickening sounds of metal bludgeoning into flesh, the screams of horses, men drowning in a quagmire of blood. </strong></font><font><strong>If a Frenchman fell to the ground, injured or not, he would struggle to rise again in the sucking mud. And in a trice, an Englishman would be kneeling by his side like a ministering angel of death, flipping up his visor and dispatching him with a quick stab of a blade to his eyes. </strong></font><font><strong>Late in the battle, with the English slowly beginning to feel that they might yet survive and make it back to Calais after all, Henry feared that the French were going to try a final attack from the rear. </strong></font><font><strong>So he gave orders for all prisoners to be executed, in case they should be freed to fight again. But the French had had enough. Leaving at least 5,000 dead, against an English total of about 120, they fled the field. </strong></font><font><strong>Last year, French academics accused the English of having committed 'war crimes' at Agincourt. Applying 21st-century standards to the 15th century is the kind of stupidity which only the most eminent French academic could rise to. </strong></font><font><strong>You might as well complain that the French knights, in their turn, had some simply <cite>frightful </cite>ideas about the role of women. And as for their views on Jews... </strong></font><font><strong>The truth is that Agincourt was an astonishing victory, a testament to those centuries- old English qualities of sheer determination and stubborn refusal to acknowledge when we're beaten: a rock on which many more glamorous armies have broken. </strong></font><font><strong>Indeed, it is precisely because Agincourt was so atrociously unglamorous, so grim and bloody and mud-spattered, that it was so heroic: ordinary and exhausted men, achieving something quite extraordinary. </strong></font></span></p> <blockquote> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font>Why the French lost the Battle of Agincourt: Heavy armour made troops too exhausted to fight. </font><font><strong>It was a large scale medieval-day equivalent of David and Goliath. On the battlefields of Agincourt, the French outnumbered the English by up to six to one with a massive army of 36,000 soldiers. </strong></font><font><strong>Yet despite their numeric superiority, being better equipped and fighting on home turf the French could not triumph over Henry V and his 6,000 longbow archers, dismounted knights and men-at-arms. </strong></font><font><strong>They hit problems with their armour which, historians now believe, was their Achilles' heel, making them so exhausted that they were unable to fight. </strong></font><font><strong>Old meets new:</strong></font></span></h3><strong><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Retelling: Kenneth Branagh, pictured here in a scene after the Battle Of Agincourt, plays Henry V in the 1989 film of the same name" height="790" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/07/20/article-2016732-000A822C00000258-189_634x416.jpg" width="1204" /></span></strong></blockquote> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>A volunteer in French Medieval armour walks on a running machine. Historians now believe the French lost the Battle Of Agincourt because their heavy armour left them too exhausted to fight. </font><font>As they advanced across the fields of sticky mud, trampled down by the sheer volume of numbers, their breathing was restricted and tiredness kicked in quickly. </font><font>Their burden was much greater than the modern soldiers' backpack leading experts to believe that the armour played a decisive role in the 1415 battle. </font><font>The findings come after scientists from the Royal Armouries, Leeds, monitored four men, aged around 36, who carry out re-enactments using 15th century armour from different countries in Europe. </font><font>Their oxygen consumption and energy expenditure were measured as they did a range of walking and running exercises in suits weighing between 30 and 50kg. </font><font>The findings, published today in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, showed that the net energy cost of walking was 2.1 to 2.3 times higher when wearing armour than when not wearing armour while running incurred a 1.9 times higher energy cost. </font><font>Post-Second World War soldiers can carry a similar weight but, unlike a backpack, armour with interlocking steel plates may have played a part. </font><font>Researchers from the University of Leeds found that 15th Century knights used twice as much energy as modern soldiers - solely because of the weight of their armour. </font><font>Dr Graham Askew, lead researcher from the University of Leeds, said: 'We found that carrying this kind of load spread across the body requires a lot more energy than carrying the same weight in a backpack. </font><font>'This is because, in a suit of armour, the limbs are loaded with weight, which means it takes more effort to swing them with each stride. </font><font>'If you're wearing a backpack, the weight is all in one place and swinging the limbs is easier.' </font><font>The energy costs associated with wearing armour were higher than those predicted by experiments in which loads are added to different parts of the body. </font><font>The reason may be due to the impact of armour on breathing, the study suggests.</font></b></span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 1053px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="552"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><font><strong><img alt="Old meets new: A volunteer in French Medieval armour walks on a running machine. Historians now believe the French lost the Battle Of Agincourt because their heavy armour left them too exhausted to fight" height="1738" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/07/20/article-2016732-0D1263D900000578-460_634x891.jpg" width="1236" /></strong></font><blockquote><p><font><strong>Rather than taking deeper breaths when they exerted themselves, the four volunteers took larger numbers of shallower breaths. </strong></font><font><strong>'Being wrapped in a tight shell of armour may have made soldiers feel safe, but you feel breathless as soon as you begin to move around in medieval armour and this would likely limit a soldier's resistance to fight,' said co-author Dr Federico Formenti, from Oxford University. </strong></font><font><strong>Heavy armour may not only have contributed to the French defeat at Agincourt, but also at the Battle of Crecy in 1346, experts believe. </strong></font><font><strong>On this occasion the French knights fought the English and lost after an exhausting march lasting several days. </strong></font><font><strong>'Together with numbers and condition of soldiers, equipment availability, battle strategy and terrain, the high energetic cost of movement in armour could have contributed to the outcome of medieval battles,' the scientists wrote.</strong></font></p></blockquote></strong></font></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;"></p><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="499"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></td><td valign="top" width="499"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:27d6aa45-c69a-4b43-9686-8ad341d566b3" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="99d0b380-2085-4ff9-919e-590a4a815fb8" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/V-N28JMGhmk&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div><br /></b></span><blockquote><p><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Retelling: Kenneth Branagh, pictured here in a scene after the Battle Of Agincourt, plays Henry V in the 1989 film of the same name</strong></font></p></blockquote></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 1062px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="375"><blockquote><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p><h5><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">HOW THE BATTLE UNFOLDED</font></h5><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="400"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><span><img alt="The French lost around 10,000 men while around 112 English soldiers were killed in the battle" height="916" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/07/20/article-2016732-02DFB2830000044D-363_306x268.jpg" width="1046" /></span><blockquote><p><font><strong>The French lost around 10,000 men while around 112 English soldiers were killed in the battle</strong></font></p><p><font><strong>On St Crispins Day, 1415, the English army was tired and weary having marched across norhtern France on their way home, led by King Henry V.</strong></font></p></blockquote></strong></font></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The numbers are disputed but the French far outnumbered the English on the field and should have had an easy home victory. </strong></font><font><strong>Henry deployed his fighters across a 750-yard piece of land between the woods of Tramecourt and Agincourt. </strong></font><font><strong>They had around three hours of sunlight to arrange themselves as the French waited for additional troops to arrive, blocking the return to England. </strong></font><font><strong>It was Henry that made the first move, creating long spikes to disable the French cavalry and protect his longbowmen who then launched their arrows. </strong></font><font><strong>In retaliation the mounted knights advanced on the English but it is thought their charge was too late and lacking in numbers, losing control as the arrows rained down on them and churning the ground through which the footsoldiers would then have to trudge. </strong></font><font><strong>By the time they did reach the longbowmen who had spent all their three million arrows for hand-to-hand fighting they were tired and weary as the mêlée continued until thousands of French had died or had been captured.</strong></font></span></p></blockquote></td></tr></tbody></table></blockquote></td> <td valign="top" width="552"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Researchers from the University of Leeds found that 15th Century knights used twice as much energy as modern soldiers - solely because of the weight of their armour" height="1808" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/07/20/article-2016732-0D1264A100000578-761_634x876.jpg" width="1308" /></strong></font></td></tr></tbody></table><blockquote><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 1062px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="375"><blockquote> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p></blockquote></td> <td valign="top" width="685"> <p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/21/28979647_fda3e993e7_b.jpg" /></b></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;"><br /></span></span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"><tbody></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p></blockquote> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font></font> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font></font> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font></font> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="800"> <p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Map_Agincort.svg"><img alt="File:Map Agincort.svg" height="1072" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Map_Agincort.svg/800px-Map_Agincort.svg.png" width="1515" /></a> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>On the morning of 25 October the French were still waiting for additional troops to arrive. The </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony,_Duke_of_Brabant"><font>Duke of Brabant</font></a><font> (about 2,000 men), the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_of_Naples"><font>Duke of Anjou</font></a><font> (about 600 men), and the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI,_Duke_of_Brittany"><font>Duke of Brittany</font></a><font> (6,000 men, according to Montstrelet), were all marching to join the army. This left the French with a question of whether or not to advance towards the English.</font> <font><font>For three hours after sunrise there was no fighting. Military textbooks of the time stated "Everywhere and on all occasions that foot soldiers march against their enemy face to face, those who march lose and those who remain standing still and holding firm win". On top of this, the French were expecting thousands of men to join them if they waited. They were blocking Henry's retreat, and were perfectly happy to wait for as long as it took. There had even been a suggestion that the English would run away rather than give battle when they saw that they would be fighting so many French princes.</font></font></b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 699px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="349"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:21922293-1392-4667-888a-57e6f16100d6" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="8c7352bf-5b9f-49d0-bb67-1310e79b11e5" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/cgeyIYa-OMQ&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="349"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d6894cb2-8c29-4103-8348-896c0f4f9938" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="ce33be3d-6780-411e-bb97-e2d892206a66" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/nvFY93WBPPY&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Henry's men, on the other hand, were already very weary from hunger, illness and marching. Even though he knew as well as the French did that his army would perform better on the defensive, Henry was eventually forced to take a calculated risk, and move his army further forward to start the battle. This entailed pulling out the long stakes pointed outwards toward the enemy which protected the longbowmen, and abandoning his chosen position. (The use of stakes was an innovation for the English: during the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy"><font>Battle of Crécy</font></a><font>, for example, the archers were instead protected by pits and other obstacles.) If the French cavalry had charged before the stakes had been hammered back in, the result would probably have been disastrous for the English, as it was at the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Patay"><font>Battle of Patay</font></a><font>. However, the French seem to have been caught off guard by the English advance. The tightness of the terrain also seems to have restricted the planned deployment of their forces.</font> <font><font>The French had originally drawn up a battle plan that had archers and crossbowmen in front of the men-at-arms, with a cavalry force at the rear specifically designed to "fall upon the archers, and use their force to break them,"<sup> </sup>but in the event, the archers and crossbowmen were deployed <i>behind</i> and to the sides of the men-at-arms (where they seem to have played almost no part, except possibly for an initial volley of arrows at the start of the battle). The cavalry force, which could have devastated the English line if it had attacked while they moved their position, seems to have charged only <i>after</i> the initial volley of arrows from the English. It is unclear whether this is because the French were hoping the English would launch a frontal assault (and were surprised when the English instead started shooting from their new defensive position), or whether the French mounted knights simply did not react fast enough to the English advance. French chroniclers agree that when the mounted charge did come, it did not contain as many men as it should have; Gilles le Bouvier states that some had wandered off to warm themselves and others were walking or feeding their horses.</font></font> <font>In any case, within extreme bowshot from the French line (approximately 300 yards), the longbowmen dug in their stakes and then opened the engagement with a barrage of arrows.</font> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="421"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:b07651ed-afd6-4a02-8910-0953d6a90ec3" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="2d430f51-275b-4ef7-b62d-46f2c2be28c4" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/WOCMvfLjmVM&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="577"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:2a40871c-128d-43d5-b3a2-6f3be6fee5a4" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="413329f1-1c1d-4e6e-ac55-b2d9d866436f" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/NaMMJaQ6tw8&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <h6 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The French cavalry attack</font></h6> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The French cavalry, despite being somewhat disorganised and not at full numbers, charged the longbowmen, but it was a disaster, with the French knights unable to outflank the longbowmen (because of the encroaching woodland) and unable to charge through the palings that protected the archers. </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keegan"><font>John Keegan</font></a><font> argues that the longbows' main influence on the battle was at this point: armoured only on the head, many horses would have become dangerously out of control when struck in the back or flank from the high-elevation shots used as the charge started. The effect of the mounted charge and then retreat was further to churn up the mud the French had to cross to reach the English. Juliet Barker quotes a contemporary account by a monk of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica"><font>St. Denis</font></a><font> who reports how the panicking horses also galloped back through the advancing infantry, scattering them and trampling them down in their headlong flight.The Burgundian sources similarly say that the mounted men-at-arms retreated back into the advancing French vanguard.</font> </b></span></p><h6 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The main French assault</font></h6> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The constable himself led the attack of the dismounted French men-at-arms. French accounts describe their vanguard alone as containing about 5,000 men-at-arms, which would have outnumbered the English men-at-arms by more than 3 to 1, but before they could engage in hand-to-hand fighting they had to cross the muddy field under a bombardment of arrows.</font> <font><font>The plate armour of the French men-at-arms allowed them to close the 300 yards or so to the English lines while being under what the French monk of Saint Denis described as "a terrifying hail of arrow shot". However they had to lower their visors and bend their heads to avoid being shot in the face (the eye and airholes in their helmets were among the weakest points in the armour), which restricted both their breathing and their vision, and then they had to walk a few hundred yards through thick mud, wearing armour weighing 50–60 pounds.</font></font> </b></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_1415.png"><img alt="File:King Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415.png" height="1023" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt%2C_1415.png" width="1781" /></a> </b></span></td> <td valign="top" width="499"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:fd3ad184-defb-4bdb-9be5-36d505f93758" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="24afc62c-5776-46b4-b8e9-2989ecbd6706" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/8B6ImGakAKk&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>According to contemporary English accounts, Henry was directly involved in the hand-to-hand fighting. Upon hearing that his youngest brother</font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester"><font>Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester</font></a><font> had been wounded in the groin, Henry took his household guard and stood over his brother, in the front rank of the fighting, until Humphrey could be dragged to safety; the king received an axe blow to the head which knocked off a piece of the crown that formed part of his helmet.</font> </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p><p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>King Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415, by Sir </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gilbert_(painter)"><font>John Gilbert</font></a> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The French men-at-arms reached the English line and actually pushed it back, with the longbowmen continuing to shoot until they ran out of arrows and then dropping their bows and joining the mêlée, implying that the French were able to walk through a hail of tens of thousands of arrows while taking comparatively few casualties. (Mortimer suggests "about a thousand arrows every second".<sup> </sup>Henry brought in the region of 130,000 sheaves (i.e. about three million arrows) with him from England at the start of the campaign.) However the physical pounding from thousands of non-penetrating arrows, combined with the slog in heavy armour through the mud, the heat and lack of oxygen in plate armour with the visor down, and the crush of their numbers meant they could "scarcely lift their weapons" when they finally engaged the English line. When the English archers, using </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchet"><font><strong>hatchets</strong></font></a><font><strong>, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword"><font><strong>swords</strong></font></a><font><strong> and other weapons, attacked the now disordered and fatigued French, the French could not cope with their unarmoured assailants (who were much less hindered by the mud). The exhausted French men-at-arms are described as having been knocked to the ground and then unable to get back up. As the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melee"><font><strong>mêlée</strong></font></a><font><strong> developed, the French second line also joined the attack, but they too were swallowed up, with the narrow terrain meaning the extra numbers could not be used effectively, and French men-at-arms were taken prisoner or killed in their thousands. The fighting lasted about three hours, but eventually the leaders of the second line were killed or captured, as those of the first line had been. The English <i>Gesta Henrici</i> describes three great heaps of the slain around the three main English standards.</strong></font></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:c7e96fe7-3a0a-4c2c-af29-80f5e234039d" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="353757bc-eee8-4a94-9825-79399c80cfc0" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/uy7DT_FTms0&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="499"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:9e5a659d-eee7-477f-9436-3e40391365f2" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="8dcef460-e038-4ee5-9e5a-e1468112a3ba" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/bRtEghU-bQY&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p><h6 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The attack on the English baggage train</font></h6> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font><font>The only French success was an attack on the lightly protected English baggage train, with Ysembart d'Azincourt (leading a small number of men-at-arms and varlets plus about 600 peasants) seizing some of Henry's personal treasures, including a crown. Whether this was part of a deliberate French plan or an act of local brigandage is unclear from the sources. Certainly, d'Azincourt was a local knight but he may have been chosen to lead the attack because of his local knowledge and the lack of availability of a more senior soldier. In some accounts the attack happened towards the end of the battle, and led the English to think they were being attacked from the rear. Barker, following the <i>Gesta Henrici</i>, believed to have been written by an English chaplain who was actually in the baggage train, concludes that the attack happened at the <i>start</i> of the battle.</font></font> </b></span></p><h6 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Henry orders the killing of the prisoners</font></h6> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font><font>Regardless of when the baggage assault happened, there was a point after the initial English victory where Henry became alarmed that the French were regrouping for another attack. The <i>Gesta Henrici</i> puts this after the English had overcome the onslaught of the French men-at-arms, and the weary English troops were eyeing the French rearguard ("in incomparable number and still fresh"). Le Fevre and Waurin similarly say that it was signs of the French rearguard regrouping and "marching forward in battle order" which made the English think they were still in danger.</font></font> <font>In any event, Henry ordered the slaughter of what was perhaps several thousand French prisoners, with only the most illustrious being spared. His fear was that they would rearm themselves with the weapons strewn upon the field, and the exhausted English would be overwhelmed. Though ruthless, it was arguably justifiable given the situation of the battle; perhaps surprisingly, even the French chroniclers do not criticise him for this. This marked the end of the battle, as the French rearguard, having seen so many of the French nobility captured and killed, fled the battlefield.</font> </b></span></p><blockquote> <h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font>Why the French lost the Battle of Agincourt: Heavy armour made troops too exhausted to fight. </font><font><strong>It was a large scale medieval-day equivalent of David and Goliath. On the battlefields of Agincourt, the French outnumbered the English by up to six to one with a massive army of 36,000 soldiers. </strong></font><font><strong>Yet despite their numeric superiority, being better equipped and fighting on home turf the French could not triumph over Henry V and his 6,000 longbow archers, dismounted knights and men-at-arms. </strong></font><font><strong>They hit problems with their armour which, historians now believe, was their Achilles' heel, making them so exhausted that they were unable to fight. </strong></font><font><strong>Old meets new:</strong></font></span></h3></blockquote> <p><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img height="1278" src="http://farm1.staticflickr.com/22/28980086_401cdf933c_b.jpg" width="1654" /> </b></span></p><h3><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">French Burial Ground at Agincourt</span></h3> <h5 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Aftermath</font></h5> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font><font>Due to a lack of reliable sources it is impossible to give a precise figure for the French and English casualties. However, it is clear that though the English were outnumbered, their losses were far lower than those of the French. The French sources all give 4,000–10,000 French dead, with up to 1,600 English dead. The lowest ratio in these French sources has the French losing six times more men than the English. The English sources vary between about 1,500 and 11,000 for the French dead, with English dead put at no more than 100.</font></font> <font>Barker identifies from the available records "at least" 112 Englishmen who died in the fighting (including </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_of_Norwich,_2nd_Duke_of_York"><font>Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York</font></a><font>, a grandson of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"><font>Edward III</font></a><font>), but this excludes the wounded. One widely used estimate puts the English casualties at 450, not an insignificant number in an army of about 8,500, but far fewer than the thousands the French lost, nearly all of whom were killed or captured. Using the lowest French estimate of their own dead of 4,000 would imply a ratio of nearly 9 to 1 in favour of the English, or over 10 to 1 if the prisoners are included.</font> <font>The French suffered heavily. Three dukes, at least eight counts, a viscount and an archbishop died, along with numerous other nobles. Of the great royal office holders, France lost her Constable, Admiral, Master of the Crossbowmen and <i>prévôt</i> of the marshals. The <i>baillis</i> of nine major northern towns were killed, often along with their sons, relatives and supporters. In the words of Juliet Barker, the battle "cut a great swath through the natural leaders of French society in Artois, Ponthieu, Normandy, Picardy." Estimates of the number of prisoners vary between 700 and 2,200, amongst them the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"><font>Duke of Orléans</font></a><font> (the famous poet Charles d'Orléans) and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Le_Maingre"><font>Jean Le Maingre</font></a><font> (known as Boucicault) </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_of_France"><font>Marshal of France</font></a>.<font> Almost all these prisoners would have been nobles, as the less valuable prisoners were slaughtered.</font> <font><font>Although the victory had been militarily decisive, its impact was complex. It did not lead to further English conquests immediately as Henry's priority was to return to England, which he did on 16 November, to be received in triumph in London on the 23rd. Henry returned a conquering hero, in the eyes of his subjects and European powers outside of France, blessed by God. It established the legitimacy of the Lancastrian monarchy and the future campaigns of Henry to pursue his "rights and privileges" in France. Other benefits to the English were longer term. Very quickly after the battle, the fragile truce between the Armagnac and Burgundian factions broke down. The brunt of the battle had fallen on the Armagnacs and it was they who suffered the majority of senior casualties and carried the blame for the defeat. The Burgundians seized on the opportunity and within 10 days of the battle had mustered their armies and marched on Paris. This lack of unity in France would allow Henry eighteen months to prepare militarily and politically for a renewed campaign. When that campaign took place, it was made easier by the damage done to the political and military structures of Normandy by the battle.</font></font> <font>It took several years' more campaigning, but Henry was eventually able to fulfil all his objectives. He was recognised by the French in the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Troyes"><font>Treaty of Troyes</font></a><font> (1420) as the regent and heir to the French throne. This was cemented by his marriage to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois"><font>Catherine of Valois</font></a><font>, the daughter of King Charles VI.</font></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font></font></b></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2127" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/emr6A8WaL8Q" width="2559" youtube-src-id="emr6A8WaL8Q"></iframe></font></b></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font><br /></font></b></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font style="background-color: black;"><br /></font></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font style="background-color: black;"><br /></font></b></span></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2016732/Why-French-lost-Battle-Agincourt-Heavy-armour-troops-exhausted-fight.html"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong></strong></font></a></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 800px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="400"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img alt="A mock up of how the Daily Mail would have looked the day after the battle" height="2691" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/07/20/article-2016732-0038DAC900000258-365_634x814.jpg" width="2096" /> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:01ccf3fd-dc67-4aa3-ae11-3eeb53a9e317" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="1609428f-f3fc-4026-b2d1-9139ae4f09b1" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/mmh9__mI51g&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div></b></span></td> <td valign="top" width="400"> <span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:5c15ce86-ed36-4e5d-a591-bc90c60672e7" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="6215d141-47c6-4d20-9919-d1480190dbee" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/HciOc2-nOQc&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:aaa08f44-4800-4705-9f66-6ae35d3bee8c" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="3fc6e996-709d-446c-8498-3790888d0acb" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/L38pCPka5LQ&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img height="2089" src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2040/2046238123_e4384f8018_b.jpg" width="2097" /> </b></span></p><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: justify; width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font></font></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1738" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DZd4cVpmto0" width="2091" youtube-src-id="DZd4cVpmto0"></iframe></font></b></span></div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font><br />The battle of Agincourt had been particularly damaging for the nobility of the region. After this battle, the English regent </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford"><font>John, Duke of Bedford</font></a><font>, given the titles of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Anjou"><font>Duke of Anjou</font></a><font> and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_and_Dukes_of_Maine"><font>Count of Maine</font></a><font>, ordered a systematic conquest, though this was not effected without resistance.</font> </b></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>At the time of this battle, in September 1423, the English force commanded by </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_la_Pole,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk"><font>William de la Pole</font></a><font>, who had returned to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"><font>Normandy</font></a><font> after a pillaging expedition to Anjou and Maine, suffered a crushing defeat. </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousinot"><font>Cousinot</font></a><font> reports that "there were great deeds of arms done" and that the English "were beaten in the field and there were fourteen to fifteen hundred killed" </font> </b></span></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">William Pole</font></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>In the month of September 1423, Lord William de la Pole, brother of the earl of Suffolk, left Normandy with 2000 soldiers and 800 archers to go raiding in Maine and Anjou. He seized </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segr%C3%A9"><font>Segré</font></a><font>, and there mustered a huge collection of loot and a herd of 1,200 bulls and cows, before setting off to return to Normandy, taking hostages as he went.</font> </b></span></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">To avenge the insult</font></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Queen </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolande_of_Aragon"><font>Yolande of Aragon</font></a><font>, mother-in-law to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France"><font>Charles VII of France</font></a><font>, who was in her town of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angers"><font>Angers</font></a><font>, had the first thought of avenging the affront and the damage to her </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comte"><font>county</font></a><font>, and gave orders for such a mission to the most valiant of the unlucky French king's partisans, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise_de_Lor%C3%A9"><font>Ambroise de Loré</font></a><font>, who had been commander of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Suzanne,_Mayenne"><font>Sainte-Suzanne</font></a><font> since 1422. Knowing that </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VIII_of_Harcourt"><font>John VIII of Harcourt</font></a><font>, count of Aumale and governor of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touraine"><font>Touraine</font></a><font>, Anjou and Maine, was then in </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours"><font>Tours</font></a><font> and preparing an expedition into Normandy, Amboise despatched a message to Aumale by letter. The governor came in haste to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laval,_Mayenne"><font>Laval</font></a><font><font>, bringing the troops he had already gathered "and summoning men from all the lands he passed through".</font></font> </b></span></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font></font> </span></h4> <h4 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Preparations</font></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The promptest and best-armed response came from the baron of Coulonges, whose services were accepted despite his current disgrace with the governor, who merely enjoined Coulonges not to present himself to him. This whole concentration of force was all gathered together very rapidly. D'Aumale had not yet arrived in Laval on Friday 24 September, but set off again as early as the Saturday morning, on his way to take up a position on the road to follow the English, sending scouts to keep an eye on their march and to inform him of it exactly. It was early at the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bourgneuf-la-For%C3%AAt&action=edit&redlink=1"><font>Bourgneuf-la-Forêt</font></a><font>, from which he sent word to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_de_Laval_(1385-1466)"><font>Anne de Laval</font></a><font> at </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitr%C3%A9_(Ille-et-Vilaine)"><font>Vitré</font></a><font> "to pray her that she would send him the army of her sons, named André of Lohéac, then a young man of twelve years; which she did very willingly, and sent him to accompany it, master </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_XIV_de_Laval"><font>Guy XIV de Laval</font></a><font><font>, lord of Mont-Jean, and all the people of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiefdom">seigneurie</a></i> of Laval, with several other of their vassals that she could recover and bring in promptly from other parts".</font></font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Aumale then took counsel from the bastard </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Alen%C3%A7on"><font>duke of Alençon</font></a><font>, the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_XIV_de_Laval"><font>sire de Mont-Jean</font></a><font>, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_of_Tr%C3%A9migon&action=edit&redlink=1"><font>Louis of Trémigon</font></a><font> and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise_of_Lor%C3%A9"><font>Ambroise of Loré</font></a><font>. He appraised them that the English were three leagues off and that they would pass La Brossinière, following the main road from </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"><font>Brittany</font></a><font><font>, the following Sunday morning.</font></font> </b></span></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Course of the battle</font></h4> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Two hours after the troops had been drawn up in battle order, the English scouts who were giving chase arrived and met the French skirmishers. The scouts ran them down and forced them to withdraw into the line of battle, where they stood their ground. The English could no longer pursue them, since a massed body of cavalry was in front of them, withdrawing towards the count of Aumale; they could only form an arc when the troops unmasked themselves.</font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The English, with a long baggage train but marching in good order, dug in strongly behind defences, behind which they could retire in case of cavalry attack. Trémigon, Loré and Coulonges wanted to make an attempt on the defences, but they were too strong; they turned there and bravely attacked the English in the flank, but were broken and cornered in a large ditch. The infantry moved to the front; the convoy of carts, and troops closed up and tried to escape behind but they were unable to withstand for long.</font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The result was a butchery in which 1,200 to 1,400 men of the English forces perished. The others, including William Pole, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aubourg&action=edit&redlink=1"><font>Thomas Aubourg</font></a><font> and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Cliffeton&action=edit&redlink=1"><font>Thomas Cliffeton</font></a><font>, fled, though only 120 got away. On the French side, only a single knight was lost, </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Le_Roux&action=edit&redlink=1"><font>John Le Roux</font></a><font>, and "a few others [of no title]" ("peu d'autres"). </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_of_Loh%C3%A9ac"><font>André of Lohéac</font></a><font>, the future marshal, was knighted with several of his companions. The lady of Laval had the dead buried.</font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The victory was a happy augury for the start of Charles VII's reign, and remains a glorious memory for the French</strong></font></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1724" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_-oPpJ2lVQM" width="2074" youtube-src-id="_-oPpJ2lVQM"></iframe></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="499"> <span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:f781c466-6d02-4183-9665-a0e7537396ae" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="75990b33-ccce-4569-8a35-3db82b16034b" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ktzGn0GvWVA&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:ca3e313a-73f3-462c-9dd2-c94af4000481" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="4313ae8b-d669-4fc0-a6bb-8765a3d04bc7" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/eQZGvxM_Dq0&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div><br /><br /> </b></span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>The <i>Chemin de Cocaigne</i> was a </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Roman"><font>Gallo-Roman</font></a><font> way restored under the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingians"><font>Carolingians</font></a><font>, that linked the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin"><font>Cotentin</font></a><font> peninsula of what would become </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"><font>Normandy</font></a><font>, skirted </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"><font>Brittany</font></a><font> and ran eventually beyond </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitaine"><font>Aquitaine</font></a><font> to the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascogne"><font>Gascogne</font></a><font> in the southwest. The section called the <i>chemin gravelais</i> ("gravelled road") linked Normandy and </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjou"><font>Anjou</font></a><font>. The route was alluded to as the <i>chemin du Roy</i> (the "King's road") in a document of 1454. For pilgrims to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"><font>Santiago de Compostela</font></a><font> it was one of the feeder routes leading to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers"><font>Poitiers</font></a><font>, where it joined the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_of_St_James"><font>Way of St James</font></a><font> beyond the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"><font>Pyrenees</font></a><font>.</font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>This route, the only route that was fit for wheeled vehicles, was a long-range commercial link that gained strategic significance in wartime; where it crossed </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgon"><font>Bourgon</font></a><font> at the meadow of Le Pavement, the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Brossini%C3%A8re"><font>Battle of La Brossinière</font></a><font> was fought along the <i>chemin</i> in September 1423, a victory for French in the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"><font>Hundred Years' War</font></a><font>; the English forces were forced to abandon their baggage train, which had dictated their course with its heavily laden wagons.</font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><font>Parts of the route may be traced today from the north to south,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> starting from the </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayenne"><font>département de la Mayenne</font></a><font>. Even where the road was ploughed up centuries ago, some </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponym"><font>toponyms</font></a><font> may still reveal its former passage. South of La Gravelle the route passed through Le Prtre, near which the hamlets of Saint-Cyr-le-Gravelais (1 km) and Ruillé-le-Gravelais (5.3 km) record the passage of the route, which still may be traced on a paved secondary route leading due south of Le Pertre to the crossroads at Saint-Poix. Two kilometers southeast of </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loroux&action=edit&redlink=1"><font>Loroux</font></a><font>, a place that still bears the name of <i>le Carrefour</i> appears to indicate the intersection with a way that led from </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carhaix"><font>Carhaix</font></a><font> to </font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisieux"><font>Lisieux</font></a><font>. The village of <i>La Pellerine</i> recalls the throngs of strangers who passed as pilgrims; half a kilometer to the south is La Gascoignerie, recalling the route's southern destination. Often way-stations sited where roads intersected the main route bear names that indicated the side road's destination.</font> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The <i>Chemin de Cocaigne</i> still marks sections of the boundary between the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partement"><font><strong>départements</strong></font></a><font><strong> of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayenne"><font><strong>Mayenne</strong></font></a><font><strong> and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine"><font><strong>Ille-et-Vilaine</strong></font></a><font><strong>, for example the nine-kilometer stretch between Bourgon and the Forêt du Pertre, which formed a buffer in the Middle Ages between Mayenne and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"><font><strong>Brittany</strong></font></a></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></span></p> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d99ab13c-3067-415d-b2cd-aee828cde165" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"> <div id="3067904e-51a6-4d03-a026-8e3858950feb" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/1qfns_aLrNY&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></b></span></div><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong></strong></font></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br />France was full of rovers--disbanded soldiers ready for anything that might turn up. Several times, at intervals, when Joan's dull captivity grew too heavy to bear, she was allowed to gather a troop of cavalry and make a health-restoring dash against the enemy. These things were a bath to her spirits. <br /> It was like old times, there at Saint-Pierre-le-Moutier, to see her lead assault after assault, be driven back again and again, but always rally and charge anew, all in a blaze of eagerness and delight; till at last the tempest of missiles rained so intolerably thick that old D'Aulon, who was wounded, sounded the retreat (for the King had charged him on his head to let no harm come to Joan); and away everybody rushed after him--as he supposed; but when he turned and looked, there were we of the staff still hammering away; wherefore he rode back and urged her to come, saying she was mad to stay there with only a dozen men. Her eye danced merrily, and she turned upon him crying out: <br /> "A dozen men! name of God, I have fifty-thousand, and will never budge till this place is taken! <br /> "Sound the charge!" <br /> Which he did, and over the walls we went, and the fortress was ours. Old D'Aulon thought her mind was wandering; but all she meant was, that she felt the might of fifty thousand men surging in her heart. It was a fanciful expression; but, to my thinking, truer word was never said.</strong></font></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong></strong></font></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2120" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/whUe0ulBWy8" width="2549" youtube-src-id="whUe0ulBWy8"></iframe></strong></font></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /> Then there was the affair near Lagny, where we charged the intrenched Burgundians through the open field four times, the last time victoriously; the best prize of it Franquet d'Arras, the free-booter and pitiless scourge of the region roundabout. <br /></strong></font><a name="compiegne"><font><strong>Now and then</strong></font></a><font><strong> other such affairs; and at last, away toward the end of May, 1430, we were in the neighborhood of Compiegne, and Joan resolved to go to the help of that place, which was being besieged by the Duke of Burgundy. <br /> I had been wounded lately, and was not able to ride without help; but the good Dwarf took me on behind him, and I held on to him and was safe enough. We started at midnight, in a sullen downpour of warm rain, and went slowly and softly and in dead silence, for we had to slip through the enemy's lines. We were challenged only once; we made no answer, but held our breath and crept steadily and stealthily along, and got through without any accident. About three or half past we reached Compiegne, just as the gray dawn was breaking in the east. <br /> Joan set to work at once, and concerted a plan with Guillaume de Flavy, captain of the city--a plan for a sortie toward evening against the enemy, who was posted in three bodies on the other side of the Oise, in the level plain. From our side one of the city gates communicated with a bridge. The end of this bridge was defended on the other side of the river by one of those fortresses called a boulevard; and this boulevard also commanded a raised road, which stretched from its front across the plain to the village of Marguy. A force of Burgundians occupied Marguy; another was camped at Clairoix, a couple of miles above the raised road; and a body of English was holding Venette, a mile and a half below it. A kind of bow-and-arrow arrangement, you see; the causeway the arrow, the boulevard at the feather-end of it, Marguy at the barb, Venette at one end of the bow, Clairoix at the other. <br /> Joan's plan was to go straight per causeway against Marguy, carry it by assault, then turn swiftly upon Clairoix, up to the right, and capture that camp in the same way, then face to the rear and be ready for heavy work, for the Duke of Burgundy lay behind Clairoix with a reserve. Flavy's lieutenant, with archers and the artillery of the boulevard, was to keep the English troops from coming up from below and seizing the causeway and cutting off Joan's retreat in case she should have to make one. Also, a fleet of covered boats was to be stationed near the boulevard as an additional help in case a retreat should become necessary.</strong></font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /> It was the 24th of May. At four in the afternoon Joan moved out at the head of six hundred cavalry--on her last march in this life! <br /> It breaks my heart. I had got myself helped up onto the walls, and from there I saw much that happened, the rest was told me long afterward by our two knights and other eye-witnesses. Joan crossed the bridge, and soon left the boulevard behind her and went skimming away over the raised road with her horsemen clattering at her heels. She had on a brilliant silver-gilt cape over her armor, and I could see it flap and flare and rise and fall like a little patch of white flame. <br /> It was a bright day, and one could see far and wide over that plain. Soon we saw the English force advancing, swiftly and in handsome order, the sunlight flashing from its arms. <br /> Joan crashed into the Burgundians at Marguy and was repulsed. Then she saw the other Burgundians moving down from Clairoix. Joan rallied her men and charged again, and was again rolled back. Two assaults occupy a good deal of time--and time was precious here. The English were approaching the road now from Venette, but the boulevard opened fire on them and they were checked. Joan heartened her men with inspiring words and led them to the charge again in great style. This time she carried Marguy with a hurrah. Then she turned at once to the right and plunged into the plan and struck the Clairoix force, which was just arriving; then there was heavy work, and plenty of it, the two armies hurling each other backward turn about and about, and victory inclining first to the one, then to the other. Now all of a sudden thee was a panic on our side. Some say one thing caused it, some another. Some say the cannonade made our front ranks think retreat was being cut off by the English, some say the rear ranks got the idea that Joan was killed. Anyway our men broke, and went flying in a wild rout for the causeway. Joan tried to rally them and face them around, crying to them that victory was sure, but it did no good, they divided and swept by her like a wave. Old D'Aulon begged her to retreat while there was yet a chance for safety, but she refused; so he seized her horse's bridle and bore her along with the wreck and ruin in spite of herself. And so along the causeway they came swarming, that wild confusion of frenzied men and horses--and the artillery had to stop firing, of course; consequently the English and Burgundians closed in in safety, the former in front, the latter behind their prey. Clear to the boulevard the French were washed in this enveloping inundation; and there, cornered in an angle formed by the flank of the boulevard and the slope of the causeway, they bravely fought a hopeless fight, and sank down one by one. <br /> Flavy, watching from the city wall, ordered the gate to be closed and the drawbridge raised. This shut Joan out. The little personal guard around her thinned swiftly. Both of our good knights went down disabled; Joan's two brothers fell wounded; then Noel Rainguesson--all wounded while loyally sheltering Joan from blows aimed at her. When only the Dwarf and the Paladin were left, they would not give up, but stood their ground stoutly, a pair of steel towers streaked and splashed with blood; and where the ax of one fell, and the sword of the other, an enemy gasped and died. <br /> And so fighting, and loyal to their duty to the last, good simple souls, they came to their honorable end. Peace to their memories! they were very dear to me. <br /> Then there was a cheer and a rush, and Joan, still defiant, still laying about her with her sword, was seized by her cape and dragged from her horse. She was borne away a prisoner to the Duke of Burgundy's camp, and after her followed the victorious army roaring its joy.</strong></font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong></strong></font></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2021" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XqUTbQcrBeQ" width="2432" youtube-src-id="XqUTbQcrBeQ"></iframe></strong></font></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /></strong></font></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /> The awful news started instantly on its round; from lip to lip it flew; and wherever it came it struck the people as with a sort of paralysis; and they murmured over and over again, as if they were talking to themselves, or in their sleep, "The Maid of Orleans taken! . . . Joan of Arc a prisoner! . . . the savior of France lost to us!"--and would keep saying that over, as if they couldn't understand how it could be, or how God could permit it, poor creatures! <br /> You know what a city is like when it is hung from eaves to pavement with rustling black? Then you know what Rouse was like, and some other cities. But can any man tell you what the mourning in the hearts of the peasantry of France was like? No, nobody can tell you that, and, poor dumb things, they could not have told you themselves, but it was there--indeed, yes. Why, it was the spirit of a whole nation hung with crape! <br /> The 24th of May. We will draw down the curtain now upon the most strange, and pathetic, and wonderful military drama that has been played upon the stage of the world. </strong></font><a href="http://www.maidofheaven.com/"><font><strong>Joan of Arc</strong></font></a><font><strong> will march no more. </strong></font></span></p> <div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script async="async" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" type="text/javascript"></script></div> <p></p>
<div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-10814701156052737962023-08-16T07:43:00.020-07:002023-10-15T03:36:36.272-07:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2399" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/T0kALyOOZu0" width="2887" youtube-src-id="T0kALyOOZu0"></iframe></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2379" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/v3G8T1no8TI" width="2863" youtube-src-id="v3G8T1no8TI"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><br /><p><br /></p><h4 style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">HOW TO TAKE RUSSIA BEFORE THE CHINESE DO IT: CAPTURE VLADIVOSTOK FIRST</span></b></h4><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b>A new map of <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/china">China</a>'s national borders has sparked protests from governments in Asia after its boundaries drew in the territories of its neighbors—including a small chunk of Russia.</b><b><br /></b><b>The map, published on Monday by China's Ministry of Natural Resources, lays claim to disputed land on its <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/india-china-himalayas-border-dispute-boundary-ladakh-arunachal-pradesh-tibet-xinjiang-1767263">southern border with India</a> and encompasses all of Taiwan. Off its southern coast, Beijing's so-called "dashed line" captures huge tracts of the South China Sea, where islands, reefs and maritime zones are contested by half a dozen countries.</b><b><br /></b><b>Beijing's longstanding territorial claims on its periphery aren't new. Under Chinese leader <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/xi-jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, however, China has employed its <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/china-warship-us-destroyer-uus-chung-hoon-taiwan-strait-video-1804339">growing hard power</a> to consolidate its ambitions. In recent years, its neighbors have also faced the ramped-up presence of the Chinese coast guard.</b></span></h1><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2396" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/08YoVeWjUJQ" width="2883" youtube-src-id="08YoVeWjUJQ"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>Russia</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>Moscow and Beijing put aside their centuries-old boundary disagreements for the sake of political stability two decades ago. The last territorial settlement, finally ratified by the parliaments of both nations in 2005, resolved their shared eastern border, now under renewed scrutiny because of China's map service.</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b>Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, or Heixiazi, sits at the confluence of two border rivers, and ownership is legally shared between the two countries. China's official map paints the entire 135-square mile piece of strategic land into its easternmost territory.</b><b><br /></b><b>The Kremlin has <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/putin-powerless-complain-about-china-claiming-russia-territory-1823513">yet to comment</a> on the map, which Beijing said was compiled using "national boundaries of China and various countries in the world."</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/russia">Russia</a>'s Foreign Ministry didn't return an emailed request for comment.</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/newsletter?subref=incontent_web_7"><b><br /></b></a><b>India</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>Xi and Prime Minister <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/narendra-modi">Narendra Modi</a> of <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/india">India</a> met days earlier, seemingly cordially, at the recent <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/brics">BRICS</a> summit in South Africa, and China's map controversy comes two weeks before they are set to meet again in New Delhi for the upcoming <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/g20">Group of 20</a> forum.</b><b><br /></b><b>The Indian government and <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/india-mp-threatens-surgical-strike-china-annexing-territory-map-1823072">at least one lawmaker</a> were the first to respond to what they considered a cartological land grab of India's northern state of Arunachal Pradesh, at the eastern end of the 2,100-mile disputed border commonly known as the line of actual control.</b><b><br /></b><b>Beijing considers the region part of Tibet and announced new Chinese place names there in April. Its map also includes Aksai Chin in the west, controlled by China but claimed by India.</b><b><br /></b><b>"We have today lodged a strong protest through diplomatic channels with the Chinese side on the so called 2023 'standard map' of China that lays claim to India's territory," Arindam Bagchi, a spokesperson for India's External Affairs Ministry, said on Wednesday.</b><b><br /></b><b>"We reject these claims as they have no basis. Such steps by the Chinese side only complicate the resolution of the boundary question," Bagchi said</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2251" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/d689xeCLcTs" width="2707" youtube-src-id="d689xeCLcTs"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, India's foreign minister, called Beijing's move "an old habit." He told Indian broadcaster NDTV: "This government is very clear what our territories are. Making absurd claims doesn't make others' territories yours."</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b>"India cannot afford to remain a mute spectator to such Chinese activities," said defense analyst Ashok Kumar, a retired major general of India's armed forces.</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>"India has to re-strategize to counter such actions in a proactive manner. It will be ironic to host the Chinese premier as part of the G20 summit when such an action has been taken just before this meet," </b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b><img height="2607" src="https://d.newsweek.com/en/full/2276117/china-unveils-controversial-new-map.jpg?w=790&f=a8bfe633e57ef2e7d5702d306e7df5c7" width="2212" /></b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The map shows new territorial borders, but the land grab has sparked protest from India, Malaysia and others MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES, CHINA</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>South China Sea</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>"A correct national map is a symbol of national sovereignty and territorial integrity," Li Yongchun, a senior resources ministry official, said of the newly released map, on which 10 dashes can be seen encircling the entirety of the <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/south-china-sea">South China Sea</a>.</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b>"The publicity and education of national territory awareness is an important content of patriotic education and an integral part of ideological work in the new era," Li said. "Maps, text, images and paintings can all describe national territory, but maps are the most common and intuitive form of expression of national territory."</b><b><br /></b><b><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/malaysia">Malaysia</a> was the first of the littoral states on the energy-rich sea to come out in opposition to the Chinese map, which claims disputed features and most of the country's exclusive economic zone. International law recognizes a state's right to the maritime resources within its EEZ, which extends up to 200 nautical miles from the coastline.</b><b><br /></b><b>"Malaysia does not recognize China's 2023 standard map, which outlines portions of Malaysian waters near Sabah and Sarawak as belonging to China," the Malaysian Foreign Ministry said in a statement. "Malaysia is not bound to China's 2023 standard map in any way."</b><b><br /></b><b>"Malaysia is of the view that the South China Sea issue is a complex and sensitive matter. It must be handled in a peaceful and rational manner through dialogues and negotiations based on international laws, including the <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/us-dismisses-china-maritime-claims-south-china-sea-state-department-report-1668973">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> (UNCLOS)."</b><b><br /></b><br /></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/tensions-simmer-between-poland-belarus-after-incursion-reported-1824178">Tensions simmer between Poland and Belarus after incursion reported<br /></a></b><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/mormon-onlyfans-church-christianity-1823640"><b>I'm a Mormon on OnlyFans<br /></b></a><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/china-not-contributing-global-security-poll-west-1815786"><b>The West isn't buying into China's year of diplomacy<br /></b></a><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/russian-forces-unable-return-ukrainian-fire-key-area-isw-1824167"><b>Russian forces unable to return Ukrainian fire in key area: ISW</b></a><b><br /></b><b>The <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/philippines">Philippines</a>—frequently blockaded by China's coast guard vessels while attempting to resupply a Manila-held outpost in the Spratly Islands—said its foreign affairs department would lodge a diplomatic protest because the map "infringes upon the sovereignty, the sovereign rights and the territorial integrity of the Philippines," according to Jonathan Malaya, the assistant director of President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.'s National Security Council.</b><b><br /></b><b>Beijing's extensive maritime claims in the region were roundly rejected in 2016 after the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague ruled in Manila's favor in <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/us-philippines-china-south-china-sea-arbitration-1723806">Philippines v. China</a>. The Chinese government refused to participate in the case and has never recognized the tribunal's verdict.</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>China's Foreign Ministry said the map publication was "a routine practice in China's exercise of sovereignty in accordance with the law." Ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin said on Wednesday: "We hope relevant sides can stay objective and calm, and refrain from overinterpreting the issue."</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/indonesia">Indonesia</a> considers itself a non-claimant when it comes to physical territory in the South China Sea, but it remains in dispute with China over fishing rights in the Indonesian EEZ. Its Foreign Ministry said on Thursday that depictions of territorial boundaries should comply with UNCLOS.</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>The governments of Brunei and Vietnam didn't return separate written requests for comment.</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>Taiwan</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/taiwan">Taiwan</a>'s inclusion in the Chinese map would have surprised few. Beijing maintains a long-running claim to the democratically government island, whose Republic of China government retains control over Taiwan proper as well as a number of outlying island groups, including two off China's east coast.</b><b><br /></b><b>Taipei has spent decades rebuffing Beijing's sovereignty claims but has only recently hiked up its defense spending to meet China's enlarged military footprint in and around the Taiwan Strait. The geopolitical and geoeconomic ramifications of any move to take the island by force aren't lost on Taiwan's neighbors, or its backers in the United States.</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b>Jeff Liu, a spokesperson for Taiwan's Foreign Mionistry, told reporters on Wednesday that "the People's Republic of China has never ruled Taiwan. That is the fact and the status quo universally recognized by the international community."</b><b><br /></b><b>"Regardless of how the Chinese government distorts its claims to Taiwan's sovereignty, it cannot change the objective reality of our country's existence," Liu said.</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>Japan</b></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b><b>China and neighboring <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/japan">Japan</a> have a long history of disagreements. This week, a renewed war of words followed Beijing's decision to ban all Japanese seafood products in response to Tokyo's discharge of <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/japan-china-fukushima-nuclear-waste-water-release-brick-attack-1823056">diluted waste water</a> from the Fukushima nuclear plant, which was damaged by an earthquake and tsunami in 2011.</b><b><br /></b><b>But just northeast of Taiwan in the <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/topic/east-china-sea">East China Sea</a>, barely visible on China's new map, lies the disputed Senkaku Island group, which China calls Diaoyu and Taiwan claims as Diaoyutai. The uninhabited islets are under Japanese administration—and protected by a U.S. defense treaty.</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b><b>The territorial dispute, which Taipei now rarely engages in due to warming ties with Tokyo, flared up a decade ago when the Japanese government nationalized the islands. Since then, China's largest maritime law enforcement ships—some equipped with autocannons—have <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/japan-china-senkaku-diaoyu-islands-east-china-sea-1792101">staked Beijing's claim</a> to the islets by circling them on a near-daily basis, often anchoring in their territorial waters for days.</b><b><br /></b><b>It is just one of several potential flashpoints in Asia involving territorial disputes between China and its neighbors.</b><b><br /></b><b>Li, the Chinese government official, said Beijing's new map had "serious political and strict legal nature" as well.</b><b><br /></b><b><br /></b></span></h1><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2327" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ANZPQ9fhRXM" width="2798" youtube-src-id="ANZPQ9fhRXM"></iframe></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: 700;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1859" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2014/07/04/opinion/map/map-articleLarge.png" width="2788" /></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /><b><span>Why China Will Reclaim Siberia</span></b></span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">“A land without people for a people without land.” At the turn of the 20th century, that slogan promoted Jewish migration to Palestine. It could be recycled today, justifying a Chinese takeover of Siberia. Of course, Russia's Asian hinterland isn't really empty (and neither was Palestine). But Siberia is as resource-rich and people-poor as China is the opposite. The weight of that logic scares the Kremlin.</span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">Moscow recently restored the Imperial Arch in the Far Eastern frontier town of Blagoveshchensk, declaring: “The earth along the Amur was, is and always will be Russian.” But Russia's title to all of the land is only about 150 years old. And the sprawl of highrises in Heihe, the Chinese boomtown on the south bank of the Amur, right across from Blagoveshchensk, casts doubt on the “always will be” part of the old czarist slogan.</span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">Like love, a border is real only if both sides believe in it. And on both sides of the Sino-Russian border, that belief is wavering.</span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">Siberia – the Asian part of Russia, east of the Ural Mountains – is immense. It takes up three-quarters of Russia's land mass, the equivalent of the entire U.S. and India put together. It's hard to imagine such a vast area changing hands. But like love, a border is real only if both sides believe in it. And on both sides of the Sino-Russian border, that belief is wavering.</span></b></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2310" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KwPvtLgjOPE" width="2778" youtube-src-id="KwPvtLgjOPE"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">The border, all 2,738 miles of it, is the legacy of the Convention of Peking of 1860 and other unequal pacts between a strong, expanding Russia and a weakened China after the Second Opium War. (Other European powers similarly encroached upon China, but from the south. Hence the former British foothold in Hong Kong, for example.)</span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">The 1.35 billion Chinese people south of the border outnumber Russia's 144 million almost 10 to 1. The discrepancy is even starker for Siberia on its own, home to barely 38 million people, and especially the border area, where only 6 million Russians face over 90 million Chinese. With intermarriage, trade and investment across that border, Siberians have realized that, for better or for worse, Beijing is a lot closer than Moscow.</span></b></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2364" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/oYifU4c4Mxc" width="2844" youtube-src-id="oYifU4c4Mxc"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></span></h3><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">The vast expanses of Siberia would provide not just room for China's huddled masses, now squeezed into the coastal half of their country by the mountains and deserts of western China. The land is already providing China, “the factory of the world,” with much of its raw materials, especially oil, gas and timber. Increasingly, Chinese-owned factories in Siberia churn out finished goods, as if the region already were a part of the Middle Kingdom's economy.</span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">One day, China might want the globe to match the reality. In fact, Beijing could use Russia's own strategy: hand out passports to sympathizers in contested areas, then move in militarily to "protect its citizens." The Kremlin has tried that in Transnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and most recently the Crimea, all formally part of other post-Soviet states, but controlled by Moscow. And if Beijing chose <a href="https://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/International_security_affairs/china/09-F-0759theGreatSiberianWarOf2030.pdf">to take Siberia by force</a>, the only way Moscow could stop would be using nuclear weapons.</span></b></span></h3><div><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2382" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/b976PhcT5Ew" width="2864" youtube-src-id="b976PhcT5Ew"></iframe></div><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">If and when all the military assets of China are destroyed during the Taiwan invasion, there is an overland path to occupy defeated China by way from North Korea which is only 280 miles away from Beijing. Or which ever come first, the war against North Korea or Vladivostok. </span></b></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2332" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XIzeU7PBh48" width="2806" youtube-src-id="XIzeU7PBh48"></iframe></div><br /></span></b></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span></b></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">There is another path: Under Vladimir Putin, Russia is increasingly looking east for its future – building a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/30/world/europe/putin-signs-economic-alliance-with-presidents-of-kazakhstan-and-belarus.html?_r=0">Eurasian Union</a> even wider than the one inaugurated recently in Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan, a staunch Moscow ally. Perhaps two existing blocs – the Eurasian one encompassing Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization – could unite China, Russia and most of the 'stans. Putin's critics fear that this economic integration would reduce Russia, especially Siberia, to a raw materials exporter beholden to Greater China. And as the Chinese learned from the humiliation of 1860, facts on the ground can become lines on the map.</span></b></span></h3></div><h4 style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2317" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dMQKLODOmAM" width="2788" youtube-src-id="dMQKLODOmAM"></iframe></span></b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></h4><div><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">see and click below</span></b></span></div><div><span><b><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></span></div><div><span><b><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://draft.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/1384797616926091562/5268929682986684028" style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: #e69138;">A U.S. SECURITY STRATEGY FOR THE ARCTIC, CAPTURING THE EASTERN COAST OF RUSSIA:TO INCLUDE VLADIVOSTOK, SAKHALIN, KAMCHATKA AND PART OF SIBERIA, THIS WILL DIMINISH ACCESS OF RUSSIA AND CHINA TO THE ARCTIC ALSO WILL SECURE US AND JAPANESE SOVEREINTY</span></a><br /></span></b></span></div><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-81303275781459025232023-08-15T14:46:00.001-07:002023-09-27T14:47:18.843-07:00<p> </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2348" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Dx-IPDlxblw" width="2827" youtube-src-id="Dx-IPDlxblw"></iframe></div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="article-head-main" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(218, 218, 218); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; box-sizing: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 20px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img height="1602" src="https://images.summitmedia-digital.com/esquiremagph/images/2021/04/27/Esquire_Emilio-Aguinaldo_main.jpg" width="2847" /><div class="main-image-credits" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin: 2px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span face="libre franklin, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #999999;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">ILL</span></span></div><div class="main-image-credits" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin: 2px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></div><div class="main-image-credits" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 16px; margin: 2px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></div><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><b style="background-color: black;">THE FAILURE OF THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION MADE BY THE TRAITOROUS JEALOUSY OF EMILIO </b></span><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">A</b><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">GUINALDO</b></span></h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Philippine Revolution 1898</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">2. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#2">The Revolution began</a> in 1896 and really ended only in 1901. At first it was a war of independence against the SPAIN.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">3. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#3">The Revolution Begins </a> After the discovery of the katipunan, Bonifacio gathered his men in the hills of balintawak. August 26, 1896, the fiery Bonifacio stopped all the talking. “there is no other way,” he told them, “enough is enough!”</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">4. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#4">Causes of the</a> Revolution the abuses of Spanish officials and priests Persecution of Filipino leaders who defended the rights of their fellow countrymen Filipinos desire to regain their independence Discovery of the Katipunan and Bonifacio’s call for revolution</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">5. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#5">The Discovery of</a> the Katipunan Father Mariano Gil was the parish curate of Tondo Manila.He was one of the friars who had earlier warned the Spanish civil authorities about the existence of a secret society. He immediately rushed to the headquarters of the Manila Police.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">6. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#6">The Cry of</a> Pugadlawin Bonifacio wanted the wealthy Filipinos to help finance the Katipunan in its struggle to free the country from Spain .He ordered some of his trusted men to approach the rich Filipinos Like Francisco Roxas.Some refused to help the Katipunan,with a few exceptions like the physician ,Dr. Pio Valenzuela</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">7. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#7">The Cry of</a> Pugadlawin Bonifacio decided to move to Balintawak.He ordered his “Runners” to inform all Katipuneros that there would be a meeting in Balintawak with about 500 Katipuneros . This event which happened on Aug 23,is known as the Cry of Pugadlawin.It symbolized the determination of the Filipinos to fight for independence even unto death</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">8. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#8">The Fighting Begins </a> Bonifacio advised his men to retreat to another sitio called Pasong Tamo.The rebels,believing their weapons were inferior to those of the civil guards,also retreated towards Balara, From here they proceeded to Marikina and on to Hagdang Bato.On Aug 28,Bonifacio issued a manifesto telling the people to take up the Filipino cause.He also set the attack on the city of Manila for Aug 29,1896</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2262" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0hfc_4Zo_Ik" width="2721" youtube-src-id="0hfc_4Zo_Ik"></iframe></div><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">9. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#9">Martial Law The</a> first shots of the Philippine Revolution were fired the next day between several Katipuneros and a patrol of Spanish civil guards. That happened in the sitio of Pasong Tamo in Kalookan. However, the first real battle of the revolution took place on August 30, 1896. Bonifacio, with about 800 Katipuneros, attacked the Spanish arsenal in San Juan del Monte, which is now the municipality of San Juan in Metro Manila. The Spaniards were outnumbered and weak. But reinforcements turned the tide in their favor. The Katipuneros were forced to retreat. They left more than 150 Katipuneros dead and many more captured. The revolution spread to several Luzon provinces nearby. This prompted Governor-General Ramon Blanco to place the first eight provinces to revolt against Spanish sovereignty under martial law. They were Manila, Laguna, Bulacan, Batangas, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">10. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#10">Martial Law Governor-General</a> Blanco also included in the decree the condition that anyone who would surrender within 48 hours after its publication would not be tried in military courts. Some Katipuneros were duped into surrendering, only to be subjected to torture. Due to torture, some Katipuneros revealed the names of some of the other Katipuneros. Hundreds of suspects were arrested and imprisoned. Those from the provinces were brought to Manila. Fort Santiago became so crowded that many Filipinos who were thrown there for suspicion of involvement in the revolution were suffocated to death. Hundreds of heads of families were transported to the Carolines or to the Spanish penal colony in faraway Africa.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">11. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#11">Aguinaldo and Filipinos</a> victory The greatest victory in battle of the Filipino was won by Emilio Aguinaldo in the battle of Binakayan, Cavite on November 9 to 11, 1896 The Filipinos freedom fighters fought with crude weapons; bolos, clubs, stones, bamboo spears, old muskets, and homemade guns (paltik).</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">12. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#12">Emilio Aguinaldo At</a> 17 years old, he was elected a barangay head (cabeza de barangay) At 26 years old he became the captain (municipal mayor) of Kawit, like his late father He was also elected as a President of the first Revolutionary Government by the Tejeros Assembly</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">13. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#13"> On November</a> 1, 1897, Aguinaldo was again elected President of the Biak-na- bato Republic. On June 23,1898 to January 23, 1899 he became president of the second revolutionary Government. January 23, 1899 he became president of the first Philippine Republic President Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans at Palawan, Isabela on March 23, 1901.He surrendered and the Philippine became a colony of the United states</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">14. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#14"> Hilaria del</a> Rosario-The first wife of Aguinaldo. They had seven children. After his first wife died, he married Maria Agoncillo. President Aguinaldo died at the Veterans Hospital in Quezon City on February 6, 1964, at the age of 95. His mansion at Kawit Cavite is now a national shrine.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">15. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#15">Melchora Aquino Melchora'</a> Aquino de Ramos (January 6, 1812 – March 2, 1919) was a Filipina revolutionary who became known as "Tandang Sora" ("Elder Sora") because of her age. She is also known as the "Grand Woman of the Revolution" and the "Mother of Balintawak" for her contributions.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">16. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#16">Rizal Execution</a></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #0000ee; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#16"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2271" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/496uMSaDa0U" width="2732" youtube-src-id="496uMSaDa0U"></iframe></div><br /></a></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">17. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#17">•Tejeros Assembly On</a> March 22, 1897, the Magdiwang and Magdalo councils met once more, this time at the friar estate house in Tejeros, a barrio of San Francisco de Malabon. This convention proved even stormier than the Imus meeting and, as in Imus, the declared objective of the meeting was not even discussed. According to Jacinto Lumbreras, a Magdiwang and first presiding officer of the Tejeros convention, the meeting had been called to adopt measure for the defense of Cavite. Again this subject was not discussed, and instead, the assembled leaders, including the Magdiwangs, decided to elect the officers of the revolutionary government, thus unceremoniously discarding the Supreme Council of the Katipunan under whose standard the people had been fighting and would continue to fight.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">18. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#18">Another Meeting at</a> Tejeros Aguinaldo, who was at Pasong Santol, a barrio of Dasmariñas, was notified the following day of his election to the Presidency. At first, he refused to leave his men who were preparing to fight the enemy, but his elder brother, Crispulo Aguinaldo, persuaded him to take the oath of office, promising to take his place and would not allow the enemy to overrun the place without dying in its defense. Aguinaldo then acceded to his brother's request and proceeded to Santa Cruz del Malabon (now Tanza), where he and the others elected the previous day, with the exception of Bonifacio, took their oath of office.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">19. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#19"> Meanwhile, Bonifacio</a> and his men, numbering forty-five, again met at the estate-house of Tejeros on March 23. All of them felt bad about the results of the previous day's proceedings, for they believed that anomalies were committed during the balloting. Convinced that the election held was invalid, they drew up a document, now called the Acta de Tejeros, in which they gave their reasons for not adopting the results of the convention held the previous day. From Tejeros, Bonifacio and his men proceeded to Naik in order to be as far as possible from Magdalo men who, they thought, were responsible for the commission of anomalies during the Tejeros election. Aguinaldo, wanting to bring back Bonifacio to the fold, sent a delegation to him to persuade him to cooperate with the newly constituted government. But Bonifacio refused to return to the revolutionary fold headed by Aguinaldo.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">20. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#20">The Naik Military</a> Agreement Bonifacio's anger over what he considered an irregular election and the insult heaped on him by Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, rankled for long. At Naik, they drew up another document in which they resolved to establish a government independent of, and separate from, that established at Tejeros. An army was to be organized "by persuasion or force" and a military commander of their own choice was to take command of it. Among the forty-one men who signed it were Bonifacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio del Pilar and Severino de las Alas. The document posed a potential danger to the cause of the Revolution, for it meant a definite split in the ranks of the revolutionists and an almost certain defeat in the face of a united and well-armed enemy.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">21. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#21">The Execution of</a> Bonifacio</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">22. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#22">The Government of</a> Central Luzon</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">23. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#23">The Biak-na-bato Republic </a> Maragondon, Cavite, became the new rebel capital after the Spanish forces had captured Naic. However, many of the Spanish soldiers had just arrived from Spain and they suffered greatly from the tropical climate. General Camilo de Polavieja requested that he be relieved as governor-general. On April 23, 1897, he was replaced by former governor-general of the Philippines, Fernando Primo de Rivera. Against Primo de Rivera, Aguinaldo and his men were forced to retreat to Batangas Province by Spanish forces. The Spaniards gained control of practically the whole of Cavite. Thus, Primo de Rivera extended a decree granting pardon for those Filipinos surrendering beyond the initial deadline of May 17. There were some Filipinos who took advantage, but the others continued their fight.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">24. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#24">The Biak-na-bato Republic </a> After the death of Bonifacio, the revolutionary went from bad to worse for thefilipinos. Lasted only a short time, from November 1 to December 30, 1897. Aguinaldo was again elected as President of the biaknabato Republic</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">25. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#25">Pact of Biak-na-Bato </a> The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed on December 14, 1897, created a truce between Spanish colonial Governor-GeneralFernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution. Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were given amnesty and monetary indemnity by the Spanish Government, in return for which the revolutionary government would go into exile in Hong Kong. Aguinaldo had decided to use the money to purchase advance firearms and ammunition later on return to the archipelago</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">26. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#26">The Filipino negotiators</a> for the Pact of Biak-na- Bato. Seated from left to right: Pedro Paterno and Emilio Aguinaldo with five companions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2263" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SYWo6FoVacY" width="2723" youtube-src-id="SYWo6FoVacY"></iframe></div><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">27. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#27">The Failure of</a> the Truce The death of Bonifacio was a turning point in the Revolution. The stewardship of the Revolution was left to Aguinaldo and the elite. But the Filipinos and the Spaniards faced a long haul. Aguinaldo’s troops were being routed in Cavite and, thus, his revolutionary government moved to the more secluded Biak-na- Bato in Bulacan. At this time, Aguinaldo’s commitment to the revolutionary cause became suspect. His military advisers persuaded him to issue a declaration that his Biak-na-Bato government was willing to return to the fold of law as soon as Spain granted political reforms. These reforms included the expulsion of the hated Spanish friars and the return of lands they appropriated from the Filipinos; Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes; freedom of the press and religious tolerance; equality in treatment and payment for both peninsular and insular civil servants; and equality for all before the law. This pronouncement by Aguinaldo proved that he and the ilustrados were willing to return to the Spanish fold provided there were reforms and the ilustrado interests were met.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">28. <a href="https://www.slideshare.net/PennVillanueva/the-philippine-revolution-1898#28"> The standoff</a> in the battlefield prompted both sides to agree to an armistice. The Truce of Biak-na-Bato stipulated that Spain would pay financial remuneration to the Filipino revolutionaries in exchange for the surrender of arms and the voluntary exile abroad of Aguinaldo and the other leaders. Toward the end of December 1898, Aguinaldo and the other revolutionary leaders went into voluntary exile in Hong Kong and they were given the initial sum of 400,000 pesos, most of which were deposited in a Hongkong bank and used later on to purchase more weapons. Distrust on both sides resulted in the failure of the truce. Both sides were only biding time until they could launch another offensive.</b></span><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;">!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2269" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/O7Y_wX3czfg" width="2730" youtube-src-id="O7Y_wX3czfg"></iframe></div><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2325" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eUeKsjD35Ko" width="2798" youtube-src-id="eUeKsjD35Ko"></iframe></div><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: xx-large;"><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2324" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YByQ5GdowxY" width="2795" youtube-src-id="YByQ5GdowxY"></iframe></div><br /></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-43532792960454148912023-08-14T20:15:00.011-07:002023-08-16T00:07:08.592-07:00Alien Moon Bases on the Dark Side of the Moon<p> </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="199"> </td> <td valign="top" width="199"> <h4><br /></h4><h4><br /></h4><h4><br /></h4><h4><br /></h4><h4><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2541410/What-mystery-object-spotted-Google-Moon-Bizarre-wedge-shaped-craft-appears-lunar-surface.html"><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="7"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2177" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WXRuvjHq9oI" width="2619" youtube-src-id="WXRuvjHq9oI"></iframe></div><br /><span style="background-color: black;">What is this mystery object spotted by Google Moon? Unidentified wedge shape found on search engine's latest map of lunar surface</span></font></a></h4><h4><br /><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2541410/What-mystery-object-spotted-Google-Moon-Bizarre-wedge-shaped-craft-appears-lunar-surface.html"><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="7"><span style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2108" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5ZIMBSr-yNI" width="2538" youtube-src-id="5ZIMBSr-yNI"></iframe></div><br /></span></font></a></h4><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div> <p><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2541410/What-mystery-object-spotted-Google-Moon-Bizarre-wedge-shaped-craft-appears-lunar-surface.html"><img alt="Moon" height="1062" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/01/17/article-2541410-1ABFAC1C00000578-622_964x396.jpg" width="2584" /></a> </p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The triangular anomaly has rows of seven light-like dots that have been likened to an alien base. It can be found on the Google Moon at coordinates 22042'38.46N and 142034'44.52E. According to website Tech and Gadget News: 'The gigantic shape actually looks like the leading edge of an immense, triangular space ship, similar to, so far, super secret stealth aircraft technology, but is much larger than any airplane ever built on Earth.' The triangular anomaly, spotted on Google's map of the moon, has rows of seven light-like dots along its edge that have been likened to an alien base or spaceship.</font></strong></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 899px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="179"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="199"> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 899px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="179"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:d543fafa-9b59-4ba0-be3a-fd3b9bd99a3f" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/DJAjctdIL3Y" style="background-color: black;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" wmode="transparent"></embed></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="179"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:e23312cd-1ab2-479a-93a4-5e55575b78c1" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/7KI0VIUVkSg" style="background-color: black;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" wmode="transparent"></embed></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="179"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td> <td valign="top" width="179"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td> <td valign="top" width="179"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /> </span><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><font color="#ff8000">At any rate we have reliable stories of </font><a href="http://www.educatinghumanity.com/2012/08/Neil-Armstrong-Dead-Did-He-See-UFOs-Moon.html"><font color="#ff8000">Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin coming across two UFOs</font></a><font color="#ff8000"> on the moon and being told that the moon is off limits to humans. That was more than 40 years ago and we have not been back since, why? There is also some strong evidence that </font><a href="http://www.educatinghumanity.com/2012/09/Armstrong-Aldrin-Death-Threats-Over-UFOs-on-Moon.html"><font color="#ff8000">Armstrong and Aldrin received death threats</font></a><font color="#ff8000"> about speaking openly about their experience on the moon. We have hundreds of stories, </font><a href="http://www.educatinghumanity.com/2012/07/Moon-Structures-Massive-Building-10-Miles-High-Video.html"><font color="#ff8000">videos and photos of structures on the moon</font></a><font color="#ff8000">. We have conclusive evidence that NASA airbrushed photos of the moon. We have had only black and white photos of the moon for decades when in fact NASA has provided fantastic color photos of other parts of the universe. We know for a fact that </font><a href="http://www.space.com/7386-nasa-set-dive-bomb-moon.html"><font color="#ff8000">NASA crashed vehicles into the moon</font></a><font color="#ff8000"> under the guise of kicking up a ton of particles and dust looking for water. It seems like a crazy way to go about finding water, I would suggest that they were attempting to find out if the moon is hollow or for that matter 'man-made. Educating Humanity recently published an</font><a href="http://www.educatinghumanity.com/2012/11/Who-Built-Moon-Christopher-Knight-Aliens-ET.html"><font color="#ff8000"> interview with Christopher Knight about his book "Who Built The Moon"</font></a><font color="#ff8000"> where he offers pretty sound evidence that the moon was man made or extraterrestrial made. </font></b><br /><b><br /></b><font><font><font color="#ff8000"><b>So the point is that there is just so many stories about the moon that it would be next to impossible to write them off as fantasy. Any one story on its own would make you raise and eyebrow, but putting them all together simply makes you think that there is a lot more going on then we know about. </b><br /></font></font></font><b><br /></b><b><font color="#ff8000">Now this new story emerges years after the fact that the United States wanted to detonate a nuclear weapon on the moon!</font></b><br /></span></p> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 899px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="179"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:cf79c942-ed75-42bd-b13d-2e62618bbc94" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/hKadoX3rfcE" style="background-color: black;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" wmode="transparent"></embed></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="179"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:f0c38a68-6076-4f28-82cd-68a5f2d74ade" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/w7edICir6c4" style="background-color: black;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" wmode="transparent"></embed></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="179"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td> <td valign="top" width="179"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td> <td valign="top" width="179"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /> </span><p align="justify"><b><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">The photo below is similar to many that I myself have seen. It appears that the Chinese who took the photo, have confirmed that aliens exist. The Chinese have probably been in contact with these aliens already.</font></b></p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b> <p align="justify"><br /></p><font color="#ff8000"></font></b> </span><p align="justify"><b><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">That would explain why so many radio telescopes are searching for signals from aliens, and more being built as we speak, yet no reported signals from aliens were reported to the public.</font></b></p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> </span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 899px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="179"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:3ba8db35-0cb7-4c93-84ac-6f2760ed6f00" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/cqBJg0Vho8s" style="background-color: black;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" wmode="transparent"></embed></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="179"> <div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:faf26218-5a3a-44c2-8ed6-1539b64a3796" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/5E5Q9ddL87Y" style="background-color: black;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" wmode="transparent"></embed></span></div></td> <td valign="top" width="179"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td> <td valign="top" width="179"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td> <td valign="top" width="179"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td valign="top" width="199"> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p></td> <td valign="top" width="199"> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p></td> <td valign="top" width="199"> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Is it part of an alien spaceship nestled under the dust of the moon, or a secret moonbase occupied by humans?</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Speculation has exploded over these controversial images which appear to show something unexplained on the surface of the moon.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The triangular anomaly, spotted on Google's map of the moon, has rows of seven light-like dots along its edge that have been likened to an alien base or spaceship.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Scroll down for video...</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="This triangular anomaly with rows of seven light-like dots along its edge has been tracked down on the Google Moon viewer" height="658" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/01/17/article-2541410-1ABE1FB200000578-876_634x300.jpg" width="1390" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>This triangular anomaly with rows of seven light-like dots along its edge has been tracked down on the Google Moon viewer</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The two-sided, triangular feature on the lunar surface, was uncovered by paranormal researcher </strong></font><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmzP-nkOT2I&list=UUuEMnX7nAKxn8HrCdrHOQfg&feature=c4-overview"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>WowForReeel</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong> and posted in a new video. It can be found on the Google Moon viewer at coordinates 22042'38.46N and 142034'44.52E.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>'Is is just a weird looking crater? or is it something else?,' he asks.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>'It is really there, not faked and I have no clue what it is. I found nothing else like it in any of the other craters.'</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>According to website </strong></font><a href="http://techandgadgetnews.com/"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Tech and Gadget News</strong></font></a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>: 'The gigantic shape actually looks like the leading edge of an immense, triangular space ship, similar to, so far, super secret stealth aircraft technology, but is much larger than any airplane ever built on Earth.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a name="video"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font><a></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Could THIS be an ALIEN base on the MOON?</strong></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><a><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/01/17/video-undefined-1ABF2E4000000578-714_636x358.jpg" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The two-sided, triangular feature on the lunar surface, was uncovered paranormal researcher WowForReeel. <br />It can be found on the Google Moon viewer at coordinates 22042'38.46N and 142034'44.52E" height="329" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/01/17/article-2541410-1ABE1EF500000578-376_634x329.jpg" width="634" /></strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The two-sided, triangular feature on the lunar surface, was uncovered paranormal researcher WowForReeel. It can be found on the Google Moon viewer at coordinates 22042'38.46N and 142034'44.52E</strong></font> </span></p><h6 align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">THE GOOGLE MOON VIEWER</font></h6> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Google Moon works in a similar way to Google Earth. It was launched in 2009 on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 lunar landing.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The landing site of each of the Apollo missions is shown on the satellite image, providing more information on each mission as the user zooms in.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The first version of Google Moon only included low-resolution satellite imagery of the entire moon, and when zoomed in too close, a Swiss cheese pattern would appear.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>'The regularly spaced, circular promontory shapes which make up the seven points on the perfectly formed triangle wedge seem to be intelligently designed.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>'To date, no other feature has ever been discovered which matches this shape on the moon, or any other planet observed by satellite or exploratory rover.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>'The anomaly is so huge, it's possible it is some sort of moon base used as a facility for storing and launching alien UFO spacecraft.'</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The same YouTube user also claims to have found a similar mystery structure on Earth, nestled under the ice in Antarctica.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>'It is also a triangular shape, measuring 125 by 90mtres.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>'It is unique in the area,' he said.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Tricks of light in space photography have led to a number of excited reports about alien life in our solar system.</strong></font></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <div align="justify"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"> <h3><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Congressional Disclosure Studies Alien Moon Bases</font></h3> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://timelifeblog.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/61.jpg?w=523" /> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>There is growing evidence that, contrary to what we have been told, the US landed on the moon only to find that someone else had got there before them. This evidence may be disturbing to many, because it implies that a civilization, or civilizations, more advanced than our own has built enormous structures on the moon. This evidence comes not from some remote planet like Mars but from the Moon right above our heads.</strong></font> </span></p><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Lobachevski crater.</strong></font></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:9d675a78-17fa-4725-bb45-b50c92611908" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="1a0fa863-2647-4622-9b07-5da0865ea644" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/GiIoBpIDogw&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">In 1997 American researcher, Steven Wingate, discovered an anomaly in NASA image AS16-121-19407(H) shown below. The apparent structure looks like a huge tower standing at the rim of the Lobachevski crater on the ‘dark’ side of the moon. A distinct shadow cast by the structure is clearly visible on its right hand side.</strong></font></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2013/01/09/congressionial-disclosure-studies-alien-moon-bases/screenhunter_1109-jan-10-11-47/"><img alt="" height="441" src="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/ScreenHunter_1109-Jan.-10-11.47.jpg" title="ScreenHunter_1109 Jan. 10 11.47" width="596" /></a> </span></p><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">This tall tower is approx. 13 miles high, 4 miles in diameter at the base, the dome top has three miles in diameter.</strong></font></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:82d1cece-5c65-4fed-b54c-32376f7bd65c" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="eba1b1e3-5b7b-4056-bd9c-f43dc744554e" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/uf4xv0IW4Ig&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Here we will analyze the alien architecture in great detail. All these images were extracted from NASA official photographs. This work is Perhaps the most hard-hitting and most extensive research done on this subject of moon extraterrestrial presence (via photographic analyzes). <br />Technical note: This object is only part of a much larger panoramic photograph of the lunar sphere, and its location is closer to the rim or the horizon of the lunar sphere so when viewed you get an oblique profile, in other words side view (approximation 15 to 25 degrees of inclination from above ).</strong></font></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:e55fe80c-5253-4b3c-b748-9a64ba400ada" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="5a2e4824-3e8a-4a7e-8344-ac9ab6c8532e" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/krNW7F17uK0&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><h3><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Years of Doctored Data, Video and Photos Disclosed to Congress</font></h3> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>—</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.veteranstoday.com/2013/01/09/congressionial-disclosure-studies-alien-moon-bases/screenhunter_1105-jan-09-12-04/"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><img alt="" height="391" src="http://www.veteranstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/ScreenHunter_1105-Jan.-09-12.04.jpg" title="ScreenHunter_1105 Jan. 09 12.04" width="528" /></strong></font></a> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>—</strong></font> </span></p><h4><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">By Gordon Duff, Senior Editor</font></h4> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>—</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Discussions of alien moon bases and videos of structures on the dark side of the moon aren’t new. That congress is investigating, not only the bases themselves but three decades or more of continually doctored data from NASA and defense space projects is news.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Last week, an unusual story was published by World News Tomorrow, alleging that crop circles were created by energy weapons in orbit, systems that were hacked.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>World News Tomorrow is not a simple internet news site. We know better. The video below is from Disclose TV and is claimed to be from a Chinese satellite orbiting the moon. Other sources claim that NASA is the source:</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:6f859361-06df-4f16-ac65-663182547cbd" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="fcd2c959-586f-44ec-af74-19425ab20978" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/xgBejq4khtA&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Audio by Karl Wolfe from 2001 National Press Club Event<br />I was sent some pictures by a source who claims China will be releasing Hi Res images taken by the Chang'e-2 moon orbiter, which clearly show buildings and structures on the moons surface. He also claims NASA has deliberately bombed important areas of the Moon in an effort to destroy ancient artifacts and facilities. Pictures yet to be released clearly show nuclear impact craters and building debris caused by explosions in an effort by NASA to destroy the truth. China is moving toward full disclosure of the Extraterrestrial reality.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>An article at DarkGovernment.com this week discussed some issues the press had been banned from covering:</strong></font> </span></p><blockquote> <p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">According to many researchers of Lunar and Martian space agency images, photos revealing artifacts and structures are routinely modified by NASA higher-ups.</strong></font></p></blockquote> <blockquote> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>In NASA Trick To Remove Alien Evidence From Moon, Mars Revealed insiders Ken Johnston and Donna Hare accuse the space agency of “ordering a cover-up of photographic evidence,” and that “NASA doctored, obfuscated, and obscured thousands of photos over the years.”</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Part of the process involves a neutral filter allowing moving objects to be removed. Some photographic experts, however, argue that the same software can be tweaked to filter out objects anomalous to a landscape.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Future space images—or even some of the most damning from the past—could be subjected to the process. The result would be images bereft of any embarrassing or controversial objects that may be littering the Lunar or Martian landscapes.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>And then there’s the publication, The Canadian that reports: “Dr. Micheal Salla has indicated that there is a Military Industrial Extraterrestrial Complex or MIEC, and that Earth is being assimilated by an alien agenda which also operates on Earth’s Moon.”</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Hannard claims he received an image from “a source” who, in part, claimed: “China will be releasing [high resolution] images taken by the Chang’e-2 Moon orbiter, which clearly show buildings and structures on the Moon’s surface.</strong></font> </span></p><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">“China will be releasing all the data and images from the Chang’e-2 in the coming weeks and months, lets hope this is the beginning of a new era.”</strong></font></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></blockquote> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Government obfuscation has reached epic proportions of late. NASA sources have indicated that, next month, Earth faces a “near miss” or possible catastrophic asteroid collision, they aren’t certain yet.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Sources tell us that the issue is not that we have failed to adequately track or prepare for a 150 foot asteroid passing inside our geosynchronous satellites but that the cause of the threat itself is being withheld, a collision within the asteroid belt by what NASA describes as a “rogue planet.”</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>With recent “slam dunk” proof of UFO videos and “slam dunk” of purposefully made phony UFO videos of extremely high quality and great expense, along with cracking the satellite bloc on Area 51 and other “black sites,” and finding large triangular craft there, the charade cannot continue much longer.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Congress put out 6000 pages on torture recently, internal consumption only. The report totally debunks the bin Laden murder film, “Zero Dark 30,” which depicts the “rekilling” of the long dead bin Laden, a top level CIA asset in good standing at the time of his death.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The report, if released, would lead to the indictment of thousands of Americans for war crime.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><br /></strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><br /></strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><br /></strong></font></span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"></font></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="871" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Y7gSxw4de88" width="1048" youtube-src-id="Y7gSxw4de88"></iframe></font></span></div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><br /><strong><br /></strong></font></span><p></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>If “torture” has generated 6000 pages, what might the 500 witnesses and years of secret hearings over, not just UFOs and alien bases but secret weapon technologies and “exo-politics,” how large a report are “we” sitting on?</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>More recently a probe launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) has also photographed a massive tower-like object on the inside perimeter of a crater on the far side of the moon. As shown below, the shadow cast by the structure is clearly visible on the left hand side. This image, taken by the advanced Moon Imaging Experiment (AMIE) on board ESA’s SMART-1 spacecraft, shows crater Lomonosov. AMIE obtained the image on the 30th January 2006 with a ground resolution of 190 metres per pixel. The imaged area is centred at a latitude of 27.8º North and a longitude of 98.6º East [AMI-EAE3-001856-00042-00038].</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>No known natural process can explain the presence of such a structure. Computer enhancement shows an irregular outline with more reflective and less reflective surfaces. The amount of sunlight reflecting from parts of the Shard indicates a composition consistent with crystal, glass or polished metal. Single crystals the size of city blocks are currently unknown. The Shard may be an eroded remnant of an artificial structure made of glass-like material.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Tower</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Tower is even more massive than the Shard soaring to more than five miles above the surface of the Moon. It has been photographed from five different angles and two different altitudes (from 30 miles altitude, and from 70 miles altitude at three different distances). In all four photographs the same structure is visible and can be viewed from two different sides. The Tower exists in front of and to the left of the Shard in the Lunar Orbiter III-84M photograph. The distance from the Tower and the camera is estimated at about 200 miles, while the distance of the Shard beyond the Tower is estimated at about 230 miles. The top of the Tower has a very ordered cubic geometry, and appears to be composed of regular cubes (similar in size) joined together to form a very large cube with an estimated width of over one mile. There is apparent damage to the outline and surface of this structure. A narrow columnar structure appears to connect this cube with the surface of the Moon. The columnar support is at least three miles in height.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Six mysterious statuesque towers</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Photographs of strange surface anomalies made the front page of a November 1966 edition of The Washington Post. NASA Lunar Orbiter 2 had photographed what appeared to be six or seven towers, arranged in a specific geometric pattern, in the Mare Tranquilis region of the moon. Their pointed shadows indicated that they were either conical or pyramid-shaped. One of the apparent towers measured over 200 metres in height. NASA countered that the photographs did not show anything of any interest… whatsoever. The Russian magazine Argosy published comments made by Russian space scientist Alexander Abromov. He stated that the Russian Luna 9 probe had, on landing on the Moon on the 4th February 1966, taken some strange looking photographs: structures that stood in the landscape in a distinct pattern. The tops of the structures appeared to have a profile similar to a pyramidion.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>More lunar towers</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Looking at the old Apollo photographs and more recent pictures taken by satellite, ink spots and blurs can frequently be seen. NASA and the US air force censors have carefully inspected every single photograph and have blurred some areas while applying black ink to others. What are they trying to hide?</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Technology has moved on since the days of the Apollo missions. Computers and their software are now vastly more sophisticated. Features that were not evident on lunar photographs released to the public in the 1960s and 1970’s, and thus missed by the censors, can now be discerned using modern image analysis software. Detailed analysis of photographs released by NASA has revealed evidence of what appear to be ruins and artificial constructions of various types.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Numerous massive towers have been discovered on the lunar surface. Below is an attempt by the NASA censors to smudge out one of these towers from an Apollo photograph.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong></strong></font> </span></p> <span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:a1cca3af-3313-4fa7-b10a-30af79ddad99" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div id="f16a97f6-c55e-4c16-bcb4-7467bab75cc4" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div><embed height="355" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/L_x0abB40mo&hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425"></embed></div></div></div> </span><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Brookings Report examines the potential implications for the discovery of extraterrestrial life, stresses a need for further research, including a study how leadership should handle the information and under what circumstances leaders might or might not find it advisable to withhold such information from the public. Nowhere in my presentation I said that the government should or should not follow guidelines. I only quoted parts from the report. It is up to you to decide what happened. On Earth most minerals are located miles deep inside the earth's crust. The Zeeman crater and other places on the Moon are to be seen as holes of several miles deep (6000-9000) metres below moon surface) and therefore excavators / miners do not need to dig for minerals as they ly on the moon surface and are ready to be excavated.</strong></font></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The shard and the tower on the dark side of the moon what are they? These images are from Lunar Orbiter frame LO-III-84-M. Taken with the medium resolution camera at a distance of at least 250 miles, it shows an object dubbed by Hoagland the "Shard". <br />The star-like object above the "Shard" is a camera registration mark. The "Shard" has a shadow cast in the correct direction for it to be a real object on the Moon and is aligned with the local vertical rather than the grain of the film, decreasing the chance it is an emulsion abnormality. Close-ups reveal a cellular-like internal structure. Above and behind the "Shard" is the "Tower", a massive 7 mile high structure with a central "cube" suspended by a tripod like base. Enhancements of the "Tower" show a similar cellular construction to the "Shard", but with a distinctly hexagonal pattern.</strong></font> </span></p> <p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>THE TOWER</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Tower represents an enigma of the highest magnitude, because it rises more than five miles above the surface of the Moon, and has been photographed from five different angles and two different altitudes (from 30 miles altitude, and from 70 miles altitude at three different distances). In all four photographs the same structure is visible, and can be viewed from two different sides. The Tower exists in front of and to the left of the Shard in the Lunar Orbiter III-84M photograph. The distance from the Tower and the camera is estimated at about 200 miles, while the distance of the Shard beyond the Tower is estimated at about 230 miles. The top of the Tower has a very ordered cubic geometry, and appears to be composed of regular cubes (similar in size) joined together to form a very large cube with an estimated width of over one mile! There is apparent damage to the outline and surface of this megacube, because many cubic spaces or indentations occur over its surface (these spaces are 50-60 times larger than pixel size, and their shapes are<br />not controlled by the rectangular shape of the pixel). A narrow columnar structure connects this cube with the surface of the Moon. The columnar support is at least three miles tall, and tapers towards its base. The taper may be in part due to perspective, if the Tower is oriented at an angle and is leaning towards the camera. The leaning Tower may be part of a larger more transparent structure, which is also inclined.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><img border="0" height="163" src="http://www.greatdreams.com/moon/towersm.jpg" width="230" /></strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>THE CUBE</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>To the left of the shard, a faint anomaly was photographed. After printing the negative over and over again at different exposure levels, and analysing the results with various computer imaging processes, the anomaly was found to be a massive "tower/cube" hanging more than seven miles above the Moon! Note the highly reflective "debris" surrounding this structure seemingly embedded in a darker material. This looks very much like reflective crystalline material being held miles above the lunar surface by a framework or matrix of "rebar" (reinforcing bars).</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Surrounding the Tower are faint indications of additional light-reflective material. The amount of light coming from this material is very small compared with the amount of light reflected off the lunar surface. In order to make it visible, the surface of the Moon has to be over-exposed on the photograph. The pattern that becomes visible above the Moon's surface is not caused by the scan lines that make up the Lunar Orbiter photography. The scan lines can be seen clearly, and are oriented at different angles from the orientation of patterns in the sky. The regular cubic and/or rectangular nature of this pattern, and indications of radiating structures that connect the Tower with the surface indicate that material of low light reflectivity exists above the Moon's surface over a large area measured in hundreds of miles. The irregular splotchy reflection from some of this<br />aerial material may be due to meteorite and projectile damage over millions of years. Its highly transparent nature (bright stars can be seen behind and through this material) indicates either an open grid with cubic spaces or glass-like material held together by some sort of structural grid or a combination of both. Other photographs described below confirm the size and extent of this grid-like construction.<br />THE SKY GRID<br />The Surveyor 6 photograph of the Sun's corona at the horizon (Photograph published in NASA Technical Report 32-1262) is a view just to the north of the Tower (less than 100 miles). Total image was recorded in primary data, and variations in image reproduction are due to processing differences. Two major anomalies are apparent in this photograph: 1) sunlight at the surface of the Moon is refracted towards the camera and appears as elongate beads of bright light on top of the horizon (JPL measurements indicate light saturation for the camera was reached in these beads); 2) a regular cubic pattern of horizontal benches appears above the surface, and extends nearly as high as the view in the photograph to an altitude of several miles. Due to the angle of incidence of backlit sunlight from the Sun, which was located below the horizon, the visibility of the pattern above the surface decreases with increasing angular reflection from the center of the Sun. This<br />means that whatever was causing the reflection and refraction above the Moon's surface is geometrically dependent on the Sun's position below the Moon's horizon, and is therefore not likely an artifact of imaging, reproduction, or processing. Six additional pictures of this horizon were taken within 90 minutes, and if available (obtainable) will provide additional data for further analysis.<br />The bright beads of light on the surface decrease or become more non-continuous laterally along the horizon. This anomalous beading was explained by NASA as diffraction by fine dust suspended above the surface. No such suspended dust was found by the Apollo astronauts, and an alternative hypothesis is warranted. I agree with Hoagland's interpretation that a) the light is refraction, and b) the intense concentration of light is likely caused by glass imaging the Sun from beyond the horizon. It is unlikely that the material causing this phenomenon is natural dust or glass tectites on the surface, which are largely opaque to only partly transparent. The glass refracting the light has to be nearly transparent to transmit so much light to such a height above the surface, particularly if the refracting material has any depth to it. It may represent the basal more intact part of a superstructure that is apparent above the surface. Because of less damage, and more massive<br />glass support structures at the base (visible in some photographs as a hierarchy of stacked glass arches, each with expanded bases), more light is conducted and focused there like a series of glass lenses. Simple reflection can be ruled out as an explanation for the beads because of the position of the Sun below the horizon. <br />The three Apollo 10 photographs showing the Tower in the distance also show the grid structure from above. These photographs were taken at three different distances from the Tower as the Apollo spacecraft moved towards the Tower. Within the sky above the horizon and around the Tower a regular grid pattern emerges with proper contrast control. This grid pattern appears to be three-dimensional, and is expressed as dark lines with random points of reflection around those lines. The grid appears to be some sort of support structure, perhaps formed from a metallic rebar. The reflective material associated with it is cubic and hexagonal in design, but incomplete. With different attitudes or angles of sight, different areas of the grid structure become illuminated or reflective, implying that angle of incidence is important. I agree with Hoagland's interpretation of<br />this material as remnant portions of the glass structure, which still remains attached and suspended above the Moon's surface on a metallic cross support structure. The Tower, by contrast, is visible in all three photographs, because there is much more glass remaining than on the suspended grid structure around the Tower. Even from different angles and distances in these photographs, the top of the Tower appears as a giant cube made up of smaller cubic and hexagonal objects.<br />There is no way to get around this evidence once it becomes apparent. Altering the contrast of the Moon's surface can make this faint structure seem to disappear, but such photographic manipulation (cf. NASA catalogs) will not invalidate it. The evidence that Richard Hoagland has brought to light may assail one's sensibilities because of its magnitude and artificial implication, but it cannot be dismissed or ignored. It is there and it must be explained. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>One tower in the same region nicknamed the "castle" reaches an incredible 30 MILES into the air from the 1/6th earth gravity environment of the lunar surface. </strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong><img border="0" height="206" src="http://www.greatdreams.com/moon/castle.jpg" width="165" /></strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>The Castle. This strange object, photographed during an Apollo mission, has been named "the castle"<br />by Richard Hoagland. It seems to have a definite structure, like the remnant wall of some ancient building. <br />The bottom looks as if it has rows of support columns, above which is a high spire. Whatever it is, it's much<br />brighter than the surrounding landscape. Is it just a trick of light and shadow? A photographic anomaly?</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>One formerly suppressed Apollo 10 photo, #4822, showed an incredible array of artificial lunar constructions.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"><strong>Conclusions</strong></font> </span></p><p><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">So what are the implications of the growling list of lunar anomalies that appear to be buildings and towers? Are these artificial constructions active or long abandoned? Who built them – men or aliens?<br />Why have the Americans kept quiet about these structures for so long? The most likely reason is that they still do not know what they are. Conventional archaeology does not allow for an ancient human super civilisation that was capable of space flight. The experts at NASA and the US military will therefore assume that what they have discovered on the moon is incontrovertible evidence that we are not alone in the universe – that an advanced alien intelligence is far closer to us than we ever dared to imagine.</strong></font> </p><p><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="4"><strong></strong></font> </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="499"> <p><a name="photo34"><strong><img alt="Captured Blog: Moon Landing" height="950" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96518/cache/moon034.sJPG_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sJPG?1342966041" width="950" /></strong></a> </p><p><br /></p><p align="justify"><strong><font color="#ff8000"></font></strong></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large; text-align: left;"><strong><font color="#ff8000"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1241" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9HvG6ZlpLrI" width="1495" youtube-src-id="9HvG6ZlpLrI"></iframe></font></strong></div><strong><font color="#ff8000"><br /><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;">Astronaut Buzz Aldrin, lunar module pilot of the first lunar landing mission, poses for a photograph beside the deployed United States flag during an Apollo 11 Extravehicular Activity (EVA) on the lunar surface. The Lunar Module (LM) is on the left, and the footprints of the astronauts are clearly visible in the soil of the Moon. Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, commander, took this picture with a 70mm Hasselblad lunar surface camera. While astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin descended in the LM, the "Eagle", to explore the Sea of Tranquility region of the Moon, astronaut Michael Collins, command module pilot, remained with the Command and Service Modules (CSM) "Columbia" in lunar-orbit. (NASA) </span></font></strong><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo34"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a> </span><p></p><p align="justify"><a name="photo35"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Moon Landing" height="1221" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96518/cache/moon035.sJPG_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sJPG?1342966041" width="950" /></font></strong></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo35"><strong><font color="#ff8000">35</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">This July 20, 1969 file photo released by NASA shows Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr. removing a scientific experiment from the Lunar Module "Eagle" during the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission. As an estimated 500 million people around the world waited with bated breath crowded around fuzzy television screens and radios, Armstrong stepped down the lunar module's ladder and onto the lunar surface. "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind," Armstrong intoned, his words slightly distorted by distance and communications equipment, in a phrase now etched forever into the history books. (/AFP/Getty Images) </font></strong><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo35"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><a name="photo36"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Moon Landing" height="330" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96518/cache/moon036.sJPG_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sJPG?1342966041" width="950" /></font></strong></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo36"><strong><font color="#ff8000">36</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin became the first to walk on the Moon. This panorama of their landing site sweeps across the magnificent desolation of the Moon's Sea of Tranquility, with their Lunar Module, the Eagle, in the background at the far left. East Crater, about 30 meters wide and 4 meters deep, is on the right, and was so named because it is about 60 meters east of the Lunar Module. Armstrong had piloted the Eagle safely over the crater. Near the end of his stay on the lunar surface, Armstrong strayed far enough from the Lunar Module to take the pictures used to construct this wide-angle view, his shadow appearing at the panorama's left edge. The object near the middle foreground is a stereo close-up camera. (NASA) </font></strong><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo36"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><a name="photo37"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Moon Landing" height="675" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96518/cache/moon037.sJPG_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sJPG?1342966041" width="950" /></font></strong></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo37"><strong><font color="#ff8000">37</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">This July 20, 1969 file photo released by NASA shows commander of the Apollo 11 mission Neil Armstrong of the US near the lunar lander and the US flag, taken by Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr. on the surface of the Moon. With one small step off a ladder, Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the moon on July 20, 1969, before the eyes of hundreds of millions of awed television viewers worldwide. With that step, he placed mankind's first footprint on an extraterrestrial world and gained instant hero status. (NASA/AFP/Getty Images) </font></strong><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo37"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><a name="photo19"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Moon Landing" height="981" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96518/cache/moon019.sJPG_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sJPG?1342966041" width="950" /></font></strong></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo19"><strong><font color="#ff8000">19</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">An oblique of the Crater Daedalus on the lunar farside as seen from the Apollo 11 spacecraft in lunar orbit. The view looks southwest. Daedalus (formerly referred to as I.A.U. Crater No. 308) is located at 179 degrees east longitude and 5.5 degrees south latitude. Daedalus has a diameter of about 50 statute miles. This is a typical scene showing the rugged terrain on the farside of the Moon. While astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, commander, and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., lunar module pilot, descended in the Lunar Module (LM) "Eagle" to explore the Sea of Tranquility region of the Moon, astronaut Michael Collins, command module pilot, remained with the Command and Service Modules (CSM) "Columbia" in lunar orbit. (NASA) </font></strong><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo19"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><a name="photo20"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Moon Landing" height="946" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96518/cache/moon020.sJPG_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sJPG?1342966041" width="950" /></font></strong></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo20"><strong><font color="#ff8000">20</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The Apollo 11 Lunar Module (LM) "Eagle", in a landing configuration is photographed in lunar orbit from the Command and Service Modules (CSM) "Columbia". Inside the LM were Commander, Neil A. Armstrong, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin Jr. The long "rod-like" protrusions under the landing pods are lunar surface sensing probes. Upon contact with the lunar surface, the probes send a signal to the crew to shut down the descent engine. (NASA) </font></strong><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo20"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a></span></p><a name="photo28"><strong><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> <p align="justify"><br /><font color="#ff8000"><img alt="Captured Blog: Moon Landing" height="694" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96518/cache/moon028.sJPG_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sJPG?1342966041" width="950" /></font></p></span></strong></a><p></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo28"><strong><font color="#ff8000">28</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">The deployment of scientific experiments by Astronaut Edwin Aldrin Jr. is photographed by Astronaut Neil Armstrong. Man's first landing on the Moon occurred July 20, 1969 as Lunar Module "Eagle" touched down gently on the Sea of Tranquility on the east side of the Moon.(Photo by NASA/Newsmakers) </font></strong><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo28"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><a name="photo29"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Moon Landing" height="971" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96518/cache/moon029.sJPG_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sJPG?1342966041" width="950" /></font></strong></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo29"><strong><font color="#ff8000">29</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">This incredible image of the Earth rise was taken during lunar orbit by the Apollo 11 mission crew in July of 1969. (NASA) </font></strong><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo29"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><a name="photo30"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Moon Landing" height="630" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96518/cache/moon030.sJPG_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sJPG?1342966041" width="950" /></font></strong></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo30"><strong><font color="#ff8000">30</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">In this July 1969 file photo, Astronaut Edwin Aldrin walks by the footpad of the Apollo 11 Lunar Module. (AP/Photo, NASA, file) </font></strong><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo30"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo31"><strong><font color="#ff8000"></font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><a name="photo32"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Moon Landing" height="950" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96518/cache/moon032.sJPG_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sJPG?1342966041" width="950" /></font></strong></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo32"><strong><font color="#ff8000">32</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">Astronaut Buzz Aldrin, lunar module pilot, walks on the surface of the Moon near the leg of the Lunar Module (LM) "Eagle" during the Apollo 11 exravehicular activity (EVA). Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, commander, took this photograph with a 70mm lunar surface camera. While astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin descended in the Lunar Module (LM) "Eagle" to explore the Sea of Tranquility region of the Moon, astronaut Michael Collins, command module pilot, remained with the Command and Service Modules (CSM) "Columbia" in lunar orbit. (NASA) </font></strong><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo32"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font color="#ff8000"></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo34"><strong><font color="#ff8000"></font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><a name="photo35"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Captured Blog: Moon Landing" height="1221" src="http://denverpost.slideshowpro.com/albums/001/496/album-96518/cache/moon035.sJPG_950_2000_0_75_0_50_50.sJPG?1342966041" width="950" /></font></strong></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo35"><strong><font color="#ff8000">35</font></strong></a> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font color="#ff8000">This July 20, 1969 file photo released by NASA shows Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin, Jr. removing a scientific experiment from the Lunar Module "Eagle" during the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission. As an estimated 500 million people around the world waited with bated breath crowded around fuzzy television screens and radios, Armstrong stepped down the lunar module's ladder and onto the lunar surface. "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind," Armstrong intoned, his words slightly distorted by distance and communications equipment, in a phrase now etched forever into the history books. (/AFP/Getty Images) </font></strong><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo35"><strong><font color="#ff8000">#</font></strong></a></span> </p><p align="justify"> </p><p align="justify"><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo36"><strong><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></strong></a></p> <p></p> <p><a href="http://blogs.denverpost.com/#photo37"><strong></strong></a> </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><a name="photo19"><strong><br /></strong></a> </p><p><a name="photo34"><strong><br /></strong></a> </p><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<span class="wlWriterPreserve" id="preserveeb3dfae074ff4f4f8a860d7119654989"><embed allownetworking="all" allowscriptaccess="always" flashvars="i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" height="220" quality="high" src="http://rd.revolvermaps.com/f/g.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="220" wmode="window"></embed> <script async="async" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" type="text/javascript"></script> </span></div> <div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<span br="">id=preserve702ac4f3c7db43989e4fbd21405ed785 class=wlWriterPreserve <br />contentEditable=false><embed allownetworking="all" allowscriptaccess="always" flashvars="i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" height="220" quality="high" src="http://rd.revolvermaps.com/f/g.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="220" wmode="window"></embed> <script async="async" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" type="text/javascript"></script> </span></div><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<span class="wlWriterPreserve" id="preserve702ac4f3c7db43989e4fbd21405ed785"><embed allownetworking="all" allowscriptaccess="always" flashvars="i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" height="220" quality="high" src="http://rd.revolvermaps.com/f/g.swf" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="220" wmode="window"></embed> <script async="async" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" type="text/javascript"></script> </span></div> <div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-8983108436975849402023-08-14T12:49:00.003-07:002023-09-18T15:39:12.135-07:00<span style="background-color: black; color: orange;"><br /></span>
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div itemprop="articleBody" style="line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The craft (pictured) was launched from Elon Musk's SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Launch Complex 39A at Nasa's Kennedy Space Centre in Florida </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">'Ironically, the X-37B is exactly the type of program — toward giving the U.S. flexibility of operations in space — that seems to be prompting the current push for a Space Force, yet are already underway,' said Joan Johnson-Freese, a professor in the National Security Affairs Department at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, writes Space.com.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Four previous X-37B missions have been launched by United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rockets.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Each time the unmanned space plane has carried a mystery payload on long-duration flights in Earth orbit.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">'The many firsts on this mission make the upcoming OTV launch a milestone for the program,' said Randy Walden, the director of the Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office at the launch last year.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">'It is our goal to continue advancing the X-37B OTV so it can more fully support the growing space community.'</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">'The fifth OTV mission continues to advance the X-37B's performance and flexibility as a space technology demonstrator and host platform for experimental payloads,' a spokesperson for the US Air Force said.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The previous OTV-4 mission was 718 days long. </span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">WHAT IS THE X-37B SPACE PLANE?</span></h3>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b style="background-color: black;">The U.S. Air Force's unmanned X-37B space plane looks similar to Nasa's space shuttle but is much smaller. </b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The space plane is 29 feet (8.8 metres) long, 9.6 feet (2.9 metres) tall and weighs around 11,000 lbs. (4,990 kilograms).</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">It is orbiting at around 200 miles (320 kilometres) high. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The U.S. Air Force's unmanned X-37B space plane looks similar to Nasa's space shuttle but is much smaller. The space plane is 29 feet (8.8 metres) long, 9.6 feet (2.9 metres) tall and weighs around 11,000 lbs. (4,990 kilograms) </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Officials have revealed few details about the OTV-5 mission (the aircraft's fifth) but according to the Air Force, one on board OTV-5 payload is US thermal spreader which will test the longevity of electronics and heat pipes in the space environment.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The craft is powered by solar cells with lithium-ion batteries.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Four previous X-37B missions have been launched by United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rockets. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Each time the unmanned space plane has carried a mystery payload on long-duration flights in Earth orbi</span></b><span face=""graphik" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: #f3fff3; color: #666666; font-size: 16px;">t. </span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The US Air Force's X-37B unmanned space plane (pictured) is nearing one year in orbit as part of its fifth secretive mission</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">With the new anti Gravity Technology, the U.S. can be more than prepared to dominate Chinese space-based radar, and neutralize the A2/AD Chinese strategy and undermine the Chinese system in the Pacific. It is important that the U.S. seriously consider both these flying anti gravity aircraft carrier technologies that has access to space and capabilities to develop anti-satellite weapons to remove this threat, but also to think very hard about the policy issues about whether we want to wage war in space, whether we want to pursue weapons in orbit. The conventional wisdom of the U.S. for a long time is that space is a unilateral U.S. advantage and if we could somehow make space a demilitarized zone that this could benefit the U.S. In the emerging world of potentially very-long reach Chinese A2/AD, that older assumption that space is a unilateral U.S.-advantage is subject to serious challenge. If China has military access to space, the military prognosis in the Western Pacific could be radically different.</b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Then say let’s at least take seriously the idea that the U.S. might want to deny military sanctuary in space to the Chinese, what would be involved in that is the Chinese won’t grant us sanctuary either. Anti-satellite weapons have massive cost advantages over satellites. If sanctuary is denied in space either side is going to be able to destroy satellites vastly more cheaply than either side can replace them, but that means the U.S. would have to be prepared to make war without access to space.</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The most primitive antigravity technology is electrogravitic. This involves using voltages in the millions of volts to disrupt the ambient gravitational field. This results in an 89% reduction in gravity’s hold on airframes in such vehicles as the B-2 Stealth Bomber and the TR3-B Astra triangular craft. And given the considerable ambient ionization field I observed around the X-22A, it is reasonable to assume that extreme-voltage electrogravitics is also employed with these craft.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">U.S. Navy has been granted a patent on theoretical aircraft resembling recently-reported UFOs that could bend the laws of physics to fly through water, air, and space</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The U.S. Navy patented a technology that could bend the laws of physics </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Theoretical tech would allow the craft to travel through air, water, and space </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">By creating a 'quantum bubble' the craft could achieve 'extreme speeds' </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Descriptions of the craft are similar to recent UFO sightings by the U.S. Navy </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A letter from the U.S. Navy states that China is 'investing heavily' in the tech </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The U.S. Navy has been assigned a patent on an aerospace technology that is eerily similar to a string of UFOs described by fighter pilots.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A technology <a href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US10144532B2/en?inventor=Salvatore+Cezar+Pais">patented</a> by an aerospace engineer working at the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (NAWCAD) describes a 'hybrid' craft that is capable of flying at breakneck speeds in the air, water, and even space using an unprecedented electromagnetic propulsion system.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">As reported by <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/28729/docs-show-navy-got-ufo-patent-granted-by-warning-of-similar-chinese-tech-advances?utm_source=fark&utm_medium=website&utm_content=link&ICID=ref_fark">The Drive</a>, when looking over a patent on the technology, an examiner for the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office responded with skepticism that such a craft exists only to receive a personal letter from the Chief Technology Officer of the U.S. Navy, who explained that Chinese researchers are 'investing significantly' in the craft. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A patent shows a theoretical spacecraft (pictured above) that proposes altering the laws of physics to achieve unparalleled speeds and maneuverability. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The patent application, titled 'Craft using an inertial mass reduction device' lists Salvatore Cezar Pais, a NAWCAD engineer, as the inventor and describes a mind-blowing technology that 'can engineer the fabric of our reality at the most fundamental level (thus affecting a physical system's inertial and gravitational properties).</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Officers in the U.S. Navy have described sightings of 'tic-tac' ships that seem to defy the laws of physics, flying with agility at breakneck speeds</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Former Pentagon official gives glimpse into secret UFO investigations</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>While the patent -- which was originally applied for in 2016 -- is only theoretical, the urgency of the Navy's desire for the its approval coincides with an increasingly transparent attitude toward UFOs on the part of the U.S. military. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Earlier this year, the U.S. Navy unveiled new guidelines on collecting information about UFO sightings. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The guidelines are designed to make it easier for sailors to report UFO sightings amid fears that mysterious unidentified flying objects could actually be 'extremely advanced Russian aircraft.'</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Navy has reported an uptick in the number of 'highly advanced aircraft' encroaching on its air space, with reports from sailors describing 'tic-tac' like flying objects that, much like the craft described the Pais' patent, seem to break the rules of physics.</b></span> </div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>While many have pointed to aliens after seeing the unexplained craft, a new report suggest that foreign governments could be to blame for the high-flying ships.</b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>As The Drive reports, the amount of energy required to power such a craft -- equal to the magnetic strength of some stars -- is currently outside of the realm of possibility, however, taking into account yet another one of Pais' seemingly impossible patents granted in February, the room temperature superconductor, it could be feasible. </b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>Simply put, a superconductor is a material that can transfer energy without losing any of its power, unlike normal conductors such as copper and silver which degrade over time.</b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>The problem is superconductors have only been operational under extremely low temperatures in controlled lab-type environments, which is why in February Pais' granted patent for a room-temperature version made a splash.</b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>'This concept enables the transmission of electrical power without any losses and exhibits optimal thermal management (no heat dissipation),' reads the patent document. </b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>HOW CAN THE NAVY BUILD 'UFO' TECHNOLOGY? </b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>In a theoretical patent granted to the U.S. Navy, one engineer proposed building a 'craft using an inertial mass reduction device.'</b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>This type of ship would use a type of quantum bubble to defy the laws of physics and allow the ship to travel at speeds of light in water, air and space.</b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>The inventor, Salvatore Cezar Pais, says that the craft would 'engineer the fabric of our reality at the most fundamental level (thus affecting a physical system's inertial and gravitational properties).'</b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>While its purely theoretical, the Navy urged the U.S. Patent Office to grant a patent on the technology.</b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>In the future, using a room-temperature superconductor, the ship could harness enough energy to operate.</b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>Descriptions of the ship are eerily similar to reports from U.S. military members who have seen 'tic-tac' like ships flying through the skies at impossible speeds.</b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>The Navy says that China is 'investing heavily' in the technology. 'Which leads to the design and development of novel energy generation and harvesting devices with enormous benefits to civilization.'</b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>Though the superconductor would unlock an unparalleled ability to transfer and store energy, the technology described in Navy patent still remains largely theoretical.</b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>As corroborated by a <a href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/28729/docs-show-navy-got-ufo-patent-granted-by-warning-of-similar-chinese-tech-advances?utm_source=fark&utm_medium=website&utm_content=link&ICID=ref_fark">letter </a>defending the patent penned by the Chief Technical Officer (CTO) of the Naval Aviation Enterprise, James Sheehy, the mode of movement is 'beyond the state of possible.'</b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>However, in the future, as technology advances, Sheehy said that could all change. </b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>'As you well know, everything in time, if of significance, which this certainly is, grows in power and magnitude,' wrote Sheehy.</b></span></span><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The next level up of sophistic</span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ation is magnetogravitic. This involves generating high-energy toroidal fields spun at incredible rpm’s, which also disrupts the ambient gravitational field, indeed to the extent that a counterforce to Earth’s gravitational pull is generated . The early British aeronautical engineers called this dynamic counterbary . This may have been used in some earlier American saucers and prototypes, but I have only been told that the secret Nautilus spacefaring craft uses magnetic pulsing , which appears to utilize this technology.</span></b></span></h2>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The third level of sophistication, that used in the more modern American antigravity craft, is direct generation and harnessing of the gravitational strong force. Such a strong-force field extends slightly beyond the atomic nucleus of Element 115, an exotic element donated by Star Visitor scientist-consultants to human scientists at S-4, a secret base south of Area 51. By amplifying that exposed gravitational strong force, and using antimatter reactor high energy, and then directing it, it is possible to lift a craft from the Earth and then change directions by vectoring the shaped antigravity force field thus generated. Important information about this third technology is available on Bob Lazar’s website.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">(1.) This information is also described on the Bob Lazar video. Lazar worked on extraterrestrial technology at Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Area 51’s Site S-4. (2.) All of these technologies are primitive in comparison with the Star Visitors, whose craft utilize field propulsion powered by harnessing Zero Point Energy. Let us now examine these 13 advanced craft in more detail. The amount of information available for each varies; in some cases more is known, in other cases very little.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">1) The B-2 Stealth Bomber is manufactured Northrop-Grumman. The Air Force describes it as a low-observable, strategic, long-range heavy bomber capable of penetrating sophisticated and dense air-defense shields. The Stealth Bomber has navigation and guidance systems directed by a classified Artificial Intelligence (AI) program. This AI is exotic, involving the connecting together of PCR-copied extraterrestrial brain tissue cells with advanced integrated circuits to fashion hybrid living “neuro chips”. The B-2 gets extra lift in-flight by the turning on of electro-gravitic fields along its wings and fuselage to partially neutralize the pull of gravity. Now you begin to see why why our 21 Northrop B-2s cost about a billion dollars each. (3.)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">2) The F-22 Raptor advanced stealth fighter is built by a joint effort of the Lockheed-Martin Skunk Works and Boeing’s Phantom Works. In crude imitation of extraterrestrial starcraft, the guidance system of this aircraft incorporates special Artificial Intelligence (AI), meaning that Star Visitor genetic material is incorporated into the semi-alive and autonomously-functioning guidance system mated with the aircraft. In addition the F-22 has antigravity field propulsion capability, which is exercised selectively by the pilot who is in mental connection with the AI guidance system, which activates the antigravity propulsion as needed in coordination with the F-22’s conventional jet engine thrust, to effect the maneuvering of the F-22 Raptor. I have personally witnessed a F-22 stop on its tail in mid-air and dance slowly and gently about without regard for gravity’s pull.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">3) The “next generation” F-35 Lightning II advanced stealth fighter is built by Lockheed-Martin, Northrop-Grumman and BAE. The F-35 also incorporates quasi-alive Artificial Intelligence and antigravity field propulsion, (recovered reworked Star Visitor technologies), in addition to jet thrust.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">4) The Aurora is a moderate-sized spacefaring vehicle. The late National Security Council scientist Dr. Michael Wolf (4.) of NSC’s unacknowledged Special Studies Group subcommittee, (formerly called MJ-12), has stated that the Aurora can operate on both conventional fuel and antigravity field propulsion systems. He further stated that the Aurora can travel to the Moon. Wolf had also disclosed to me that the U.S. has a small station on the Moon, and a tiny observation post on Mars (5). Thus I doubt that Dr. Wolf would characterize the Aurora thus, unless it was a vessel already used in making such trips. He disclosed additionally that the Aurora operates out of Area 51, (Groom Dry Lake Air Force Station), at the northeast corner of the Nellis AFB Range, north of Las Vegas, Nevada.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">5) The Lockheed-Martin X-33A military spaceplane is a prototype of Lockheed’s other spaceplane, the single-stage-to-orbit reuseable aerospace vehicle, the National SpacePlane. Lockheed-Martin does not say too much about its winged, delta-shape X-33 VentureStar, except to say that we are building it. To be at that stage of development for its public-program SpacePlane, clearly Lockheed-Martin has already long since built prototypes, as well as an unacknowledged military version, which I have dubbed the X-33A. The ‘A’ suffix stands for antigravity.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Colonel Donald Ware, USAF (ret.) told me that he had recently learned from a three-star General that the VentureStar X-33 has an electrogravitics (antigravity) system on board (6.). This virtually assures that the unacknowledged military antigravity version, the X-33 A, must surely also have electrogravitics on board. It is possible that what I have called the X-33A is the Aurora craft which Dr. Wolf described.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">6) the Lockheed X-22A is a two-man antigravity disc fighter. The late Colonel Steve Wilson, USAF (ret.), stated that military astronauts trained at a secret aerospace academy separate from the regular Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs, CO. These military astronauts then operate out of Beale and Vandenberg Air Force Bases, Northern California From those bases, these military astronauts regularly fly trans-atmospherically and out into space (7). One of the aerospace craft they use, Colonel Wilson reported, is the X-22A.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Another informant, ‘Z’, aka ‘Jesse’, who formerly worked at the NSA, told me that the Lockheed X-22A antigravity fighter disc fleet is equipped with Neutral Particle Beam directed-energy weapons, that it is capable of effecting optical as well as radar invisibility, and that it is deployable for worldwide military operations from a new U.S. Space Warfare Headquarters, located in Utah. (8).</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Recently I also heard from an Army engineer, formerly TDY’ed to NASA, who shall remain unnamed at his request. He also confirmed that Lockheed had made the X-22A, the two-man antigravity fighter disc which I had seen test-flown in a canyon adjacent to the main Area 51 operations zone. He explained why I had seen the X-22A so nervously flown during that test flight. He said that the original X-22A had had a standard altimeter hard-wired into it, but that such an instrument would give faulty readings in the craft’s antigravity field, which bends space-time. He had recommended that they instead use a gradiometer, which would function better. Apparently his suggestion was finally taken up, since in more recent years I have seen the X-22As flying more smoothly and confidently at high altitudes over and near Area 51.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Another informant who wishes his identity kept private related operational details about military deployment of antigravity disc craft which sound like the X-22A. He reports: ‘During operation Desert Storm a close relative of mine was in charge of a Marine Division right on the front. In the first days film footage and especially video-cams which a large number of G.I.s had were impounded, so they wouldn`t capture any sensitive material. Iraq was pumped up and Gung-Ho, since they had well over 50,000 troops ready to charge us, [and] since we only had about 3500 they knew of, and they knew [that], because of the close proximity of troops we couldn`t nuke them, so, they were assuming piece of cake . Wrong.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">‘Two pictures my relative confiscated from one of his officers showed: 1. a large disc-shaped craft slightly in front of our men with a high intensity beam of light emitting out of it; then, 2. where men, equipment, etc. was [had stood], there only remained dark charcoal-like spots on the desert floor. We have had this technology for quite a while.’ The described disc was clearly an antigravity, levitating, aerial-weapons platform in the U.S. arsenal. Quite possibly it was the Lockheed X-22A two-man discoid craft, the real DarkStar, of which the unmanned drone X-22 DarkStar is but an aircraft ‘cover’ program to disguise the existence of this manned antigravity fighter disc, the X-22A.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Further, as ‘Z’ noted, the real manned discs come equipped with the latest Neutral Particle Beam weapons, which take apart the target at the molecular level. Star Visitor craft do not incinerate humans. Only human military fighters are so deployed. So the above report does not deal with any extraterrestrial event.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">7) The Nautilus is another space-faring craft, a secret military spacecraft which operates by magnetic pulsing (9.). It operates out of the unacknowledged new headquarters of the U.S. Space Command, deep under a mountain in Utah. It makes twice-a-week trips up to the secret military-intelligence space station, which has been in deep space for the past thirty years, and manned by U.S. and USSR (now CIS) military astronauts. The Nautilus also is used for superfast surveillance operations, utilizing its ability to penetrate target country airspace from above from deep space, a direction not usually expected. It is manufactured jointly by Boeing’s Phantom Works near Seattle and EU’s Airbus Industries Anglo-French consortium. During travel to Washington State several years ago, I had a conversation with a former Boeing executive who worked in their Phantom Works, Boeing’s black projects division, (roughly the equivalent of Lockheed’s Skunk Works). The executive confirmed what I had earlier learned from an intelligence insider: that Boeing had teamed up with Europe’s Airbus Industrie to manufacture the Nautilus.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">8) The TR3-A ‘Pumpkinseed’ is a super-fast air vehicle. The ‘Pumpkinseed’ nickname is a reference to its thin oval airframe, whose contours resemble that seed. It may be the craft identified as using pulse detonation technology for propulsion in a sub-hypersonic regime, and also uses antigravity technology for either mass-reduction or complementary field propulsion at higher speed levels. As air breathers, these Pulse Detonation Wave Engines (PDWEs) could theoretically propel a hypersonic aircraft towards Mach 10 at an altitude in excess of 180,000 feet. Used to power an trans-atmospheric vehicle, the same PDWEs might be capable of lifting the craft to the edge of space when switched to rocket mode.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">9) the TR3-B ‘Astra’ is a large triangular anti-gravity craft within the U.S. fleet. Black projects defense industry insider Edgar Rothschild Fouche wrote about the existence of the TR3-B in his book, Alien Rapture (10).</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The TR3-B does not depend solely or principally on its hydrogen-oxygen rockets. It is a highly reduced-gravity aerospace craft manufactured in secret “black programs” by Humans. The antigravity field produced reduces the vehicles weight by about 90% so that very little thrust is required to either keep it aloft or to propel it at Mach 9 speeds, or higher.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The TR-3B vehicle’s outer coating is electro-chemical reactive and changes with electrical RF Radar stimulation and can change reflectiveness, radar absorptiveness, and color. This is also the first US vehicle to use quasi-crystals in the vehicle’s skin. This polymer skin, when used in conjunction with the TR-3Bs Electronic Counter Measures and, ECCM, can make the vehicle look like a small aircraft, or a flying cylinder – or even trick radar receivers into falsely detecting a variety of aircraft, no aircraft, or several aircraft at various locations.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A circular, plasma filled accelerator ring called the Magnetic Field Disrupter, surrounds the rotable crew compartment and is far ahead of any imaginable technology. Sandia and Livermore laboratories developed the reverse engineered MFD technology. The plasma, mercury based, is pressurized at 250,000 atmospheres at a temperature of 150 degrees Kelvin, and accelerated to 50,000 rpm to create a super-conductive plasma with the resulting gravity disruption [reduction of almost all of the pull of gravity and effects of inertia].</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The MFD generates a magnetic vortex field, which disrupts or neutralizes the effects of gravity on mass within proximity, by 89 percent. The MFD creates a disruption of the Earth’s gravitational field upon the mass within the circular accelerator. The mass of the circular accelerator and all mass within the accelerator, such as the crew capsule, avionics, MFD systems, fuels, crew environmental systems, and the nuclear reactor, are reduced by 89%. The current MFD in the TR-3B causes the effect of making the vehicle extremely light, and able to outperform and outmaneuver any craft yet constructed – except, of course, those back-engineered total-antigravity craft which the government does not admit exist. To see the 13 known antigravity craft of US manufacture, see: www.drboylan.com/xplanes2.html</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The TR-3B is a high altitude, stealth, reconnaissance platform with an indefinite loiter time. Once you get it up there at speed, it doesn’t take much propulsion to maintain altitude.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">With the vehicle mass reduced by 89% the craft can travel at Mach 9, vertically or horizontally. My sources say the performance is limited only the stresses that the human pilots can endure. Which is a lot, really, considering along with the 89% reduction in mass, the G forces are also reduced by 89%. The crew of the TR-3B should be able to comfortable take up to 40Gs.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The TR-3Bs propulsion is provided by 3 multimode thrusters mounted at each bottom corner of the triangular platform. The TR-3 is a sub-Mach 9 vehicle until it reaches altitudes above l20,000 feet – then who knows how fast it can go!</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The reactor heats the liquid hydrogen and injects liquid oxygen in the supersonic nozzle, so that the hydrogen burns concurrently in the liquid oxygen afterburner. The multimode propulsion system can operate in the atmosphere, with thrust provided by the nuclear reactor, in the upper atmosphere, with hydrogen propulsion, and in orbit, with the combined hydrogen/oxygen propulsion. The engines are reportedly built by Rockwell.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">10) The Northrop antigravity disc , (designation unknown), is manufactured by Northrop Aircraft Corporation. I have dubbed it the ‘Great Pumpkin’ from its brilliant ruddy golden-orangish glow. I first saw these craft operationally test-flown in 1992 above the Groom Range ridge line at Area 51, Nevada. Later I saw the same intensely burning-bright orange-gold craft that I had seen above Areas 51 being test-flown sixty miles north of Los Angeles, in the Tehachapi Mountains east of Edwards Air Force Base. There the Northrop has its secret saucer manufacturing works buried deep within the mountains. I saw the same intensely burning-bright orange-gold craft test-flown above Northrop’s mountaintop test bed there as I had seen above Areas 51/S-4 (11). When energized these discs emit their characteristic intense glow. It is reasonable to assume that this is due to strong ionization, and that electrogravitics is the methodology of their field propulsion.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">11) The XH-75D or XH Shark antigravity helicopter is manufactured by Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical Corporation of San Diego (now part of Northrop-Grumman). USAF Colonel Steve Wilson reported that many of these XH-75Ds were assigned to the Delta/National Reconnaissance Organization Division which retrieves downed UFOs. That Division is also implicated in mutilating cattle as a psychological warfare program on the American public, to try to get citizens to fear and hate extraterrestrials through assuming that aliens are the ones cutting up the cattle. The XH-75D is also used in MILABS kidnappings of innocent civilians, who are drugged, hypnotized, and flown off in these silent antigravity craft and given the impression that they are aboard a “flying saucer”. Colonel Wilson USAF leaked the existence of the XH-75D “Shark”. (See photo of XH-75D under wrapping at: https://fbcdn-sphotos-a.akamaihd.net…_7005776_n.jpg )</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">12) The Northrop Quantum Teleportation Disc. Are the above antigravity-field propulsion craft the current state-of-the-art in advanced aerospace craft? No. There have been advances beyond “mere” antigravity field propulsion. Quantum physics is now being used to update a variety of aerospace craft and their weapons systems.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">On a 09/16/05 field trip to the boundary of Area 51, during a middle-of-the-night observation, I saw first one, then another, and finally six brightly-lit objects suddenly appear at approximately 1000′ (305 meters) height above the desert floor. The intensely-glowing, ruddy, golden-orangish ionization field surrounding these craft appeared identical to the field around the Northrop antigravity disc. But in the 13 years since I had last observed the Northrop discs above Area 51, and at their Tehachapi Mountains manufacturing site, considerable progress has been made.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">In 1992, the Northrop antigravity disc slowly rose vertically from its flight pad and gradually reached flight altitude. But in 2005 the Northrop Quantum Teleportation Discs are able to depart from their flight pad and suddenly appear at flight altitude without any visible ascent. And it is not a matter of their ionization field having been turned off during ascent for stealth purposes. The ionization field comes with electrogravitic field propulsion. If the ionization were turned off, the craft would have fallen from the sky. Rather what appears to be going on is that the Northrop engineers have incorporated quantum physics principles into the propulsion. Simply stated, Northrop appears to have harnessed quantum entanglement to achieve quantum teleportation. To the observer the craft simply ceases to exist on the flight pad and instantly begins to exist at, (in this case), 1000 feet altitude. If the interpretation of this observation is correct, then there exists an 12th entry in the U.S. antigravity arsenal, the Northrop Quantum Teleportation Disc.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">If the black-budget scientists keep advancing along these lines, we could foresee the day when a fleet of Air Force craft suddenly “cease to exist” on the air base runway and instantly appear at 35,000 feet altitude over a target city halfway around the globe, using quantum principles of Non-locality and Entanglement.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">America has used its enormous wealth to become the global super-power. The TAW-50 is but one example of its exotic, unnecessarily proliferative, and highly-destructive arsenal. The world awaits the day when America finds its soul, and pays more attention to matters of spirit, mind, and metaphysical development, and withdraws from its addiction to war toys.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">It has been said that if the American people knew what the military had in their arsenal today, they wouldn’t believe it, and would think that someone was fantasizing about a George Lucas Star Wars movie episode.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">But it’s not science-fiction. The future is already here.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The implications of these advanced antigravity craft, back-engineered by humans, are several. All of the antigravity technology is in the control of the organization conducting the UFO Cover-Up. This organization is so heavily infiltrated by Cabal types that Dr. Michael Wolf regretfully concluded that the Cabal had effective control of it. He should know; he was a high member of that Special Studies Group, [formerly MJ-12 ], buried within the National Security Council.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Since the Cabal effectively control the development and special uses of these craft, there remains a very high danger that the Cabal will use its growing antigravity fleet to try to repel the Star Visitors and even conduct Space War. Elements within the U.S. Air Force and the Naval Space Command are making preparations for such a Space War. (Added by goodetxsg: Air Force & Navy struggle over some aspects of Space control even with a unified agency)</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">What can we do about this as lightworkers, Star Kids, Star Seed adults or other humans of good will?</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">First is to keep ourselves informed about dangerous and evil uses which antigravity (and quantum) technology can be applied to.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Second is to contact our political representatives to oppose policies and weapons systems development that is oriented towards space warfare.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Third is to encourage the release of this technology into the civilian sector, where it can revolutionize transportation, energy generation, large construction projects, and other peaceful uses.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Fourth, the existence of this human technology is a two-edged sword for the Cabal. Not only is the existence of antigravity technology starting to get out to the public, but also the very existence of a massive worldwide organization conducting the UFO Cover-Up and confiscation of Star Visitor technology. As the public becomes aware that the Cabal have unfairly monopolized this technology for 50+ years, the public will become incensed at the Cabal for their greed and selfishness. This then becomes the opportunity to expose and discredit the Cabal, the Number One obstacle to human safety and progress.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A defense contractor with whom I have been in communication leaked to me details of a U.S. antigravitic space fighter-bomber, the Advanced TAW-50. Developed during the early 1990s, the capabilities of this war-bird are jaw-dropping. And the technology shows that the Defense Department did not fail to utilize what it learned combing through the wreckage of various UFO crashes.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The TAW-50 has speed capabilities well in excess of Mach 50, a number the contractor calls “a very conservative estimate.” Its actual speed “is classified.” Mach 1 is 1,225 kilometers per hour, (approximately 748 mph). That means that the TAW-50 is capable of moving way faster than 38,000 mph. In comparison, the velocity required to escape Earth’s gravity is 25,000 mph. And yes, the TAW-50 does go into space.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The TAW-50 has a SCRAM (supersonic ramjet) propulsion system for passing through the outer atmosphere.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The TAW-50 has a crew of four. Nevertheless, the TAW-50 flies so fast that it requires computers to fly it. These were developed by American Computer Company, who derived them from its Valkyrie XB/9000 AI [artificial intelligence] Guidance series. They utilize a RISC Milspec Superchip. “There are 180 of them in the flight control system, and 64 more in the weapons guidance system,” the contractor reported.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">It can carry a combined payload of glide bombs and a package of MIRV (Multiple Independently-targeted Reentry Vehicles), mil-speak for a group of intercontinental ballistic missiles, each of which can seek out and strike a different target. The MIRV pack also contains reentry-capable balloon countermeasures to make it very difficult for laser and other defense weapons to track down where the real MIRVs are and intercept them.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The TAW-50 is armed with its own Kill Laser system, which can track and immolate SAM (Surface-to-Air missiles), STTA (Surface-To-Trans-Atmosphere missiles), ATA (Air-To-Air missiles), and ATTA (Air-To-Trans-Air missiles). The TAW-50’s killer lasers can also knock down high-performance fighter interceptors. The TAW’s Kill Laser is much smaller than the earlier 1980s-era SDI (Star Wars program) models, and has a miniaturized cooling core and 500 times the wattage. The contractor said it “uses a spontaneous nucleonic burst to trigger the lasing [laser] effect.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">In addition, the TAW-50 is armed with microsuperexplosive HyperDart missiles. These are just a little larger than ordinary aircraft cannon ammunition, but travel at hypersonic speed for up to three minutes, and have enormous explosive capability. One HyperDart can blow apart a MiG fighter anywhere within 20 feet of the HyperDart. The TAW-50 carries several hundred HyperDarts.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Because the TAW-50 is designed to operate in space, it has on board a two-day air supply. This air supply can be extended by using its scoop system and traveling into the upper atmosphere.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The TAW-50’s power supply is provided by a small nuclear power generator that the contractor said is “Normal-Inert”. The contractor said that the spaceplane uses electromagnetoferrometric power generation by the immersion of pellets in heavy water (deuterium) and specially-designed coil superconductive magnets, which yield enormous amounts of free electrons when placed in an immersion which has been triggered into an oscillating field state flux.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The TAW-50 utilizes electrogravitics to maintain its own artificial gravity while in weightless space, as well as to nullify the vehicle’s mass during operations.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The contractor did not reveal the size of the space fighter-bomber except to say, “It’s a pretty big thing.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The performance of the TAW-50 makes it virtually impossible to defend against. It can hide in orbit many hundreds of miles into space, orbiting at times at 22,000 mph. Then, without warning, it can dive straight down through the atmosphere at over 38,000 miles per hour on an 80-degree attack vector, reverse direction within 150 feet of the ground with very little loss of motion and without a glide turn, and almost instantly go vertically straight up at over 38,000 mph until long after it leaves the atmosphere and resumes orbiting in space.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The contractor noted, “Those [electro-]gravitics allow it to change its mass to almost nothing in a moment, and reverse direction in a second, increase its acceleration to so many times G [Earth’s gravity] it’s not funny, yet they are able to nearly nullify the G force on the pilots. They [the electrogravitics] are fourth generation, with the ability to bring it to a complete standstill in under 2 milliseconds, if need be, without crushing the pilots, and keep it there for quite some time.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The contractor notes, “It’s far too fast for tracking radars. ” And, he adds, what military aims its radars straight up?</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The TAW-50 can be refueled and rearmed in orbit by docking with the secret undeclared Military Space Station that is in orbit. (See: http://www.drboylan.com/basespst2.html ) The entire refueling and rearming procedure takes under 10 minutes. Who mans the gas pumps? Military astronauts trained at the Secret Air Force Academy, located in the hills west of the official Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs, CO. These military astronauts rotate duty by traveling to and from Vandenburg Air Force Base on other military antigravity vehicles.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">As of 2002, the U.S. has 20 TAW-50s in its arsenal. But, as the contractor commented, “you could take out an entire nation in under 10 days with only 10 of these, doing three attacks a day. One can wipe out an entire city the size of suburban Cleveland in a single attack without having to use any nukes at all.”</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The TAW-50 was jointly developed by the Lockheed-Martin Skunk Works (Palmdale-Helendale, CA) and Northrop (undoubtedly at their undeclared “Anthill” facility within the Tehachapi Mountains, northwest of Lancaster, CA.) Both companies have a history of development of secret anti-gravity craft at these Mojave Desert facilities.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The electrogravitics for the TAW-50 was produced by GE Radionics. Pratt & Whitney designed the SCRAM atmospheric penetrator technology. American Computing Company created the artificial intelligence supercomputers.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><b>Materials of construction shall be</b></b><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b> that can float on water: Radical new material a metal matrix could lead to 'indestructible' warships and ultralight cars. </b></span><strong style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Metal matrix composite was developed with the US Army. </strong><strong style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Alloy is turned into foam by adding strong, lightweight hollow spheres. </strong><strong style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Warship made of it will not sink despite damage to its structure. </strong><b style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Researchers have demonstrated a new type of metal so light it can float on water.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The radical new material, called a metal matrix composite, was developed with the US Army. </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">A boat made of such lightweight composites will not sink despite damage to its structure. </span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The radical new material, called a metal matrix composite, was developed with the US Army and could be used in everything from warship to cars.</span></b></div>
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<div class="art-ins mol-factbox floatRHS sciencetech" data-permabox-url="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3082427/The-metal-float-water-Radical-new-material-lead-indestructable-warships-ultralight-cars.html" style="clear: none; float: right; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px 0px 16px 20px; min-height: 50px; padding: 0px; width: 308px;">
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">HOW IT IS MADE </span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The syntactic foam captures the lightness of foams, but adds substantial strength.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The secret of this syntactic foam starts with a matrix made of a magnesium alloy, which is then turned into foam by adding strong, lightweight silicon carbide hollow spheres developed and manufactured by DST. </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">A single sphere's shell can withstand pressure of over 25,000 pounds per square inch (PSI) before it ruptures—one hundred times the maximum pressure in a fire hose.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The new material also promises to improve automotive fuel economy because it combines light weight with heat resistance</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Although syntactic foams have been around for many years, this is the first development of a lightweight metal matrix syntactic foam. </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">'This new development of very light metal matrix composites can swing the pendulum back in favor of metallic materials,' said Nikhil Gupta, an NYU School of Engineering professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and the study's co-author.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">It was created by Deep Springs Technology and the New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">'The ability of metals to withstand higher temperatures can be a huge advantage for these composites in engine and exhaust components, quite apart from structural parts.' </span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The magnesium alloy matrix composite is reinforced with silicon carbide hollow particles and has a density of only 0.92 grams per cubic centimeter compared to 1.0 g/cc of water. </span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Not only does it have a density lower than that of water, it is strong enough to withstand the rigorous conditions faced in the marine environment.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;">Significant efforts in recent years have focused on developing lightweight polymer matrix composites to replace heavier metal-based components in automobiles and marine vessels. </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The technology for the new composite is very close to maturation and could be put into prototypes for testing within three years. </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Amphibious vehicles such as the Ultra Heavy-lift Amphibious Connector (UHAC) being developed by the U.S. Marine Corps can especially benefit from the light weight and high buoyancy offered by the new syntactic foams, the researchers explained.</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The syntactic foam made by DST and NYU captures the lightness of foams, but adds substantial strength. </span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">So what are the most significant barriers to entry for tech companies and how can they be lowered? How do companies in Silicon Valley view prospects for doing business with the federal government in the national security arena?" </span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Yep, the assumption that building a bigger and more efficient killing machine are a necessary price for maintaining military superiority translates into fostering both big and small tech company advancement. In order to keep this endless parade going, seed money for startups are built into the black budgets that go unaccounted for when public monies go missing. As Activist Post reports, <a href="https://www.activistpost.com/2017/03/10-trillion-missing-pentagon-no-one-not-even-dod-knows.html">$10 Trillion Missing From Pentagon And No One — Not Even The DoD — Knows Where It Is</a>, "Even though audits of all federal agencies became mandatory in 1996, the Pentagon has apparently made itself an exception, and — fully 20 years later — stands obstinately orotund in never having complied." </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Citing numerous case studies as to the operations of the government funding process, Forbes looks at <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2016/06/05/qadium-iot-google-security-darpa-cia/#7535c4013d5f">These DARPA Darlings Just Raised $20M To Build A Super-Powered Google For The Internet Of Things</a>. Actual money amounts to fund such projects are concealed, while DARPA administrative functions often provide a disclosed linkage, the cash flow is seldom traced to its final offshore banking account. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">This is not a cynical assessment, it is a factual conclusion based upon the enormous unaccountable monies that never seem to be significant enough for a serious Congressional investigation or a DOJ prosecution of wrongdoers. So the preposterous game goes on. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The history of creating the internet, contrary to Al Gore, has a long involvement from government funding. "DARPA or the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, hatched ARPANET, based on the networking technologies that provided the foundation for the internet." So when such obscure companies as the <a href="https://www.cbinsights.com/research/intelligence-military-startup-investors/">12 Early- And Mid-Stage Startups Backed By The CIA, Pentagon, And US Army</a>, are dissected the average investor would have no familiarity with the companies. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">1. Ayasdi </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">2. CounterTack </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">3. Anomali </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">4. Continuum Analytics </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">5. ProtectWise </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">6. Arctic Sand Technologies </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">7. Evolv Technology </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">8. Fuel3D </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">9. Phantom Cyber </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">10. Tribogenics </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">11. Algorithmia </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">12. Skincential Sciences </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">If direct DARPA involvement is absent in such startups, often university research is used to further the development. The obvious role of government subsidies to academia is ignored, but such funding is crucial to keep the military-industrial complex on the cutting edge of chaos. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Governments have always been in the business of securing the best instruments of war. However, in the cyber space of the mental illness to achieve oblivion, the development of <a href="http://www.theeventchronicle.com/study/darpa-genetically-modified-super-soldiers/">DARPA Genetically Modified Humans for a Super Soldier Army</a>, is beyond moral constraints. Paul A. Philips warns: </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">"The genetic modification of specific human genes will give these soldiers certain characteristics advantageous on the battlefield, giving rise to the most amazing abilities and performances. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Smarter, sharper, more focussed and more physically stronger than their enemy counterparts these soldiers will be capable of telepathy, run faster than Olympic champions, lift up record-breaking weights through the development of exoskeletons, re-grow limbs lost in combat, possess a super-strong immune system, go for days and days without food or sleep. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Then there’s the emotional side. These soldiers will have the empathy genes deleted and show no mercy, while devoid of fear. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Even more disturbingly, the “<a href="http://www.naturalnews.com/051195_DARPA_super_soldiers_genetic_engineering.html">Human Assisted Neutral Devices program</a>” involving brain controlling allows the ‘joystick’ remote operation of soldiers from some far away control centre." </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Creating a wired brain to take orders by remote control is a true gem of the descent into depravity. So when <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2017/07/10/darpa-nesd-grants-paradromics/">DARPA awards $65 million to develop the perfect, tiny two-way brain- computer interface</a>, the future prospects of a zombie army is being funded with your tax dollars. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">"The recipients have a lofty list of goals to aspire to. Foremost is DARPA’s desire to develop “high resolution” neural implants that record signals from as many as one million neurons at once. On top of that, it requests that the device be capable of two-way communication — receiving signals as well as transmitting them back out. And it wants that capability in a package no larger than two nickels stacked on top of one another." </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The full list of NESD grant recipients: </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="https://paradromics.com/">Paradromics</a>, Inc. (Dr. Matthew Angle) </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://nurmikko.engin.brown.edu/">Brown University</a> (Dr. Arto Nurmikko) </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="https://www.bioee.ee.columbia.edu/">Columbia University</a> (Dr. Ken Shepard) </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.fondave.org/">Fondation Voir et Entendre</a> (Dr. Jose-Alain Sahel and Dr. Serge Picaud) </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://jbpierce.org/">John B. Pierce Laboratory</a> (Dr. Vincent Pieribone) </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="https://mcb.berkeley.edu/labs/isacoff/">University of California</a>, Berkeley (Dr. Ehud Isacoff) </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">This is a far cry from the <a href="http://mentalfloss.com/article/31882/12-technological-advancements-world-war-i">12 Technological Advancements of World War I</a> or the <a href="http://www.expertreviews.co.uk/technology/7907/top-inventions-and-technical-innovations-of-world-war-2">Top inventions and technical innovations of World War II</a>. As DARPA proudly states, their 70 year history after the conclusion of WWII has been a mission of national security. Well, one need not be a Luddite to recognize that the MAD doctrine of mutual assured destruction expands to take into account the projects that DARPA nurtures and provides arsenals of cash to bring into development, borders on the theater of the absurd. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">For advocates of the DARPA culture like Amanda Ziadeh, describes <a href="https://gcn.com/articles/2016/07/29/darpa-innovation.aspx">How DARPA creates and sustains innovation</a> with defining their Vital Mission. "The opportunity to change the world by preventing or creating “a technological surprise” inspires the staff and encourages program managers to innovate for the future and security of the country. Projects that protect warfighters, citizens and the cyber infrastructure fuel the drive toward innovation." </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Their own <a href="https://www.darpa.mil/">web site</a> boasts that DARPA’s success depends on the vibrant ecosystem of innovation within which the Agency operates, and is fueled by partners in multiple sectors. The hidden role of one such partner is described in a column that <a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-team-to-help-put-disaster-robots-on-their-feet/">Israeli team to help put ‘disaster robots’ on their feet</a>. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">"The <a href="http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/TTO/Programs/DARPA_Robotics_Challenge.aspx">Robotics Challenge</a> program is sponsored by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of new technologies for use by the military. The Israeli team, Robil, is one of eleven that will develop software for the GFE Platform being developed by Boston Dynamics, Inc., based on its Atlas humanoid robot platform and modified to meet the needs of the DARPA Robotics Challenge. The team, the only non-American group invited to participate, was awarded $375,000 to develop the software over the next nine months." </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">This is a trend discussed in <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/mossad-intel-startup-funding-2017-6">Israel's intelligence agency is going to start investing in high-tech startups</a>. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">"The Mossad funding is not a capital investment, and is equity free – meaning the Mossad just wants to be able to use the technology. At the end of development, the Mossad will receive a non-exclusive license to use the intellectual property developed during the project. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The agreement with the Mossad does not confer any restrictions on the intellectual property, there is no need to pay royalties, and there are no other restrictions on the company." </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The natural inquiry would be to trace the connection between DARPA and all that lost secret defense monies and determine how much found its way into the coffers of the Mossad? </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Financing all these technological ventures are a major departure from the function of a capitalistic marketplace. Indeed, those days are a mere myth of how innovation is now germinated. Government subsidies are the norm or more rightly described, are the primary way that technology is created for military applications. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">DARPA may be viewed as an outstanding success for the imperial globalist cartel because the U.S. must be the enforcer of the transnational empire. Investing in such incubator projects comes with the blight of enhancing the weapons of worldwide enslavement. Crony relationships will tap into the money flow; but the technocrats, scientists and programmers bear a major responsibility for advancing the means of destroying the values of human dignity and societal civilization. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></span></b><b style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;">Maybe the title’s “<span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antigravity spaceship</span>” aim is too high (it’s a long way </span><span style="color: orange;">’till there), but Tesla, followed by other scientists along the last century, discovered the principle of propulsion using strong electromagnetic fields. It’s not about traveling on the ground, but from the ground up, with extraordinary speed and ease.</span></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The entire document is posted on panaceauniversity<a href="http://panaceauniversity.org/D8.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s, all 0.25s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">.</a>org/D8.pdf, here is a short description of what the “spaceship” does and how it can be built, as described by Patrick J. Kelly (<em style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">update: the document I mentioned in 2008 doesn’t exist anymore) </em>:</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">“Tesla performed an experiment in which he applied high-voltage high-frequency alternating current to a pair of parallel metal plates. He found that the ‘space’ between the plates became what he described as “solid-state” exhibiting the attributes of mass, inertia and momentum. That is, the area transformed into a state against which a mechanical push could be exerted. This implied that, using this technique, it should be possible to produce a spaceship drive anywhere in space, if the mechanism for thrusting against the ‘solid-state’ space could be determined. Further experiments convinced Tesla that powerful electromagnetic waves could be used to push against (and pull against) what appears to be ’empty space’. The drive principle is based on the Hall-effect used in semiconductor magnetic sensors, and is called the magnetohydrodynamic (“MHD”) effect. This might be illustrated like this:</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://cdn.greenoptimistic.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/image008.jpg?x81535" style="background-color: black; border-bottom: 1px dotted rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s, all 0.25s ease 0s; vertical-align: baseline;" title="image008.jpg"><img alt="image008.jpg" height="577" scale="0" src="https://cdn.greenoptimistic.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/11/image008.jpg?x81535" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4) 0px 0px 18px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 98.5%; padding: 5.35px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="640" /></a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-style: inherit;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Here, a box is constructed with two metal plates forming opposite sides and two insulating plates holding them in position and surrounding an area of ‘space’. High-frequency, high-voltage alternating current is applied to the metal plates and this creates an electric field “E” acting between the plates as shown in black.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">A magnetic field “B” is generated by the electrical field. The magnetic field acts at right-angles to the electric field, as shown in blue. These two fields produce a propulsion thrust “F” shown in red in the diagram. This propulsion force is not produced by ejecting any matter out of the box, instead, it is produced by a reaction against the ‘solid-state’ condition of space-time caused by the high-frequency electromagnetic pulsing of that area of space. This is enormously more effective than a jet engine. The thrust increases with the fourth power of the frequency, so if you double the frequency, the effect is sixteen times greater.</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">To put this into perspective, consider the force being applied against gravity to lift an object into the air. The force pulling the object downwards is gravity and its strength is given by:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-style: inherit;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Gravitational force:</span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;">F = g x M x m / r2</span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;">where</span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;">G is the gravitational constant (6.672 x 10-8 cm3 g-1 s-2)</span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;">M is the mass of the first body</span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;">m is the mass of the second body and</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;">r is distance between the two centres of mass</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The lifting force is given by:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-style: inherit;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Lorentz Force: Force on an object = Electric force + Magnetic force</span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;">F = q x E + q x v x B</span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;">where</span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;">q is the charge on the object,</span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;">B is the magnetic field,</span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;">v is the velocity of the object and</span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;">E is the electric field</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-style: inherit;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">How do these forces compare? Well, the electromagnetic force is stronger than the gravitational force by a factor of about 2,200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 times. That number (2.2 x 1039) is too big for anybody to really visualise, so let me put it another way.</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">If the amount of energy used to mechanically lift an object a distance of one hundredth of an inch (one quarter of a millimetre) off the ground, were used as an electromagnetic lifting force, then that amount of energy would lift the object more than 3,472,222,000,000,000,000,000,000 miles off the ground, or in metric units, more than 5,588,001,700,000,000,000,000,000 kilometres off the ground. This kind of drive is an entirely different kind of animal. This Hall-effect type of drive if used in a spaceship would require only a very small amount of input power to drive the ship at great speeds and over great distances.</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">As the device shown above operates directly on the space-time field which penetrates all matter, there would appear to be no reason why it should not be used to drive a conventional vehicle by positioning it in a horizontal position rather than the vertical position shown in the diagram. Throttle operation could be by very slight adjustment to the frequency of the AC pulses applied to the metal plates. However, Bill Lyne indicates that horizontal movement is better achieved by producing Tesla’s very short, high-voltage high-frequency DC pulses at the front of the vehicle while at the same time generating very high-voltage high-frequency AC waves at the back of the vehicle. This style of drive is said to pull the vehicle along rather than push it along.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tesla’s Dynamic Theory of Gravity (1897)</span> states that all bodies emit microwaves whose voltage and frequency are determined by their electrical contents and relative motion. He measured the microwave radiation of the earth as being only a few centimetres in wavelength. He said that the frequency and voltage were influenced by the velocity and mass of the earth, and that its gravitational interaction with other bodies, such as the sun, was determined by the interaction of the microwaves between the two bodies.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">If you find the concept of producing a driving force through pushing against the space-time continuum to be difficult to accept, then perhaps you should consider the US Patent granted to Boris Volfson on 1st November 2005. The important thing about this patent (which is crammed full of long words) is not whether or not it presents a realistic mechanism for a practical space drive, but the fact that the US Patent Office in the year 2005, granted the patent after what presumably was careful consideration. With that in view, it is hardly possible to consider Tesla to have been totally confused when he designed (and built) his “electric flying machine” which operated by pushing against the space-time field.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Tesla used high voltage at gigahertz frequencies for his electropulsion system. The propulsion of a vehicle powered by a Tesla drive is by the use of an additional AC generator at the back (which stiffens the space-time continuum behind the vehicle) and a DC ‘brush’ generator at the front (which weakens the space-time continuum in front, causing the vehicle to be pulled forwards).</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-style: inherit;"><b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Tesla was very astute. He deduced that ’empty space’ actually contained:</span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"></span><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Independent carriers which permeate all space and all matter and from which all matter is made.</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">These carry momentum, magnetism, electricity or electromagnetic force, and can be manipulated artificially or by nature.</span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; border: 0px; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. ‘Primary Solar Rays’ (starlight) which travel at the speed of light, </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">having frequencies far above X-rays, gamma and UV radiation.</span></span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;">3. ‘Cosmic Rays’, particles in space propelled by the Primary Solar Rays.</span></span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;">4. X-rays, Gamma rays and UV electromagnetic waves, all of which travel at the speed of light.</span></span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">5. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ordinary visible and Infra-Red electromagnetic waves which travel at the speed of light.</span></span></span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: black; border: 0px; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6. Rapidly varying electrostatic force of enormous potential,</span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">emanating from the earth and other gravitational bodies in space.</span></span></span></b></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">When we grasp the actual nature of the universe, it becomes clear that we have a much larger range of opportunities for producing usable energy in large quantities and at minimal cost.”</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/images/358573main_ED02-0295-5_full.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><img alt="358573main_ED02-0295-5_full.jpg" height="256" src="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/side_image/public/images/358573main_ED02-0295-5_full.jpg?itok=AFGM-8jE" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="" typeof="foaf:Image" width="320" /></b></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Bj9YDLsmtrw/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Bj9YDLsmtrw?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></b></span></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The first X-45A Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) technology demonstrator completed its sixth flight on Dec. 19, 2002, raising its landing gear in flight for the first time. The X-45A flew for 40 minutes and reached an airspeed of 195 knots and an altitude of 7,500 feet.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Credits: NASA Photo / Jim Ross Flying ships invulnerable to super cavitating torpedos</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/research/X45A/index.html" style="background-position: 0px 0px; box-sizing: border-box;"></a></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The Joint Unmanned Combat Air Systems (J-UCAS) program was a joint DARPA/Air Force/Navy effort to demonstrate the technical feasibility, utility and value for a networked system of high performance, unmanned air vehicles to effectively and affordably prosecute 21st century combat missions, including suppression of enemy air defenses, surveillance, and precision strike within the emerging global command and control architecture. One of the aircraft systems evaluated was the Boeing X-45A, for which NASA Dryden provided technical expertise and support facilities.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The X-45A was the first of two UCAV demonstration versions to be used in advance of fielding operational systems.</b></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Project Goals</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The project's goal was to demonstrate that a highly autonomous aircraft could suppress enemy air defenses or serve in a strike role. Dryden's participation in the UCAV System Demonstration Program was to support the DARPA/Boeing team in the design, development, integration, and demonstration of the critical technologies, processes, and system attributes, leading to a UCAV Operational System. Initially, Dryden supported the program through the various stages of flight development, including autonomous flight of two aircraft on separate flight paths that later joined for formation flight.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The design of the flying aircraft carrier </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A Blended wing body (BWB or <i>Hybrid Wing Body</i>, like a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" style="background-image: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> having no clear dividing line between the wings and the main body of the craft. The form is composed of distinct wing and body structures, though the wings are smoothly blended into the body, unlike a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_wing" style="background-image: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flying wing">flying wing</a> which has no distinct <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage" style="background-image: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="text-align: start;">T</span><span style="text-align: start;">he Blended Wing Body (BWB) is being considered as the next generation commercial airliner. The trend is towards larger aircraft that can carry more people, economically while reducing the number of operations from<a href="http://www.twitt.org/Slide2a.jpg"><img align="RIGHT" border="1" height="123" hspace="3" src="http://www.twitt.org/Th_Slide2a.jpg" vspace="2" width="156" /></a> airports. He noted that recent surveys have identified about 60% of the delays are due to the number of aircraft saturating the airspace, as anyone who has been delayed can attest, the ramps and runways of airports. </span></b></span><br />
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</section><article class="entry post-434795 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-armed-forces tag-nato last_archivepost" style="line-height: 22px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The flying ship is a ground effect vehicle (GEV) a vehicle that is designed to attain sustained flight over a level surface (usually over the sea), by making use of ground effect, the aerodynamic interaction between the wings and the surface. Among the best known are the Soviet ekranoplans, but names like wing-in-ground-effect (WIG), flarecraft, sea skimmer, or wing-in-surface-effect ship (WISE) are also used.</b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Carbon fibre planes: Lighter and stronger by design</span></h1>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Currently, Boeing's latest plane, the 787 Dreamliner uses composites for half of its airframe including the fuselage and wing, while Airbus's A350 XWB has both its fuselage and wings made of carbon fibre.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">While the use of carbon fibre has allowed the creation of sweeping wing tips, which can cut fuel consumption by up to 5%, both aircraft are still fairly conventionally shaped.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Yet, the great advantage of using carbon fibre as opposed to traditional metal is that it gives designers much more freedom when trying to juggle the conflicting demands of aerodynamic efficiency, fuel savings and reducing engine noise.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">So, the airliners of the future are likely to be radically different.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Such shapes could include blended wing designs, where the fuselage and wings merge into each other - like some military aircraft today.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Similar shape BWB plane burns 20 per cent less fuel than conventional aircraft and can carry more than 300 passengers</span></h2>
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<li class="class" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: justify;"><strong style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">'Flying-V' was developed by the Delft Technical University in the Netherlands and KLM is funding the design </span></strong></li>
<li class="class" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">It has the same wingspan as existing planes and is named after the iconic Gibson Flying-V electric guitar </span></b></li>
<li class="class" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">The aircraft would be able to carry up to 314 passengers in the V-shaped layout of the craft its designers claim </span></b></li>
<li class="class" style="letter-spacing: -0.01em; list-style: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 2px 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">Passenger cabin, cargo hold and fuel tanks to be integrated in the design which uses 20 per cent less fuel</span></b></li>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Dutch airline KLM are funding a pioneering aeronautical project which could see the shape and layout of commercial aeroplanes changed forever. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The stunning 'Flying-V' design, financially backed by KLM, has the same wingspan as existing planes and is able to carry up to 314 passengers.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">It is named after the iconic Gibson Flying-V electric guitar used by a number of legendary players - from Eddie Van Halen and Jimi Hendrix, to Brian May and Keith Richards.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The concept craft, developed by researchers at Delft Technology University in the Netherlands, flares diagonally backwards from it nose to create the striking V-shape. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Its designers say this unique configuration uses 20 per cent less fuel. The wings would host the passenger space, cargo hold, fuel tanks and all other infrastructure, it is believed. </b></span></div>
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<b style="font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="A stunning 'V-shaped' craft developed by researchers at Delft Technology University in the Netherlands has been financially backed by KLM" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="489" id="i-ce5e1f6645abf8ce" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2019/06/03/10/14293164-7098415-A_stunning_V_shaped_craft_developed_by_researchers_at_Delft_Tech-a-26_1559555278108.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="962" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">A stunning 'V-shaped' craft developed by researchers at Delft Technology University in the Netherlands has been financially backed by KLM <a class="videoLink" data-source="North News" data-videoid="5541644678100110617" data-videoplayer-open-opts="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/api/player/1948202/video-options.json" data-videoplayer-open-playerid="v-478722410221355818" href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/video/news/video-1948202/Video-Paul-Crowther-arrives-court-throwing-shake-Nigel-Farage.html" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; height: 93px; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none; width: 310px;"></a></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">It has the wingspan of existing planes but is shaped like a guitar, with the nose flaring backwards diagonally to create the striking V-shape. It is believed to use 20 per cent less fuel, be more aerodynamic and still be able to carry up to 314 passengers. </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: inherit;"><b style="background-color: black;">Designs were drawn up by Delft Technology University in the Netherlands.</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">KLM, the Dutch aeronautical giant, is funding the development of the unique plane. </span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">It has the wingspan of existing planes but is shaped like a guitar, with the nose flaring backwards diagonally to create the striking V-shape. </span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div>
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">
<span style="font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: normal;"></span></b></span>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">Its total width is 215ft (65m) and its length will be slightly shorter, at 180 ft (55m). </span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit;">Its size makes it a comparable rival to the traditional Airbus A350 and the Boeing 787. pair of turbofan jet engines will be mounted at its rear and the design would drastically reduce both the carbon footprint of air travel and the expenditure on fuel.Pieter Elbers, the KLM chief executive, refused to reveal the exact extent of the project but it is being heralded as a potential leader in the field of 'sustainable aviation initiatives'. Its size makes it a comparable rival to the traditional Airbus A350 and the Boeing 787 and it would be able to use existing gates, hangars and runways. Its total width is 215ft (65m) and its length will be slightly shorter, at 180 ft (55m).</span></div>
</span></b></span></div>
<div class="art-ins mol-factbox sciencetech halfRHS" data-permabox-url="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-7098415/Flying-V-plane-unveiled-named-GUITAR.html" data-version="2" id="mol-bc37da20-85e6-11e9-b6d5-3dc44aeab5e2" style="border-top: 4px solid rgb(255, 102, 0); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; float: right; margin: 0px 0px 16px 16px; min-height: 50px; padding: 16px 24px 0px; width: calc(50% - 8px);">
<h3 class="mol-factbox-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(255, 102, 0); font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px 0px 16px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;">WHAT IS THE 'FLYING-V'? </span></h3>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Details of what the inside will look like are scarce but it will inevitably allow for a range of innovative seating arrangements, rooms and fittings. </b></span></div>
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<b style="font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="The wings would host the passenger space, cargo hold, fuel tanks and all other infrastructure, it is believed" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="473" id="i-a77420f3ee2d3389" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2019/06/03/10/14293170-7098415-The_wings_would_host_the_passenger_space_cargo_hold_fuel_tanks_a-a-28_1559555278109.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="962" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The wings would host the passenger space, cargo hold, fuel tanks and all other infrastructure, it is believed</b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="mol-img-group xwArtSplitter" style="clear: both; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;">
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<b style="font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Its total width is 215ft (65m) and its length will be slightly shorter, at 180 ft (55m). Details of what the inside will look like are scarcebut it will inevitably allow for a range of innovative seating arrangements, rooms and fittings" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="501" id="i-ec1db03be8b9388f" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2019/06/03/10/14293172-7098415-Its_total_width_is_215ft_65m_and_its_length_will_be_slightly_sho-a-29_1559555278111.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="962" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Its total width is 215ft (65m) and its length will be slightly shorter, at 180 ft (55m). Details of what the inside will look like are scarcebut it will inevitably allow for a range of innovative seating arrangements, rooms and fittings</b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Lightweight furniture will enable the plane to maximise its gains in fuel efficiency. </b></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Professor Henri Werij, dean of the university's faculty of aerospace engineering, said the object was to make aviation more sustainable, according to The Times. </b></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">'New and energy-efficient aircraft designs such as the Flying-V are important, as are new forms of propulsion. Our ultimate aim is emission-free flight,' he said. </b></span></div>
<div class="mol-para-with-font" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The aircraft name is derived from the moniker of the electric guitar developed by Gibson in 1958.</b></span></div>
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<b style="font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Lightweight furniture will enable the plane to maximise its gains in fuel efficiency. Professor Henri Werij, dean of the university's faculty of aerospace engineering, said the object was to make aviation more sustainable, according to The Times" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="496" id="i-881c18237a67619e" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2019/06/03/10/14293174-7098415-Lightweight_furniture_will_enable_the_plane_to_maximise_its_gain-a-23_1559555278105.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="962" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">Lightweight furniture will enable the plane to maximise its gains in fuel efficiency. Professor Henri Werij, dean of the university's faculty of aerospace engineering, said the object was to make aviation more sustainable, according to The Times</b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="mol-img-group xwArtSplitter" style="clear: both; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px 0px 4px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;">
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<b style="font-style: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.01em;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="The aircraft name is derived from the moniker of the electric guitar developed by Gibson in 1958 which was used by Chuck Berry, Brian May and Tom Petty" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="486" id="i-b6f6ddf3b8c2e7b0" src="https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2019/06/03/12/14293176-7098415-The_aircraft_name_is_derived_from_the_moniker_of_the_electric_gu-a-112_1559562278067.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: -0.01em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="962" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">The aircraft name is derived from the moniker of the electric guitar developed by Gibson in 1958 which was used by Chuck Berry, Brian May and Tom Petty</b></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">A pair of turbofan jet engines will be mounted at its rear and would drastically reduce both the carbon footprint of air travel and the expenditure of fuel.</span></b></span></div><div class="imageCaption" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(227, 227, 227); clear: both; letter-spacing: -0.01em; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 18px; min-height: 0px; padding: 4px 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2263" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EFFULferf6U" width="2724" youtube-src-id="EFFULferf6U"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2262" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pGsEFoG0zLI" width="2722" youtube-src-id="pGsEFoG0zLI"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;">An eruption would be capable of returning humanity to a pre-civilisation state <br />The mammoth explosions could release over 1,000 gigatons of ash into the air <br />Super eruptions may occur as regularly as once every 17,000 years <br />The window between super-eruptions could be as short as every 5,200 years</b></span><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b style="background-color: black;"><br /></b></span></div><div><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2020" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/D_vFT49x4ro" width="2430" youtube-src-id="D_vFT49x4ro"></iframe></div><br /><b style="background-color: black;"><br /> <br /> The next volcanic 'super eruption' with the power to return humanity to a pre-civilised state could be due much sooner than previously thought. <br /> Experts have previously predicted that the massive eruptions are likely to occur roughly once every 45,000 to 714,000 years. <br /> This assessment, made in 2004, is now being challenged by new findings which say that the most likely time frame is just 17,000 years. <br /> Researchers also estimate the eruptions could happen as often as once every 5,200 years. <br /></b></span><div itemprop="articleBody" style="line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="The next volcanic 'super-eruption' with the power to return humanity to a pre-civilised state could be due much sooner than previously thought. New findings suggest that the most likely time frame is just 17,000 years" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1825" id="i-bf50dfc1f6a5d83" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/11/29/13/46CDA01300000578-5125109-The_next_volcanic_super_eruption_with_the_power_to_return_humani-m-10_1511962932385.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); color: orange; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="2678" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The next volcanic 'super-eruption' with the power to return humanity to a pre-civilised state could be due much sooner than previously thought. New findings suggest that the most likely time frame is just 17,000 years</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />SUPER ERUPTIONS </span></h3><div><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1119" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EFFULferf6U" width="1347" youtube-src-id="EFFULferf6U"></iframe></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 12px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><br /></div></div></div><div class="art-ins mol-factbox floatRHS sciencetech" data-version="2" id="mol-3a794220-d4f9-11e7-885a-57e5cb7ccbf4" style="border-top: 4px solid rgb(255, 102, 0); box-sizing: border-box; clear: none; float: right; margin: 0px 0px 16px 16px; min-height: 50px; padding: 12px 16px 0px; width: 308px;"><div class="ins cleared mol-factbox-body" style="line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>In human history there have been thousands of sizeable eruptions, but not a genuine super eruption, at least not yet.<br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>These extra large eruptions posses devastating power, capable of releasing enough volcanic ash to cover a whole continent and have the potential to wreak havoc with the weather, as weather patterns would change for decades to come.<br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The largest eruption of the last two million years ago was the eruption at Toba Caldera in Sumatra, Indonesia which spewed 671 cubic miles (2,800 cubic km) of volcanic ash into the atmosphere.<br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>That's enough to cover about half of the United States.<br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>The island in the middle of Lake Toba is thought to be a direct result of the earth bulging due to increasing pressure from the increasingly active</b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>magma chambers below the Earth's surface. Geological records studied by researchers from the University of Bristol shows that the most recent volcanic super-eruptions occurred on Earth between 20,000 and 30,000 years ago.</b></span></h1></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>They looked at a database of eruptions, called the LaMEVE database, to make the findings.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>By using statistical analysis they discovered that, while large eruptions of around 100 million metric tonnes are less frequent than previously thought, the very largest eruptions of 1,000 gigatonnes or more are much more frequent. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Jonathan Rougier, professor of statistical science at the university, said: 'According to geological records, the two most recent super-eruptions were between 20,000 and 30,000 years ago. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'On balance, we have been slightly lucky not to experience any super-eruptions since then.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'It is important to appreciate that the absence of super-eruptions in the last 20,000 years does not imply that one is overdue.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'What we can say is that volcanoes are more threatening to our civilization than previously thought.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'The technology and techniques used to determine the average time between super-eruptions can also be used to change the approach of seismologists looking at earthquakes.' </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The full findings of the study were published in the journal <span class="mol-style-italic"></span><a href="https://www.journals.elsevier.com/earth-and-planetary-science-letters" rel="nofollow" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a>.<span class="mol-style-italic"></span> </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>In human history there have been thousands of sizeable eruptions, but not a genuine super eruption, at least not yet.</b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2236" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PMm_ht1VSnU" width="2690" youtube-src-id="PMm_ht1VSnU"></iframe></div><br /><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="mol-para-with-font" style="margin-bottom: 16px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="The largest eruption of the last two million years ago was the eruption at Toba Caldera in Sumatra, Indonesia which spewed 671 cubic miles (2,800 cubic km) of volcanic ash into the atmosphere" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="1969" id="i-f53016194bd85c54" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/11/29/12/46C498E300000578-5125109-image-a-2_1511956874080.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); color: orange; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="1876" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The largest eruption of the last two million years ago was the eruption at Toba Caldera in Sumatra, Indonesia which spewed 671 cubic miles (2,800 cubic km) of volcanic ash into the atmosphere </b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Experts have previously predicted that the massive super-eruptions are likely to occur roughly once every 45,000 to 714,000 years. The supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park is the most closely monitored in the world" class="blkBorder img-share b-loaded" height="976" id="i-1d79d1b07b41794c" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2017/11/29/09/46C4A38E00000578-5125109-The_North_American_behemoth_is_the_most_closely_monitored_volcan-a-7_1511948751595.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); color: orange; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="1895" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Experts have previously predicted that the massive super-eruptions are likely to occur roughly once every 45,000 to 714,000 years. The supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park is the most closely monitored in the world</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>These extra large eruptions posess devastating power, capable of releasing enough volcanic ash to cover a whole continent and have the potential to wreak havoc with the weather, as weather patterns would change for decades to come.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The largest eruption of the last two million years ago was the eruption at Toba Caldera in Sumatra, Indonesia which spewed 671 cubic miles (2,800 cubic km) of volcanic ash into the atmosphere. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>That's enough to cover about half of the United States.<span class="mol-style-bold"> </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The island in the middle of Lake Toba is thought to be a direct result of the earth bulging due to increasing pressure from the increasingly active magma chambers below the Earth's surface. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>According to the new best-estimate, Earth passed it's due date between 3,000 and 13,000 years ago.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">NASA'S PLAN TO PREVENT A SUPERVOLCANIC ERUPTION </span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Nasa believes drilling up to six miles (10km) down into the supervolcano beneath Yellowstone National Park to pump in water at high pressure could cool it.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Despite the fact that the mission would cost $3.46 billion (£2.63 billion), Nasa considers it 'the most viable solution.' </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Using the heat as a resource also poses an opportunity to pay for plan - it could be used to create a geothermal plant, which generates electric power at extremely competitive prices of around $0.10 (£0.08) per kWh.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>But this method of subduing a supervolcano has the potential to backfire and trigger the supervolcanic eruption Nasa is trying to prevent.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>'Drilling into the top of the magma chamber 'would be very risky;' however, carefully drilling from the lower sides could work. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Even besides the potential devastating risks, the plan to cool Yellowstone with drilling is not simple.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Doing so would be an excruciatingly slow process that one happen at the rate of one metre a year, meaning it would take tens of thousands of years to cool it completely. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>And still, there wouldn't be a guarantee it would be successful for at least hundreds or possibly thousands of years. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GLNi47nQ_E" rel="nofollow" style="cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Super-volcanoes</a> like Yellowstone is constantly showing signs of potential eruption and recent evidence suggests it could be primed for an eruption in the near future. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Despite a notable increase in seismic activity and the associated risks, the park's geysers prove to still be a prominent tourist attraction. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>The potential devastation of a super-volcano can only be speculated as there has never been one through all of human history. Volcanic eruptions have caused huge damage and loss of life. Famous examples include: St. Helens, Etna and Vesuvius.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>In recent memory, volcanic activity has had huge implications of modern life. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Icelandic volcano Bárðarbunga was so active back in 2014 to 2015 that it's ash clouds grounded flights in Western Europe for six months. </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">The timebomb under Yellowstone: Experts warn of 90,000 immediate deaths and a 'nuclear winter' across the US if supervolcano erupts</span></h3>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It could release 1 ft layer of molten ash 1,000 miles from the National Park</strong></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It would be 1,000 times as powerful as the 1980 Mount St Helens eruption</strong></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A haze would drap over the United States, causing temperatures to drop</strong></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Experts say there is a 1 in 700,000 annual chance of a eruption at the site</strong></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3189619/What-happen-Yellowstone-s-supervolcano-erupted-Experts-warn-90-000-immediate-deaths-nuclear-winter-US.html#comments"></a></b></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3189619/What-happen-Yellowstone-s-supervolcano-erupted-Experts-warn-90-000-immediate-deaths-nuclear-winter-US.html#comments"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong></span></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A supervolcano in the heart of America's northwest has the potential to blanket the US in a 'nuclear winter'.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">If it were to erupt, the Yellowstone supervolcano would be one thousand times as powerful as the 1980 Mount St Helens eruption, experts claim.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">While it has lain dormant for more than 70,000 years, scientists say that we can't rule out the possibility eruption this may some day take place - although they say the chances are extremely slim.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Scroll down for video</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The Grand Prismatic hot spring in Yellowstone National Park is among the park's many hydrothermal features created by the Yellowstone supervolcano. Experts say there is a one in 700,000 annual chance of a volcanic eruption at the site" height="1512" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/08/07/18/2B2FCDE900000578-3189619-image-a-7_1438970061113.jpg" width="2290" /></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Grand Prismatic hot spring in Yellowstone National Park is among the park's many hydrothermal features created by the Yellowstone supervolcano. Experts say there is a one in 700,000 annual chance of a volcanic eruption at the site</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The volcano at Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming and Montana sits atop a huge reserve of molten rock and last erupted 640,000 years ago.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It is one of the largest active continental silicic volcanic fields in the world. Silicic is used to describe magma or igneous rock rich in silica.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Experts say there is a one in 700,000 annual chance of a volcanic eruption at the site.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>An in-depth report by </strong></span><a href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/what-if/what-if-yellowstone-supervolcano-erupted.htm"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>HowStuffWorks </strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>has revealed the process that would take place if the volcano were to blow.</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It says that a mixture of magma, rocks, vapour, carbon dioxide and other gases would eventually push out from the ground, creating a dome shape with cracks.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The dissolved gases would them explode, releasing the magmaacross the park.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="video"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Drone captures aerial view of Grand Prismatic Spring</strong></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="1031" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/08/07/video-undefined-205821FE00000578-531_636x358.jpg" width="1833" /></strong></span></a></div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></div>
</b></span></a><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="This USGS graphic shows how a 'super eruption' of the molten lava under Yellowstone National Park would spread ash across the United States" height="1417" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/08/07/18/2B2FCE1700000578-3189619-image-a-6_1438970054862.jpg" width="1838" /></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">This USGS graphic shows how a 'super eruption' of the molten lava under Yellowstone National Park would spread ash across the United States</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Experts say there is a one in 700,000 annual chance of a volcanic eruption at the site. Pictured is an artist's impression" height="1294" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/08/07/18/2B2FD6A800000578-3189619-image-a-10_1438970353192.jpg" width="1832" /></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Experts say there is a one in 700,000 annual chance of a volcanic eruption at the site. Pictured is an artist's impression</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The eruption, the say, could kill as many as 90,000 people almost instantly and release a 10 ft (3-meter) layer of molten ash 1,000 miles (1,609km) from the park.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'The ash would block off all points of entry from the ground, and the spread of ash and gases into the atmosphere would stop most air travel, just as it did when a much smaller volcano erupted in Iceland in 2010,' the magazine writes.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'Sulphuric gases released from the volcano would spring into the atmosphere and mix with the planet's water vapour.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'The haze of gas that could drape the country wouldn't just dim the sunlight — it also would cool temperatures.'</strong></span></div>
<h5 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">SCIENTISTS FIND MASSIVE NEW MAGMA CHAMBER UNDER YELLOWSTONE</span></h5>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Previous research found a relatively small magma chamber, known as the upper-crustal magma reservoir, beneath the surface" height="1022" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/08/07/17/2B2FCDD900000578-0-image-a-2_1438966187386.jpg" width="1320" /></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Previous research found a relatively small magma chamber, known as the upper-crustal magma reservoir, beneath the surface</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In the heart of Yellowstone National Park, a supervolcano releases around 45,000 metric tonnes of carbon dioxide each day.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">But the magma chamber lying directly beneath its surface is not considered large enough to produce such levels, so researchers have been searching for an alternative source for years.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In April, by tracking seismic waves, geophysicists discovered a huge secondary chamber deeper underground that's so large its partly-molten rock could fill the Grand Canyon 11 times over.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Previous research found a relatively small magma chamber, known as the upper-crustal magma reservoir, directly beneath the surface in 2013 that measures 2,500 cubic miles (10,420 cubic km).</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">To discover the latest chamber, Hsin-Hua Huang from the University of Utah and his colleagues tracked seismic waves from almost 5,000 earthquakes.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">These readings combined data from the University of Utah Seismograph Stations, which collected shallow readings from nearby quakes in Utah, Idaho, the Teton Range and Yellowstone, and from the Earthscope array, which revealed deeper readings from temblors from more further afield.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Each of these quakes created waves that echoed around the supervolcano.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The movement and structure of these waves could then be used to map the earth beneath.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>The researchers said in their </strong></span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/04/22/science.aaa5648.abstract"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>paper</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>: 'The Yellowstone magmatic system from the mantle plume to the upper crust', published in the journal Science, that the reservoir contains around 98 per cent hot rock.</strong></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The remaining 2 per cent is molten rock and is too deep to directly cause an eruption, they added.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"></a></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Huge magma chamber discovered beneath Yellowstone National Park</strong></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img height="1012" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/04/24/09/27EF088600000578-0-image-m-6_1429865735413.jpg" width="1798" /></strong></span></a></div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></div>
</b></span></a><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It adds that falling temperatures would damage our food supply, destroying crops and causing a worldwide food shortage. </strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">But not every believes a Yellowstone eruption would be as catastrophic as this. </strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Last year, a study by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) concluded that a volcanic eruption at Yellowstone would cover cities across the country with ash and shut down air travel and communications.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">But it added that it would not herald the end of the United States as we know it, as the latest report has claimed.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The scientists used the program called Ash 3D to model the effects of a Yellowstone 'super eruption' and found that cities up to 300 miles from the park would be covered by up to three feet of ash.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Cities further afield in the Midwest would be covered by a few inches and coastal cities such as New York and California would get only a fraction of an inch.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Yellowstone National Park spans the midwestern US states of Wyoming, Idaho and Montana (pictured)" height="1124" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/08/07/18/2B2FCDF200000578-3189619-image-a-8_1438970070301.jpg" width="1272" /></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Yellowstone National Park spans the midwestern US states of Wyoming, Idaho and Montana (pictured)</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">An eruption at Yellowstone would create an 'umbrella cloud' of ash which would expand evenly in all directions driven by the force of the seismic event.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'In essence, the eruption makes its own winds that can overcome the prevailing westerlies, which normally dominate weather patterns in the US,' said Larry Mastin, the lead author of the new paper.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Even these smaller levels of ash would be a disaster for the US.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The USGS study says that electronic communication and air travel throughout the country would be shut down by an eruption.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A huge cloud of ash thousands of miles across would also likely cause a year-long winter, say the study authors.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in the Pacific produced an ash cloud tens of miles across caused 'a year without a summer' across the globe with snowfall in the North Eastern United States in June.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Areas covered in feet of ash would see buildings at risk of collapse and sewer and water lines blocked, and winds would form large dunes of ash that would cover roads and buildings.</span> </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="If it were to erupt, the Yellowstone supervolcano would be one thousand times as powerful as the 1980 Mount St Helens eruption, experts claim. The volcano at Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming and Montana sits atop a huge reserve of molten rock and last erupted 640,000 years ago" height="1654" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/08/07/18/2B2FCE3500000578-3189619-image-a-3_1438970009785.jpg" width="2534" /></strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">If it were to erupt, the Yellowstone supervolcano would be one thousand times as powerful as the 1980 Mount St Helens eruption, experts claim. The volcano at Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming and Montana sits atop a huge reserve of molten rock and last erupted 640,000 years ago</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Farming in the Midwest would be devastated by the cloud of ash, and highways across the country would become slippy and treacherous.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Yellowstone volcano has had three super eruptions - which produce more than 240 cubic miles of ash' in the past.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">One was 2.1 million years ago, another 1.3 million years ago and a third 640,000 years ago.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Ash from these eruptions has been found across the US on the east and west coasts.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The last volcanic activity at Yellowstone was 70,000 years ago which produced a lava flow in the south of the park.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In April, scientists at the University of Utah discovered an enormous secondary chamber deeper beneath Yellowstone National Park that's so large it is partly-molten rock could fill the Grand Canyon 11 times over</strong></span></div>
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<h3>
<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Escape on foot because roads will liquefy and start running when you hear dogs barking</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Cascadia 'megathrust' faultline is 1,000km-long from California to Canada</strong></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It will clash with 700-square-mile plate in Pacific Ocean causing tsunami</strong></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Only way to escape is on foot as roads will 'liquefy', geographers say</strong></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Start running when you hear dogs barking, they will be reacting to the sound of compressional waves which humans cannot hear</strong></span></div>
</li>
<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Citizens will have 20 minutes to walk or run to higher ground</strong></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3161264/Escape-foot-roads-liquify-start-running-hear-dogs-barking-Geographers-offer-advice-survive-earthquake-predicted-obliterate-Pacific-Northwest.html#comments"></a></b></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3161264/Escape-foot-roads-liquify-start-running-hear-dogs-barking-Geographers-offer-advice-survive-earthquake-predicted-obliterate-Pacific-Northwest.html#comments"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong></span></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Scientists have outlined their alarmingly unhelpful tips on how to survive the earthquake that will hit the Pacific Northwest.</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The killer quake along Cascadia, a fault line which runs from Cape Mendocino, California, to Vancouver Island, Canada, is 72 years overdue, according to peer-reviewed studies.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The 'Big One' will hit when Juan de Fuca, a 700-mile chunk of the Pacific Ocean, slides under Canada and America, causing the entire coastal region to sink at least six feet.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">When - not if - it arrives, it is unlikely the people of coastal Oregon, Washington and California will be able to escape.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">But if they want to try, there are a few tips they should keep in mind.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Scroll down for video</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Devastation: Experts say citizens have 20 minutes to run when a tsunami of around 9.0 on the Richter scale will hit the Pacific Northwest when the Juan de Fuca plate, a 700-mile chunk of ocean, slips under the region" height="2269" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/07/14/19/2A874F1000000578-3161264-image-a-64_1436899157220.jpg" width="2286" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Devastation: Experts say citizens have 20 minutes to run when a tsunami of around 9.0 on the Richter scale will hit the Pacific Northwest when the Juan de Fuca plate, a 700-mile chunk of ocean, slips under the region</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">WHAT WILL CAUSE KILLER QUAKE?</span></h5>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) 'megathrust' fault is a 1,000km-long line that stretches from Northern Vancouver Island to Cape Mendocino California.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It separates the Juan de Fuca, a 700-mile chunk in the Pacific Ocean, and North America plates.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">For more than 300 years, the two plates have been pushing against one another.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Eventually, the Juan de Fuca will be pushed underneath the North America plate, causing the region to sink at least six feet.</span> </b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Run, don't drive, to higher ground, says Kevin Cupples, the city planner for the town of Seaside, Oregon, in an interview with the </strong></span><a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/07/20/the-really-big-one"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>New Yorker</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>.</strong></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The force of the quake will cause liquefaction, when solid ground acts like liquid, across vast swathes of the porous region.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In the areas that aren't 'liquefied', the highways will likely be crumpled by landslides, with 30,000 avalanches set to hit Seattle alone.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Citizens will have a 20-minute interval to climb to the highest altitude possible before the full force of the tsunami hits, scientists predict.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Their alert will be when dogs start barking.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The first sign the quake is coming will be a set of compressional waves, only audible by dogs. Then there will be the quake, then 20 minutes later, the tsunami.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Geographers estimate that many could survive just by walking - however, they need to be going at least 3.5mph.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">If everyone ups their average speed from 2.5mph to 3.5mph, the death toll drops to 15,970. About 70 per cent of them would be in Washington, nearly 30 per cent in Oregon and only 4 per cent in California.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">And there is no point being a hero.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'When that tsunami is coming, you run,' Jay Wilson, the chair of the Oregon Seismic Safety Policy Advisory Commission, tells the New Yorker.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'You protect yourself, you don't turn around, you don't go back to save anybody. You run for your life.'</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The only other safety measure is to relocate away from the Pacific north west.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">TRACKING THE CASCADIA</span></h5>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Cascadia earthquake fault zone lies underwater between 40 and 80 miles offshore of the Pacific Northwest coastline.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earthquake scientists have listening posts along the coast from Vancouver Island to Northern California, and have been using ships to drop off and later retrieve ocean bottom seismographs. </span> </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">These record for up to a year right on top of the fault zone.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">However, they have detected few signs of the grinding and slipping they expected.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The Cascadia Initiative (CI) is an onshore/offshore seismic and geodetic experiment that takes advantage of an Amphibious Array to study questions ranging from megathrust earthquakes to volcanic arc structure to the formation, deformation and hydration of the Juan De Fuca and Gorda plates." height="1360" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/07/14/20/2A87D06000000578-3161264-image-a-1_1436902541857.jpg" width="2417" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The Cascadia Initiative (CI) is an onshore/offshore seismic and geodetic experiment that takes advantage of an Amphibious Array to study questions ranging from megathrust earthquakes to volcanic arc structure to the formation, deformation and hydration of the Juan De Fuca and Gorda plates.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">It is 'a puzzle,' according to University of Oregon geophysics professor Doug Toomey.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Two teams have been examining the area.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A joint Japanese-Canadian team dropped instruments offshore of Vancouver Island, while Toomey's team is in its fourth year of deployments.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Named the Cascadia Initiative, it is rotating among subduction zone segments offshore of Washington, Oregon and Northern California.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">That is where the advice ends.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Experts insist they have been lobbying city planners to take more affirmative action, such as ban construction on the targeted coastal areas.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Some parts of Oregon have made it illegal to build schools in the red zone, but not hotels or retirement homes.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Ocasta Elementary School south of Westport, Washington, is building a new gymnasium tall enough for the roof to serve as a tsunami evacuation structure.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Pacific County is seeking a grant to build a large berm next to Long Beach Elementary School for the same purpose.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="3068" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/07/14/20/2A874F1800000578-0-image-a-4_1436901360412.jpg" width="2152" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Inevitable: Due to the porous nature of the land, many roads will turn to liquid when the quake hits. This diagram show the areas where land will be most affected by the shocks, causing landslides or liquefaction</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In areas such as - with high proportions of elderly and disabled citizens - Ocean Shores, Long Beach and Pacific County, Washington, and Seaside, Oregon - vertical evacuation structures might be considered.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Meanwhile, local groups are constructing post-tsunami plans, such as how to forage for food, what should be in a 'survival kit', and how to 'anchor' a home for $5,000.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'In a six-month scenario,' writes the Portland Monthly, 'five people would need at least 900 gallons of water. Thousand-gallon storage tanks can be had for $500.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'Costco sells a "one person, one year" food kit. 9,697 servings, $1,500.'</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Other tips include stocking a hand-crank radio, a can opener, protective goggles and work gloves, and plenty of socks.</span> </b></span></div>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/05/08/yellowstone-eruption-report-claims-that-us-has-contingency-deal-with-brazil-australia-to-move-millions-of-americans/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Yellowstone eruption: Report claims that US has contingency deal with Brazil, Australia to move millions of Americans</span></a></h4>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="1655" src="http://www.thelibertybeacon.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/eruption.png" width="2206" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">May 2014 – WYOMING - If the Yellowstone super volcano erupts then millions of U.S. citizens could end up in Brazil, Australia, or Argentina. That’s according to the South African news website Praag, which said that the African National Congress was offered $10 billion a year for 10 years if it would build temporary housing for Americans in case of an eruption. The potential eruption of the supervolcano, one of the biggest in the world, has been a hot topic ever since videos of animals allegedly fleeing the area before an earthquake were posted online. Although the veracity of the claims haven’t been backed up, dozens of bloggers and others have been trying to figure out what, if anything, is going on. One of the latest theories is that the U.S. Geological Service and its partners, which keep an eye on the caldera, are hiding data from the public. The Praag article says that the South African government fears that placing so many Americans in South Africa could dramatically change the country.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">“South Africa will not be part of the plan, because there is a risk that millions of white Americans could be sent to South Africa in an emergency situation and that this would pose a risk to black national culture identity,” Dr. Siph Matwetwe, spokesman for the Department of Foreign Affairs, is quoted as saying. “We have our own challenges, even if there is enough housing and infrastructure available, it will destabilize the country and may even bring back apartheid.” The gigantic volcano in Yellowstone has erupted three times over the last two million years, covering a huge area of surrounding land. Maps from educational institutions and government officials project that up to 17 states could be fully or partially impacted if the volcano erupted again. The far south of Canada could also get hit, as well as the far north of Mexico. Scientists aren’t sure when it will erupt next, although many have sought to assure the public that it probably won’t for a while. In reality, the volcano could erupt at any time, though officials would in theory be able to detect an impending eruption and alert Americans to the threat.</span></h6>
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The cavern of molten rock in the super volcano lurking underneath Yellowstone is even bigger that scientists had thought.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A study measuring earthquake activity around the 3,468 sq mile national park revealed that the magma chamber was 2.5 times bigger than previous estimates.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Stretching 55 miles across and 30 miles wide, and reaching depths of up to 9 miles, any eruption from the super volcano would be catastrophic for the whole world.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Monster eruption: Signs of the active Yellowstone volcano can be seen in the park's thermal pools and earthquake activity" height="1698" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/12/11/article-2522224-1A0A7A0F00000578-739_634x405.jpg" width="2657" /></strong></span><br /><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Monster eruption: Signs of the active Yellowstone volcano can be seen in the park's thermal pools and earthquake activity</strong></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>'We’ve been working there for a long time, and we’ve always thought it would be bigger ... but this finding is astounding,' Professor Bob Smith, from the University of Utah, told the </strong></span><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-25331875"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>BBC</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>.</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">When the super volcano last erupted about 640,000 years ago a cloud of ash covered the whole of North America, affecting the climate.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">But if the enlarged volcano were to erupt today, the consequences would be devastating for the whole world. 'All the material that is shot up into the atmosphere [during an eruption] would eventually circle the Earth and affect the climate,' Dr James Farrell, from the University of Utah, said.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The closest scientists can come to predicting the effect of an eruption is estimating that previous examples were 2,000 times more powerful than the one in Mount St Helens in 1980.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The extent of the molten lava brewing under the national park, which covers parts of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho, was discovered by recording seismic activity caused by the active volcano.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Far-reaching: When the super volcano erupts the whole world will be affected but scientists say there will be plenty of warning signs despite what films such as 2012, above, suggest" height="1288" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/12/11/article-2522224-1A0A812C00000578-678_634x308.jpg" width="2651" /></strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Far-reaching: When the super volcano erupts the whole world will be affected but scientists say there will be plenty of warning signs despite what films such as 2012, above, suggest</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Explosive: The force of previous eruptions are estimated to be about 2,000 times more powerful than that of Mount St Helens, above" height="1525" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/12/11/article-2522224-1A0A7A2900000578-415_634x422.jpg" width="2291" /></strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Explosive: The force of previous eruptions are estimated to be about 2,000 times more powerful than that of Mount St Helens, above</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">By measuring seismic waves as they travel through the ground, scientists were able to plot the course of lava.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">'The waves travel slower through hot and partially molten material … with this, we can measure what’s beneath,' Dr Farrell explained.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The team's findings, which were presented at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco, also found that the lava chamber reached further into the northeast of the park than previously thought.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">While no one is sure when the active volcano will next burst back into life, Professor Smith said their findings didn't make 'the Yellowstone hazard greater'.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Some have predicted that an eruption is imminent and will occur every 700,000 years but the scientist said these figures were based on only three known eruptions, which happened 2.1 million years ago, 1.3 million years ago and 640,000 years ago.</strong></span><br />
<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">The national park has also said that scientists would have plenty of warning that the volcano was warming up to something big, as earthquake activity and other indicators would increase.</strong></span><br />
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<tr><td valign="top" width="249"><h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/07/30/if-yellowstone-supervolcano-erupts-two-thirds-of-america-will-be-left-uninhabitable/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">If Yellowstone supervolcano erupts, two-thirds of America will be left uninhabitable</span></a></h4>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="1418" src="http://d3819ii77zvwic.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/yellowstone-simulation.jpg" width="2519" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">July 2014 – MONTANA - Deep in America’s northwest, there lies a super volcano that, if erupted, has the potential to wipe out the majority of the United States. What is a supervolcano exactly? I think the name says it all, but officially, scientists define it as a volcano capable of an eruption thousands of times greater than any ordinary volcanic explosion. These super volcanoes burst when a growing pressure of molten rock, or magma, rises up from the Earth’s mantle. When the crust can’t contain the buildup anymore — boom. In historic times, we luckily haven’t experienced a supervolcano explosion. The most recent eruption occurred 27,000 years ago in New Zealand. But, mankind isn’t out of the woods yet. Deep below Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming lies a supervolcano that is very much alive.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">A volcanic winter: A massive underground chamber filled with magma sits miles below the surface in America’s oldest national park. Though scientists are mixed as to whether the place could blow anytime soon, there is one thing they do agree on — if it did, it would push much of Earth to the verge of extinction. Its immediate effects would be deadly enough, with some estimates saying that 87,000 people would be killed instantly. A 10-foot layer of ash would spread up to 1,000 miles away, leaving two-thirds of the country completely uninhabitable. Once the plume rises high into the stratosphere, the released sulfuric gases would mix with the Earth’s water vapor, which National Geographic reports could launch the country and other parts of the globe into a “volcanic winter.” Essentially, the United States and much of the world would be brought to its knees.</span></h6>
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<a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/The-Extinction-Protocol/151489344873301?ref=hl"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Storm is Coming" height="1826" src="http://theextinctionprotocol.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/storm-is-coming.png?w=226&h=211" width="1956" /></span></a></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">But the carnage doesn’t stop there. The spread of volcanic ash, rocks and gas would immediately cease any sort of air transportation in much of the world. Just take into account the traffic shutdown following the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland. The relatively small explosion caused the closure of large swaths of European airspace, as well as a six-day travel ban in the impacted area. Those who do survive would be left with a big bill too. Doug Bausch, a senior scientist at FEMA, told WND that such a scenario would cause an estimated $3 trillion in damage for North America. The last time Yellowstone erupted — roughly 640,000 years ago — the American continent was devastated, with volcanic materials reaching as far as Louisiana, over 1,500 miles away. In the past decade, there has been some increased activity at the site. Since 2004, the supervolcano has been rising and just this month, roads were closed in Yellowstone after extreme heat from below was melting the asphalt on roads up above.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">An explosion of “volcanic winter” magnitude; however doesn’t seem likely according the U.S. Geological Survey. They say that the chances of a large-scale eruption at Yellowstone “are exceedingly small in the next few thousand years.” However other geologists told the Huffington Post in a 2014 interview: “The bulging pocket of magma swishing around beneath Old Faithful might never blow its lid again. Or, it might put on a surprise fireworks show next Independence Day. Scientists just don’t know.” -</span><a href="http://www.ryot.org/supervolcano-yellowstone-volcano-will-it-erupt/765673"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">RYOT</span></a></span></h6>
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<a href="http://d3819ii77zvwic.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/yellowstone-exploding-gif.gif"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img height="1427" src="http://d3819ii77zvwic.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/yellowstone-exploding-gif.gif" width="2536" /></span></a></h6>
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/05/12/newly-discovered-active-volcano-could-erupt-underneath-ice-in-antarctica-and-add-to-effects-of-global-warming/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Newly-discovered active volcano could erupt underneath ice in Antarctica and add to effects of global warming</span></a></h4>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="309" src="http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/multimedia/dynamic/01067/STN_VOLCANO_2_11_0_1067695k.jpg" width="580" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">May 2014 – ANTARCTICA – Antarctic ice sheet is being threatened by an undersea volcano. Antarctica’s ice sheets may face a far more imminent threat than climate change: scientists have found a new volcano forming a mile under the ice, which is threatening a full eruption. The volcano appears to be a part of much larger system that is generating earthquakes and releasing heat into the ice above. Volcanic activity was discovered around 30 miles from Antarctica’s highest volcano, Mount Sidley, and although an eruption would be unlikely to breach the ice – the accompanying heat could have an effect on the landscape. Even a sub-glacial eruption would still be able to melt ice, creating huge amounts of water which could flow beneath the ice and towards the sea – hastening the flow of the overlying ice and potentially speed up the rate of ice sheet loss. “Numerous volcanoes exist in Marie Byrd Land, a highland region of West Antarctica,” said Amanda Lough, of Washington University in St Louis in the team’s paper on the subject, published in the Nature Geoscience journal.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">“High heat flow through the crust in this region may influence the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.” The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the Earth’s two polar ice caps and covers an area of 5.4 million square miles – around 98 percent of the continent, making it the largest single mass of ice on earth. Although scientists have suggested that sea ice around the continent is increasing, land ice appears to be decreasing and the area is very sensitive to global warming. Seismologists had set up two crossing lines of seismographs across Marie Byrd Land in 2010 – the first time such instruments able to withstand the cold temperatures year-round had been used. –</span><a href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2625583/Newly-discovered-active-volcano-erupt-underneath-ice-Antarctica-add-effects-global-warming-say-scientists.html"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Daily Mail</span></a></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="450" src="http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/newsinfo.inquirer.net/files/2014/05/600x450xphivolcs.jpg.pagespeed.ic.nI3XFo1L4-.jpg" width="622" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">May 2014 – PHILIPPINES - A magnitude 4.2 earthquake has hit the northern shores of Camarines Norte and Catanduanes provinces early morning on Sunday, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) reported. The tremor’s epicenter was at 93 kilometers northwest of Pandan town, Catanduanes and was tectonic in origin, the Phivolc’s Seismological Observation and Earthquake Prediction Division said on its official online quake recording site. It was felt at around 4:07 a.m. on Sunday, the bulletin said. The quake was too far from the mainland to affect residents and property and no aftershocks were expected, the Phivolcs bulletin said. Meanwhile, Phivolcs, in an 8 a.m. bulletin on Sunday, said it has recorded three volcanic earthquakes on Mt. Mayon during the past 24-hour observation period. Moderate emission of white steam plumes that drifted west-northwest and west-southwest was also noted over the same period but no crater glow was observed on Saturday night.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">The volcano’s sulfur dioxide flux was measured at an average of 487 tons/day on May 6 while its geodetic results from ground deformation survey showed that its edifice, which showed swelling in November last year, has deflated and has returned to its 2010 level. Mayon Volcano’s alert status remains at Alert Level 1, which means that it is still at abnormal condition but no magmatic eruption is imminent, the bulletin said. However, the public was strongly advised anew to refrain from entering the 6-km radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) due to the perennial life-threatening dangers of rockfalls, landslides or avalanches at the middle to upper slope, and sudden ash puffs and steam-driven or phreatic eruptions from the summit, Phivolcs said. -</span></h6>
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/23/volcanoes-are-waking-up-in-the-aleutians-the-most-activity-seen-in-26-years/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Volcanoes are waking up in the Aleutians: the most activity seen in 26 years</span></a></h4>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="1716" src="http://www.mining.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/volcanoes-aleutians.jpg" width="2441" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 – ALASKA – Sharply increased seismic activity and volcanic eruptions in the Aleutian Islands and the far western Brooks Range are being investigated by scientists. The Alaska Volcano Observatory says the activity over the past few months is the most seen by the station in 26 years. On the Alaska Volcano Observatory three volcanoes are classified with a yellow alert level—signifying signs of elevated unrest above known background levels—and three are at an orange alert level—heightened unrest with increased likelihood of eruption. Orange is the second-highest alert level after red signifying an eruption that is imminent or underway.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Pavlof Volcano released an ash plum in May that diverted aircraft. The 8,262-foot (2,518-meter) tall volcano erupted sending ash plumes as high as 30,000 feet (9,144 meters). Aircraft were advised to avoid the area since ash could damage airplane engines. With heightened activity from all volcanoes, scientists still don’t have enough information to point to any larger trend or activity. “At this point, you know, we have to say it’s coincidental,” he said in an interview with radio station KTOO News. “It could be that there is a larger process at work, but we’re not able to say what that is at this point in time, or if there is such a process. You know, perhaps the answer is we haven’t been looking long enough to know.” –</span><a href="http://www.mining.com/volcanoes-are-waking-up-in-the-aleutians-73096/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Mining</span></a></span></h6>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted in </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earthquake-omens/dormant-fault-activation/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Dormant fault activation</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-changes/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earth Changes</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-watch/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earth Watch</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earthquake-omens/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earthquake Omens?</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/environmental-threat/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Environmental Threat</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/high-risk-potential-hazard-zone/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">High-risk potential hazard zone</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcano-watch/magma-plume-activity/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Magma Plume activity</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/potential-earthchange-hotspot/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Potential Earthchange hotspot</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/seismic-tremors/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Seismic tremors</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/signs-of-magnetic-field-weakening/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Signs of Magnetic Field weakening</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/landslide-geological-deformation/tectonic-plate-movement/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Tectonic plate movement</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-changes/time-event-acceleration/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Time - Event Acceleration</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/environmental-threat/volcanic-ash/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcanic Ash</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcanic-eruption/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcanic Eruption</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcano-watch/volcano-unrest/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcano unrest</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">,</span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcano-watch/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcano Watch</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"> | </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/23/volcanoes-are-waking-up-in-the-aleutians-the-most-activity-seen-in-26-years/#respond"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Leave a comment</span></a></b></span><br />
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/22/40-reunion-island-volcano-wakes-up-after-4-years-with-major-eruption/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">40: Reunion Island volcano wakes up after 4 years with major eruption</span></a></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted on </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/22/40-reunion-island-volcano-wakes-up-after-4-years-with-major-eruption/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">June 22, 2014</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">by </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/author/theextinctionprotocol/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">The Extinction Protocol</span></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="426" src="http://www.reunion-paradise.com/images/volcan.jpg" width="640" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 – REUNION ISLAND – This morning at 1:35 am tourists on the French Indian Ocean Islands La Reunion tourists witnessed a spectacular many had been waiting to see for some time. The Piton de la Fournaise volcano erupted. “It made a few days that we were waiting for it, said Pascal Viroleau, CEO of Reunion Island Tourism, about the eruption of the volcano of Reunion Island, the Piton de la fournaise. According to Viroleau, “the volcano entered in activity this morning at 1:35 am.” Most recently, an eruption occurred on December 9, 2010 and lasted for two days. The volcano is located within Réunion National Park, a World Heritage site. It is considered one of the major attractions of the Indian Ocean Vanilla Islands. “Sleeping since December 2010,” Piton de la fournaise is considered as one of the major attractions of the Indian Ocean Vanilla Islands. Situated in the national park, classified in the World heritage by the UNESCO, its visit, combined with the attractions of the other islands constitutes a “must-seen” at the world level, added Viroleau. Piton de la Fournaise, a typical basaltic shield volcano, located on the French island La Réunion, is one of the world’s most active and productive volcanoes. It is in a phase of frequent but short-lived eruptions that start with lava fountains and produce large lava flows. Since the active areas of the volcano are not inhabited, its eruptions pose little danger and cause little damage. Piton de la Fournaise is a typical example of a hot-spot volcano. The volcano is about 530,000 years old and during much of this time, its activity overlapped with eruptions of its older neighbor, the deeply dissected Piton des Neiges shield volcano to the NW.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Three calderas formed at about 250,000, 65,000, and less than 5000 years ago by progressive eastward slumping of the volcano. Numerous pyroclastic cones dot the floor of the calderas and their outer flanks. Most historical eruptions have originated from the summit and flanks of Dolomieu, a 400-m-high lava shield that has grown within the youngest caldera called the Enclos, which is 8 km wide and breached to below sea level on the eastern side.More than 150 eruptions, most of which have produced fluid basaltic lava flows, have occurred since the 17th century. Only six eruptions, in 1708, 1774, 1776, 1800, 1977, and 1986, have originated from fissures on the outer flanks of the caldera. The Piton de la Fournaise Volcano Observatory, one of several operated by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, monitors this very active volcano. La Reunion is a French province in the Southern Indian Ocean and a member of the newly formed Vanilla Island group.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 – RENO, NV – In less than 30 minutes, the Lake Tahoe area had 5 earthquakes ranging in magnitude from 0.8 to 2.8 Friday evening. The first quake hit at 5:13 and was the strongest of the quintet, while the epicenter was 4.4 miles from Mt. Rose. A tsunami-producing fault in Lake Tahoe is overdue for another earthquake, scientists said in 2012 at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union. The West Tahoe Fault is capable of producing a magnitude-7.3 earthquake and tsunamis up to 30 feet (10 meters) high in the clear blue lake, where million-dollar homes line the shore, researchers said. Earthquakes strike every 3,000 to 4,000 years on the fault, and the most recent shaker was 4,500 years ago, indicating the fault is overdue for another earthquake, said Jillian Maloney, a graduate student at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Because the fault crosses the lake, scientists worry a future earthquake will cause a tsunami in Lake Tahoe. The monster waves could form in two ways: by the fault displacing ground under the lake, similar to Japan’s Tohoku tsunami, or by causing landslides that displace the water. A combination of both could also create an even bigger wave. The most recent earthquake in the Tahoe region was about 575 years ago, on the Incline Fault, which becomes active about every 10,000 to 15,000 years. Scientists estimate its earthquake size potential at magnitude 7. At more than 1,645 feet (501 meters) deep, Lake Tahoe, which straddles the California and Nevada border in the seismically active Sierra Nevada region, is one of the world’s deepest freshwater lakes. We will continue to monitor this increased earthquake activity.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="457" src="http://e.peruthisweek.e3.pe//ima/0/0/0/2/4/24469/624x468.jpg" width="609" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 – PERU - Geological authorities are reporting that the Sabancaya volcano in southern Peru has become active after 15 years of silence. According to information released by the Peruvian Geophysical Institute (IGP), Sabancaya has erupted several times. The first recorded activity at Sabancaya was in 1750, and the volcano became active again in 1784. 200 years later, in 1986, the volcano once again displayed activity. Now, the volcano is once again active, having gradually intensified since late February. Speaking to El Comercio, IGP investigator Orlando Macedo said “All this activity is part of an expected process. Before the eruption, tremors were occurring closer and closer to the volcano and the crater. However, the process is taking longer than that which we saw at the Ubinas Volcano, when everything happened in a matter of days. In the case of Sabancaya, this could go on for several months.” In addition to seismic activity, Sabancaya has also emitted plumes of smoke. No thermic anomalies have been observed by the IGP. According to the IGP, three seismic monitoring stations are keeping watch over activity at Sabancaya. Sabancaya, located in the southern region of Arequipa, is part of a volcanic complex that includes Hualca-Hualca and Ampato. –</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="400" src="http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/352/cache/volcano-eruption-lava-tungurahua-ecuador-smoke_35258_600x450.jpg" width="600" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">June 2014 – Quito, ECUADOR – The National Secretariat for Risk Management of Ecuador today decided to change from orange to yellow the alert in Tungurahua Volcano, 80 km south of Quito, given the decline in activity. According to a report of the Geophysical Institute of the National Polytechnic School, the volcanic activity at Tungurahua has remained low in the recent days, so the authorities decided to change the level of the alert. In the first months of the year, the volcano showed an increased activity with columns of ash and gases that rose reaching four kilometers above the crater, causing the orange alert to be declared in the affected areas. Although the alert level was changed, the Secretariat said that provintial and cantonal Emergency Operations Committees should keep on alert in order to react to any situation to protect the citizens. At an altitude of five thousand 20 meters above the sea level, Tungurahua volcano erupted in 1999 and since then high activity periods with others of relative calm have been interspersed. –</span><a href="http://www.plenglish.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2799691&Itemid=1"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Prensa Latina</span></a></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 – ITALY - Mt Etna, one of the world’s most active volcanoes, has erupted, spewing lava and ash into the night sky. Footage shows a spectacular display as red hot lava pours down the southern crater of the volcano. The new eruption forced the closure of an airport in Sicily, but no other disruptions have been reported. Several villages dot the mountain’s slopes, and the last major eruption of the volcano occurred in 1992.</span></h6>
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/after1-30-years-hawaiis-mauna-loa-volcano-showing-signs-of-stirring/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">After 30 years: Hawaii’s Mauna Loa Volcano showing signs of stirring</span></a></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted on </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/after1-30-years-hawaiis-mauna-loa-volcano-showing-signs-of-stirring/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">June 14, 2014</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">by </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/author/theextinctionprotocol/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">The Extinction Protocol</span></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Geologist warn the sleeping giant known as Mauna Loa may be awakening. Mauna Loa is the largest active volcano on Earth. </span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 - HAWAII - After a 30-year repose, Mauna Loa may be slowly stirring to life. While there are no signs of impending eruption, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory has recorded an increased level of seismic activity on the flanks and summit of Mauna Loa over the past 13 months. Four distinct earthquake swarms — clusters of earthquakes occurring closely in time and location — have occurred since March 2013. Each swarm began with earthquakes northwest of the summit (Moku‘āweoweo Crater) at 4 to 15 km (2.5-9 mi) deep, followed by shallow earthquakes at the summit from several days to one month later. These earthquakes have all been less than magnitude-2.2, except for a magnitude-3.5 earthquake on May 9, 2014. The recent swarms have not been associated with the deformation of the ground surface that we would expect from intrusion of significant amounts of magma into shallow levels beneath Mauna Loa. However, ground deformation indicating shallow magma accumulation has been measured during many of the past 30 years, including two episodes of very rapid inflation immediately following the most recent eruption in 1984, and again from 2004-2006. The latter inflation started with a swarm of deep, long-period earthquakes at 45 km (28 mi) under the volcano. Prior to the 1984 eruption, seismicity was elevated for at least three years, with 28 earthquakes greater than magnitude 3, and 2 earthquakes greater than magnitude 4. The magnitude-6.7 earthquake on November 16, 1983, may also have been triggered by the pressurizing magma system of Mauna Loa. Earthquakes prior to the 1984 eruption were typically located northwest of the summit at depths greater than 5 kilometers (3 miles) and on the upper Southwest Rift Zone at depths less than 5 km (3 mi).</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">The seismic network that monitors Mauna Loa has been significantly improved since 1984. As part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in 2011, all of the seismic stations in the HVO seismic network were upgraded to use technology that results in less noise and better recordings. The current seismic network is better able to detect and locate smaller earthquakes than the network prior to these upgrades. It is likely that many of the small earthquakes that we currently observe would not have been detected by HVO’s seismic monitoring prior to the 1984 eruption. Though the size and number of earthquakes observed over the past 13 months has been significantly smaller than those observed in the three years prior to the 1984 eruption, they have been occurring in the same general areas of the volcano. The swarm in September-October 2013 occurred on the northwest flank, the same location as one of the swarms that occurred prior to the 1984 eruption. The May 9, 2014, magnitude-3.5 earthquake occurred in the same area of the upper Southwest Rift Zone as many magnitude 3 or greater earthquakes prior to the 1984 eruption. Interestingly, the March 2013 and April 2014 swarms occurred on the northwest flank in areas that were not active prior to the 1975 or 1984 eruptions. So why are earthquakes happening in these different areas?</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Mauna Loa consists of a hot and plastic core that is composed of overlapping dikes intruded during the construction of the volcano’s edifice. Stresses arising from an intrusion of magma or gases under the volcano may be transmitted through the mushy core to the cooler and more brittle crust outside the core of the volcano. The earthquake activity present during the past 13 months has consisted entirely of earthquakes arising from brittle failure of the crust. The swarms below 4 km (2.5 mi) deep have occurred outside the core of the volcano and, thus, are consistent with a model requiring rocks around the core to adjust to stress changes within the core. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory continues to monitor Mauna Loa for signs of an impending eruption. The likelihood of detecting a short-term change in activity that would lead to a successful eruption forecast is enhanced with a quality geophysical network that can monitor changes in earthquake occurrence, ground deformation and gas chemistry both in the summit and rift zones of Mauna Loa. –</span><a href="http://bigislandnow.com/2014/06/12/volcano-watch-mauna-loa-showing-signs-of-stirring/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Big Island</span></a></span></h6>
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/awakening-seismic-unrest-reported-at-alaskas-remote-semisopochnoi-volcano/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Awakening? seismic unrest reported at Alaska’s remote Semisopochnoi Volcano</span></a></h4>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 – ALASKA - Another remote volcano in Alaska is showing signs of unrest or possible activity. The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) sent out the following alert: “A swarm of earthquakes at Semisopochnoi volcano that started at 10:00 AKDT (18:00 UTC) on June 9 escalated yesterday, June 12, at approximately 12:00 AKDT (20:00 UTC). The continuation of this anomalous seismic activity through the night prompts AVO to raise the Aviation Color Code to YELLOW and the Volcano Alert Level to ADVISORY. No eruptive activity is currently indicated. AVO is closely monitoring the situation and will issue further updates as conditions change.”</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">“Semisopochnoi volcano is monitored by a 6-station seismic network as well as satellite imagery. Five of the seismic stations on Semisopochnoi are currently operational. The telemetry system for the Semisopochnoi stations, located on Amchitka Island, was just repaired in late May. Semisopochnoi Island is located 65 km (40 mi) northeast of Amchitka and 200 km (130 mi) west of Adak in the remote western Aleutian Islands. The last eruption of Semisopochnoi occurred in 1987.” –</span><a href="http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/semisopochnoi/news/45187/Semisopochnoi-volcano-Aleutian-Islands-Alaska-seismic-unrest.html"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcano Discovery</span></a></span></h6>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted in </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-changes/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earth Changes</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-watch/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earth Watch</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earthquake-omens/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earthquake Omens?</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/high-risk-potential-hazard-zone/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">High-risk potential hazard zone</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/potential-earthchange-hotspot/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Potential Earthchange hotspot</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/seismic-tremors/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Seismic tremors</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/signs-of-magnetic-field-weakening/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Signs of Magnetic Field weakening</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/landslide-geological-deformation/tectonic-plate-movement/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Tectonic plate movement</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-changes/time-event-acceleration/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Time - Event Acceleration</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">,</span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcano-watch/volcano-unrest/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcano unrest</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcano-watch/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcano Watch</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"> | </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/awakening-seismic-unrest-reported-at-alaskas-remote-semisopochnoi-volcano/#respond"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Leave a comment</span></a></b></span><br />
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/13/vast-ocean-lays-under-earth-mantle-may-be-wellspring-for-worlds-oceans/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Vast ocean lays under Earth mantle, may be wellspring for world’s oceans</span></a></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted on </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/13/vast-ocean-lays-under-earth-mantle-may-be-wellspring-for-worlds-oceans/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">June 13, 2014</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">by </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/author/theextinctionprotocol/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">The Extinction Protocol</span></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="1679" src="http://theextinctionprotocol.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/93cb3-noahsflood.jpg?w=609&h=386" width="2650" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">“In the six hundredth year of Noah’s life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up.” Genesis 7:11</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">June 2014 – GEOLOGY – A reservoir of water lying deep under the Earth’s surface may contain triple the volume of every one the world’s oceans and may even be the “wellspring” source of them, U.S. researchers say. Although not in a liquid form most familiar to all of us — it is instead bound within rocks deep in the Earth’s mantle — it likely represents the largest reservoir of water on Earth, scientists at the University of New Mexico and Northwestern University say. Writing in the journal Science, they report finding pockets of melted magma 400 miles underneath the North American continent that are likely signatures that water exists at those depths. Scientists have long questioned whether the mantle, the rocky, hot layer between the Earth’s crust and its core, might contain water bound up and trapped within rare minerals. The new discovery is evidence water can be transported from the surface of the Earth to great depth by plate tectonics, the movement of continents and plates over the Earth’s surface. “Geological processes on the Earth’s surface, such as earthquakes or erupting volcanoes, are an expression of what is going on inside the Earth, out of our sight,” says geophysicist and study co-author Steve Jacobsen at Northwestern. “I think we are finally seeing evidence for a whole-Earth water cycle, which may help explain the vast amount of liquid water on the surface of our habitable planet.” Movement and partial melting of rocks in the mantle’s transition zone — a region between the mantle’s lower and upper layers from around 250 to 400 miles deep — could allow water to become tightly bound to the minerals there, the researchers said.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">To test if the transition zone could be a possible deep water reservoir, the researchers used seismic waves recorded during earthquakes to analyze the structure of the mantle in the zone and to detect if melting is taking place as tectonics drives rocks ever deeper. “If we are seeing this melting, then there has to be this water in the transition zone,” University of New Mexico seismologist Brandon Schmandt says. “Melting is just a mechanism of getting rid of the water,” he says. If the surface water the Earth possesses today came from such degassing of molten rock, the researchers say, that’s in contrast to the theory held by some scientists that water came to a young Earth by way of large, icy comets. It is of course the existence of liquid water on the surface of the Earth that makes our planet habitable and capable of supporting life, which is why its origin is of such interest to science. The latest findings are strong evidence of a process where water has long been cycling between deep interior reservoirs and the surface through the action of plate tectonics, the researchers say. “Scientists have been looking for this missing deep water for decades,” Jacobsen says. And they may just have found it.</span></h6>
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/06/37-alaskas-pavlof-volcano-blows-its-top-threatens-air-flights/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Alaska’s Pavlof volcano blows its top, threatens air flights</span></a></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted on </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/06/06/37-alaskas-pavlof-volcano-blows-its-top-threatens-air-flights/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">June 6, 2014</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">by </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/author/theextinctionprotocol/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">The Extinction Protocol</span></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="345" src="https://s3.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.2/Cih45nTawrUJxVHsXOlPPA--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld3M7Zmk9ZmlsbDtoPTQzMTtweW9mZj0wO3E9NzU7dz01NzU-/http://media.zenfs.com/en_US/News/LiveScience.com/pavlof.jpg1401812446" width="616" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">JUNE 2014 – ALASKA – Alaska’s Pavlof volcano turned up the volume on its new eruption yesterday (June 2), sending up a billowy ash plume that could threaten local flights, according to the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO). The AVO tracks eruptions at Pavlof, a snowy cone on the Alaska Peninsula, using satellite imagery and earthquake monitors. The most recent eruption started Saturday, when heat-tracking by satellite shows a rise in surface temperatures at the volcano. NASA’s Landsat satellite also snapped lava streaming from the volcano’s peak. Pilots flying to nearby villages also called in reports to the AVO, and yesterday, local aviators said the volcano’s ash column had reached 22,000 feet (6,700 meters).</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">When Pavlof erupted in May 2013, ash fall forced regional airlines to cancel flights to communities such as Cold Bay, Sand Point and King Cove, the AVO reports. No flights have been reported canceled this week. The 8,262-foot (2,518 m) mountain is one of Alaska’s most frequently erupting volcanoes. On the opposite side of the Pacific Ocean, geologists are also monitoring the ongoing eruption at Indonesia’s Sangeang Api volcano. The volcano awoke with a spectacular blast on May 30. A NASA satellite image shows a thick plume of ash and volcanic gas drifting southeast. The airport in Bima, Indonesia, remains closed because of the glassy particles, which can destroy jet engines, NASA’s Earth Observatory reports.</span></h6>
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<a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/05/17/u-s-scientists-explore-grenadas-huge-underwater-volcano-poses-dangerous-tsunami-risk-to-u-s-coast/"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">U.S. scientists explore Grenada’s huge underwater volcano – poses dangerous tsunami risk to U.S. coast</span></a></h4>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted on </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/05/17/u-s-scientists-explore-grenadas-huge-underwater-volcano-poses-dangerous-tsunami-risk-to-u-s-coast/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">May 17, 2014</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">by </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/author/theextinctionprotocol/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">The Extinction Protocol</span></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="308" src="http://www.cubadebate.cu/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/kick-em-jenny.jpg" width="618" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">The dangerous Kick’em Jenny volcano has erupted 10 times since 1939, with the most recent eruption in 1990.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">May 2014 – CARIBBEAN - A team of scientists from the United States have traveled to Grenada, exploring the darkest corners of a huge underwater volcano off the island’s coast hoping to better understanding the mysteries of earthquakes and tsunamis, and ultimately saving lives. President of US Ocean Exploration Trust, Robert Ballard, famous for discovering the Titanic 12,000 feet below the surface of the icy North Atlantic in 1985, has set his sights on exploring the volcano, ‘Kick’em Jenny’, studying its eruption history and learn more about how underwater volcanoes can pose a threat. Ballard, who is also director of the Centre for Ocean Exploration at the University of Rhode Island’s Graduate School of Oceanography, said the Kick’em Jenny volcano has a history of explosive eruptions, which could have the potential to trigger tsunamis, the effects from which could be felt as far away as the northeastern United States. According to the US Geological Survey (USGS), the Kick’em Jenny volcano has erupted 10 times since 1939, with the most recent eruption in 1990. “This is the most hazardous part of our planet, where (tectonic) plates are head-on,” said Ballard, noting that the devastating 2011 Japanese earthquake and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami were both underwater earthquakes. The American television network, ABC TV, said reporters from its ‘Nightline’ program accompanied Ballard and his team of 40 explorers aboard their exploration vessel Nautilus during the final 48 hours of their 90-day voyage, which was documented for an upcoming National Geographic special, ‘Caribbean’s Deadly Underworld’, which premieres Sunday on the US network, Nat Geo WILD.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><img alt="" height="268" src="http://www.uwiseismic.com/Images/kejhazard_3.gif" width="278" />The conditions around the Kick’em Jenny volcano are so dangerous to humans that Ballard and his team relied on the Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) ‘Hercules’, a 5,000-pound submersible, to be their “eyes and ears inside the volcano,” ABC TV reported. It said as Hercules descends into the volcano, Ballard and his team watched the robot’s live cameras from a control room aboard the Nautilus. After hours of searching, the team made a startling discovery. “It means that places that we thought there was very little life existing on our plant, we’ve just opened up a whole other area where life seems to be thriving,” Ballard said, adding “a lot of the deep sea is sort of like you know you can think of it as a desert. We just found an oasis in that desert.” On its journey, Hercules took pictures of its surroundings, made maps and collected samples, including organisms living inside the volcano and even reaching inside the volcano’s bubbling plume to gather materials, ABC TV said. It said such discoveries on Ballard’s trip could allow scientists to better understand the threats posed by underwater volcanic eruptions. “And there’s no reason to stop, there’s 72 per cent of the planet hardly explored. I like to tell children that their generation is the generation that will explore more of earth than all previous generations combined,” Ballard said. –</span><a href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/US-scientists-explore-Grenada-s-huge-underwater-volcano"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Jamaica Observer</span></a></span></h6>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Posted in </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earthquake-omens/dormant-fault-activation/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Dormant fault activation</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-changes/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earth Changes</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-watch/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earth Watch</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earthquake-omens/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Earthquake Omens?</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/environmental-threat/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Environmental Threat</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/high-risk-potential-hazard-zone/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">High-risk potential hazard zone</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/potential-earthchange-hotspot/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Potential Earthchange hotspot</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/seismic-tremors/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Seismic tremors</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/signs-of-magnetic-field-weakening/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Signs of Magnetic Field weakening</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/strange-high-tides-freak-waves/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Strange high tides & freak waves</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcanic-eruption/submarine-volcanic-eruption/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Submarine volcanic eruption</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcano-watch/submarine-volcano/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Submarine Volcano</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/earth-changes/time-event-acceleration/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Time - Event Acceleration</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">, </span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/category/volcano-watch/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Volcano Watch</span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"> |</span><a href="http://theextinctionprotocol.wordpress.com/2014/05/17/u-s-scientists-explore-grenadas-huge-underwater-volcano-poses-dangerous-tsunami-risk-to-u-s-coast/#respond"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;">Leave a comment</span></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" height="1470" src="http://www.trbimg.com/img-5373a774/turbine/la-me-san-andreas-20140514-001/550/16x9" width="2612" /></span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">May 2014 – CALIFORNIA - For years, scientists have wondered about the forces that keep pushing up California’s mighty Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, causing an increase in the number of earthquakes in one part of Central California. On Wednesday, a group of scientists offered a new, intriguing theory: The quakes are triggered in part by the pumping of groundwater in the Central Valley, which produces crops that feed the nation. “These results suggest that human activity may give rise to a gradual increase in the rate of earthquake occurrence,” said the study published in the journal Nature. “During wet periods of time when the fault is loaded down, the forces that are keeping the fault clamped down are greater. It inhibits the sliding of the fault,” says Colin B. Amos, assistant professor of geology at Western Washington University. Using new GPS data, the scientists found that mountains closest to California’s thirsty Central Valley were growing at a faster-than-expected rate compared to nearby ranges. The growth spurt — about 1 to 3 millimeters a year — was enough to lift them by half a foot over the last 150 years. Groundwater is very heavy, and its weight depresses the Earth’s upper crust. Remove the weight, and the crust springs upward — and that change in pressure can trigger more small earthquakes, the researchers said. “It reduces the forces that are keeping the fault clamped together — leading to more small earthquakes during dry periods of time,” said Colin B. Amos, assistant professor of geology at Western Washington University, the study’s lead author.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">Other scientists studying a seismically active area of southern Monterey County near Parkfield observed that there tend to be more earthquakes during dry months than during wet months. The number of earthquakes there every year has roughly doubled between 1984 and 2005. “During wet periods of time when the fault is loaded down, the forces that are keeping the fault clamped down are greater. It inhibits the sliding of the fault,” Amos said. But the question as to why earthquakes have been increasing in Parkfield over time has been a mystery. The groundwater theory introduced by Amos and his colleagues gives one possible answer. “Over the long term, because we’re losing more groundwater, it could give rise to more seismicity by reducing these overall forces,” Amos said. Groundwater has been slowly depleted in the Central Valley to quench the thirst of farms and cities since the mid-1800s. That irrigation has already caused dramatic changes. In the 1930s, water diversions prompted the disappearance of Tulare Lake, once the largest body of fresh water west of the Mississippi, which was 60 miles across. Over the last hundred and fifty years, the Central Valley’s groundwater reserve has lost about 38 cubic miles of water — enough to drain Lake Tahoe. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, Central Valley aquifers supply about 20% of the nation’s groundwater needs, making it the second-most-pumped aquifer system in the United States. The Central Valley produces one-quarter of the nation’s food, including 40% of its fruits and nuts.</span></h6>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;">The study published Wednesday does not suggest the next Big One to hit Los Angeles or San Francisco will be caused by human activity, Amos said. “Large earthquakes are going to occur on the San Andreas fault no matter what we do,” Amos said. But what is important is the idea that human activity could trigger more seismic movement. “It’s really opening up a possibility that humans are changing stresses on faults,” Amos said. “It’s a simple realization that human use of groundwater is having small but perhaps measurable impacts on the San Andreas Fault.” U.S. Geological Survey seismologist Susan Hough, who was not affiliated with the study, said the idea that groundwater depletion can trigger earthquakes is very plausible. Hough went a step further than the researchers, saying it’s possible that smaller earthquakes in the Parkfield area could eventually trigger larger earthquakes that head south toward Los Angeles. “If you raise the rate of little earthquakes, you also raise the probability of a bigger earthquake,” Hough said. Parkfield was the starting point of a magnitude 7.9 earthquake that hit the San Andreas fault in 1857. The fault unzipped south for nearly 200 miles, down to the San Gabriel Mountains and ending near Wrightwood. That fault was so massive that shaking lasted from 1 to 3 minutes, trees were uprooted, and buildings were destroyed. “As near as we can tell, the foreshocks were in the Parkfield area,” Hough said. “It won’t necessarily happen that way” again in our lifetime, she said. “But the fact that it did happen once means that it could happen.” Hough said further study was needed to determine whether groundwater depletion in other areas could also trigger earthquakes. The part of the San Andreas Fault around Parkfield is fairly weak — meaning not much change in pressure is needed to loosen the fault and cause earthquakes. In contrast, sections of the San Andreas closer to San Francisco and Los Angeles are much stronger and more locked. Steve Ingebritsen, hydrogeologist with the U.S. Geological Survey who was also unaffiliated with the study, called the theory “an interesting hypothesis from a credible group of investigators that will drive more research.” He called the suggestion that groundwater depletion could lead to more earthquakes “somewhat controversial” and that more study is needed elsewhere in California and around the world to see if the findings can be replicated.</span></h6>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">In Indonesia's North Sumatra province, Mount Sinabung, a 2,600-meter (8,530-foot) tall volcano, has erupted several times over the past few days, spewing massive clouds of superheated gas and ash into the sky, and down its slopes in deadly pyroclastic flows. Sinabung has been active off and on since September, following a re-awakening in 2010, after more than 400 years of dormancy. Thousands of villagers and farmers living nearby have been evacuated, hoping to be able to return home soon.</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s01_RTX15I7I.jpg" /></strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A woman looks on as Mount Sinabung spews ash, viewed from Sibintun village in Karo district, Indonesia's north Sumatra province, on November 18, 2013. Mount Sinabung continued to spew volcanic ash throwing a plume 8,000 meters into the atmosphere on Monday as thousands of residents remained in temporary shelters fearful of more eruptions. (Reuters/Roni Bintang) </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s01_RTX15I7I.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="img02"></a></b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s02_80863487.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Indonesian farmers rush to harvest crops in the district of Karo as an ash cloud rises during a fresh eruption of the Mount Sinabung volcano, on September 17, 2013. Thousands of villagers fled after Mount Sinabung's series of volcanic eruptions on Indonesia's Sumatra island, spewing rocks and red-hot ash onto surrounding villages, officials said. (Sutanta Aditya/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img02"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s02_80863487.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s03_86961221.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Trees and vegetation are covered with volcanic ash in the Karo district of Indonesia's Sumatra island, on November 5, 2013, after the eruption of Mount Sinabung volcano. (Kharisma Tarigan/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img03"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s03_86961221.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s04_65785914.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A kitten sits on the roof of a house that is covered with volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Sinabung in Mardingding, North Sumatra, on November 6, 2013. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img04"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s04_65785914.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s05_95863576.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>This picture made with slow shutter speed shows Mount Sinabung spewing volcanic ash as seen from Tiga Pancur, North Sumatra, on November 5, 2013. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img05"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s05_95863576.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s06_87106951.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Sinabung erupts and throws hot gas into the air, in Karo, North Sumatra, on November 6, 2013. Hundreds of residents have been evacuated to safer areas as the volcano erupted anew following September eruptions. (Atar/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img06"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s06_87106951.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A hand print on the hood of a car covered with volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Sinabung in Tiga Nderket village, North Sumatra, on November 4, 2013. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img07"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s07_91550134.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Refugees sleep inside a church set up as a temporary evacuation center on November 15, 2013 in Karo district. Up to 4,300 residents have been evacuated from five villages in North Sumatra due to the volcanic eruptions of Mount Sinabung.(Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img08"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s08_88095793.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Pyroclastic flows race down the slope of Mount Sinabung as it spews volcanic materials, viewed from Beras Tiga Pancur, North Sumatra, on November 11, 2013. (AP Photo/Dedy Zulkifli) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img09"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s09_30827213.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s10_26227946.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Villagers ride a motorcycle on a road covered with volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Sinabung in Kuta Mbaru, North Sumatra, on November 18, 2013. (AP Photo/Mafa Yuli Ramadani) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img10"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s10_26227946.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Students wear masks to protect from airborne volcanic ash, as they play with hula hoops at an elementary school in Sukandebi, North Sumatra, on November 7, 2013. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img11"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s11_10887437.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img12"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">12</strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Students walk through fields covered by ash from Sinabung, as they return home at Kuta Rakyat village in Karo district, on November 8, 2013. (Reuters/Roni Bintang) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img12"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s12_RTX155HS.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img13"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">13</strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A flower blossoms from vegetation covered with volcanic ash after an eruption of Mount Sinabung in Mardingding, North Sumatra, on November 6, 2013. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img13"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s13_20003147.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A man uses his mobile phone as Mount Sinabung continues to erupt, with hot gas spewing from the volcano, in the Karo district, on November 18, 2013. (Sutanta Aditya/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img14"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s14_50321345.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>The ash from Sinabung volcano covers trees and houses at Mardingding village in Karo district, on November 5, 2013.(Reuters/Roni Bintang) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img15"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s15_RTX150HI.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s16_88078899.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A puppy sits in abandoned Mardinding village, located just less than three kilometers from mount Sinabung on November 15, 2013 in Sumatra's Karo district. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img16"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s16_88078899.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s17_87965205.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Mount Sinabung spews ash and gas, photographed from Berastagi village in Karo district, on November 14, 2013.(Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img17"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s17_87965205.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s18_87965197.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Mount Sinabung spews a column of hot gas and ash skyward, as seen from Tigapancur village in Karo district, on November 14, 2013. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2013/11/the-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100630/#img18"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s18_87965197.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung111813/s_s19_RTX13Q74.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Lightning strikes as Mount Sinabung volcano spews ash and hot lava, at Simpang Empat village in Karo district, on September 18, 2013. (Reuters/YT Haryono)</strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Mount Sinabung, in Indonesia's North Sumatra province, has been erupting sporadically since last September, spewing massive clouds of superheated gas and ash into the sky and down its slopes in deadly pyroclastic flows. The most recent series of eruptions began January 4, with hundreds of eruptions recorded in the days since. Further evacuations have been ordered, with more than 20,000 people now displaced. Gathered here are recent images from the region and of those affected.</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s01_61540863.jpg" /></strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Mount Sinabung spews volcanic ash and lava near Karo, North Sumatra on January 9, 2014. An Indonesian volcano that has erupted relentlessly for months shot volcanic ash into the air 30 times on January 4, forcing further evacuations with more than 20,000 people now displaced, an official said. (ATAR/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s01_61540863.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s02_61542065.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A cat sits in an area covered by ash as following a further eruption of the Mount Sinabung in Sebintun village on January 9, 2014 in Karo District, North Sumatra, Indonesia. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img02"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s02_61542065.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s03_61368861.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>People watch as Mount Sinabung spews pyroclastic gas and ash on January 8, 2014 in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Eleven deaths have now been recorded as a result of the eruptions with hundreds more falling ill. Officials expect the number of evacuees to rise as volcanic activity remains high. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img03"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s03_61368861.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s04_60719967.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Children wear plastic bags to cover their faces from ash following a further eruption of the Mount Sinabung on January 4, 2014 in North Sumatra. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img04"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s04_60719967.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s05_60875031.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Hot lava runs down Mount Sinabung from a newly-formed lava dome on January 5, 2014 in North Sumatra.(Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img05"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s05_60875031.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s06_61359309.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Sinabung spews ash into the air during an eruption near Karo, North Sumatra, on January 8, 2014.(Sutanta Aditya/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img06"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s06_61359309.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s07_60700113.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A woman carries her daughter in a nearby field as Mount Sinabung spews pyroclastic gas and ash in North Sumatra, on January 4, 2014. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img07"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s07_60700113.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s08_61147293.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Sinabung spews ash during an eruption near Karo, North Sumatra, on January 7, 2014. (Sutanta Aditya/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img08"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s08_61147293.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s09_RTX173WN.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Mount Sinabung volcano spews ash during an eruption as seen from Tiga Pancur village in Karo district, on January 6, 2014.(Reuters/Roni Bintang) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img09"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s09_RTX173WN.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s10_71167857.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Villagers watch as Mount Sinabung releases pyroclastic flow in Sibintun, North Sumatra, on January 6, 2014.(AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img10"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s10_71167857.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s11_60719979.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>An ash covered a motorcyclist as drives on a road covered with ash following a further eruption of the Mount Sinabung, on January 4, 2014. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img11"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s11_60719979.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s12_RTX177BG.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Coffee beans, covered by ash from Mt Sinabung, near Sibintun village on January 9, 2014. (Reuters/Beawiharta) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img12"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s12_RTX177BG.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s13_62754851.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A bicycle is caked with volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Sinabung outside a house in Sibintun, North Sumatra, on January 7, 2014. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img13"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s13_62754851.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Abandoned bottles covered with ash from Mount Sinabung, near Berastepu village, on January 9, 2014. (Reuters/Beawiharta) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img14"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s14_RTX177CG.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s15_RTX177GZ.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A farmer's foot, covered with ash from Mount Sinabung, in Payung village, on January 9, 2014. (Reuters/Beawiharta) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img15"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s15_RTX177GZ.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Mount Sinabung spews pyroclastic gas and ash above Karo District, North Sumatra, on on January 3, 2014.(Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img16"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s16_60344053.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s17_60719963.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Hot lava runs down Mount Sinabung from a newly-formed lava dome, on January 4, 2014. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img17"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s17_60719963.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s18_RTX176D8.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A dead dog lies on a street covered in ash from Mount Sinabung, near Tiga Pancur village, on January 8, 2014.(Reuters/YT Haryono) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img18"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s18_RTX176D8.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s19_61542141.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A woman shows rice covered by ash during harvest following a further eruption of Mount Sinabung in Payung village, on January 9, 2014. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img19"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s19_61542141.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s20_RTX178K3.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>An orange, covered in ash from Mount Sinabung, Sibintun village, January 10, 2014. (Reuters/Roni Bintang) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img20"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s20_RTX178K3.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s21_61542115.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A chicken stands in an area covered by ash as following a further eruption of Mount Sinabung in Sebintun village, on January 9, 2014. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img21"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s21_61542115.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s22_53369671.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Mount Sinabung spews ash into the air, as seen from Karo, North Sumatra, on December 4, 2013.(Ade Sinuhaji/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img22"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s22_53369671.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s23_64476985.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Elementary school students wear masks to protect them from volcanic ash from Mount Sinabung, seen in the background, in Sukan Debi, North Sumatra, on November 26, 2013. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img23"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s23_64476985.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s24_RTX178G4.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A pyroclastic flow races down the slope of Mount Sinabung, viewed from Berastepu village, on January 10, 2014.(Reuters/Beawiharta) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img24"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s24_RTX178G4.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s25_61367921.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Women carry their children as they are evacuated to a temporary evacuation center after their village was hit by ash from Mount Sinabung in Payung village, on January 8, 2014. (Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img25"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s25_61367921.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s26_61542093.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Villagers evacuate their pig following a further eruption of Mount Sinabung in Sebintun village, on January 9, 2014.(Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img26"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s26_61542093.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s27_60875049.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Hot lava runs down Mount Sinabung from a lava dome on January 5, 2014 in Karo District, North Sumatra.(Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img27"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s27_60875049.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s28_61359261.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>A pyroclastic flow races down Mount Sinabung, near Karo, North Sumatra, on January 8, 2014.(SUTANTA ADITYA/AFP/Getty Images) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img28"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s28_61359261.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s29_RTX1765K.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img29"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">29</strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>Hot gases and ash from Mount Sinabung impact trees, viewed from Berastepu village, North Sumatra, on January 8, 2014.(Reuters/Beawiharta) </strong></span><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img29"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong>#</strong></span></a><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong> </strong></span><a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s29_RTX1765K.jpg"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/i/lnk.jpg" /></strong></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/sinabung011014/s_s30_RTX177B9.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2014/01/the-continued-eruptions-of-mount-sinabung/100660/#img30"><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">30</strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">A flower, surrounded by ash from Mt Sinabung, near Sibintun village, on January 9, 2014. (Reuters/Beawiharta)</strong></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: orange; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/ngtpc062414/s_n01_0kilauea.jpg" /></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;">Kilauea, Big Island, Hawaii. The most extreme place we put our kayakers to paddle to date.</strong></span></div>
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<a href="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/ngtpc062414/n02_0alizard.jpg"><span style="background-color: black; color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong></strong></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: x-large;"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img src="http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/infocus/ngtpc062414/s_n03_theworld.jpg" /></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: #ff8000; font-family: Times New Roman;"><strong><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;">This photo, taken at the "end of the world" swing in Banos, Ecuador, captures a man on the swing overlooking an erupting Mt. Tungurahua. The eruption took place on February 1, 2014. Minutes after the photo was taken, we had to evacuate the area because of an incoming ash cloud</span></strong></span></div>
</div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1384797616926091562.post-68151146008621631342023-08-06T15:22:00.023-07:002023-08-30T22:56:51.377-07:00A gateway to a parallel world': OR A MULTIVERSE<p> </p> <p> </p> <br /><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="425"><div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:e0c6329f-bf53-484c-9da5-d5acae5b7fbd" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; word-break: break-word;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" force-default-style=""><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;">Terrifying Unknown Object 5000km Wide Just Discovered by the ISS! </span></yt-formatted-string></h1><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;"><br /></span><h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-family: "YouTube Sans", Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; word-break: break-word;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" force-default-style=""><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138;">Pentagon FINALLY Breaks Silence on Alien Mothership Entering Our Solar System</span></yt-formatted-string></h1><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b>From amateur conspiracy theorists to the brains behind reputable research institutions like SETI and the Galileo Project, there are many people on Earth who are dedicated to finding evidence that we are not alone in the cosmos. What if, however, intelligent alien life is already observing us and learning about our civilization, yet we have no idea they exist? A recent report from the Pentagon's UFO investigating branch indicates that this is a distinct possibility.<br /><br /></b></span><h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; word-break: break-word;"><yt-formatted-string class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" force-default-style=""><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times;"><br /></span></yt-formatted-string></h1><h1 class="style-scope ytd-watch-metadata" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; display: -webkit-box; font-size: 2rem; line-height: 2.8rem; margin: 0px; max-height: 5.6rem; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-overflow: ellipsis; word-break: break-word;"><br /></h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2282" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/V4wZl9zCpcc" width="2745" youtube-src-id="V4wZl9zCpcc"></iframe></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2295" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/LW--rJDqyhs" width="2761" youtube-src-id="LW--rJDqyhs"></iframe></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2246" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VMPWudEKXtk" width="2702" youtube-src-id="VMPWudEKXtk"></iframe></div><br /><div id="57192c16-6163-4d22-81b0-45b8cbea9427" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></div></div></td> <td valign="top" width="573"> <div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:74754ecf-bb70-41da-81e8-227c4db85c58" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="0ee572ad-dfb1-4a3e-b66a-9927b2bcc508" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="578"> <h3 align="left"><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="7"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/h6OoaNPSZeM" width="2719" youtube-src-id="h6OoaNPSZeM"></iframe></div><span style="background-color: black;"><br />'A gateway to a parallel world': OR A MULTIVERSE</span></font></h3> <p><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">A look at the theory of the multiverse -- the possibility of parallel dimensions existing where Earth and everyone on it are duplicated many times over, and how physicists search for evidence of these doppelganger realities using state of the art particle colliders that can detect higher dimensions of existence. <br />The multiverse (or meta-universe) is the hypothetical set of infinite or finite possible universes (including the historical universe we consistently experience) that together comprise everything that exists and can exist: the entirety of space, time, matter, and energy as well as the physical laws and constants that describe them. The term was coined in 1895 by the American philosopher and psychologist William James. The various universes within the multiverse are sometimes called parallel universes.<br />The structure of the multiverse, the nature of each universe within it and the relationship between the various constituent universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis considered. Multiple universes have been hypothesized in cosmology, physics, astronomy, religion, philosophy, transpersonal psychology and fiction, particularly in science fiction and fantasy. In these contexts, parallel universes are also called "alternative universes", "quantum universes", "interpenetrating dimensions", "parallel dimensions", "parallel worlds", "alternative realities", "alternative timelines", and "dimensional planes," among others.<br />The many-worlds interpretation is an interpretation of quantum mechanics that asserts the objective reality of the universal wavefunction and denies the actuality of wavefunction collapse. Many-worlds implies that all possible alternative histories and futures are real, each representing an actual "world" (or "universe"). It is also referred to as MWI, the relative state formulation, the Everett interpretation, the theory of the universal wavefunction, many-universes interpretation, or just many-worlds.<br />The original relative state formulation is due to Hugh Everett in 1957. Later, this formulation was popularized and renamed many-worlds by Bryce Seligman DeWitt in the 1960s and 1970s. The decoherence approaches to interpreting quantum theory have been further explored and developed,becoming quite popular. MWI is one of many multiverse hypotheses in physics and philosophy. It is currently considered a mainstream interpretation along with the other de coherence interpretations, the Copenhagen interpretation, and deterministic interpretations such as the Bohmian mechanics</strong></font></p><p><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2235" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xUEa6_5QUZk" width="2687" youtube-src-id="xUEa6_5QUZk"></iframe></font></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /><br />We are not alone. Humanity has known this truth for long. But sadly, there's been little to no evidence to back this up. From video clips and reports from individuals to leaked images from NASA, nearly every piece of evidence to prove alien existence has been waved aside. But now, the US Congress is finally revealing intricate details about various eye-witness encounters with alien civilizations in the United States. </b></span><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font><p></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p><br /></p><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">Before many-worlds, reality had always been viewed as a single unfolding history. Many-worlds, however, views reality as a many-branched tree, wherein every possible quantum outcome is realised. Many-worlds claims to reconcile the observation of non-deterministic events, such as the random radioactive decay, with the fully deterministic equations of quantum physics.<br />In many-worlds, the subjective appearance of wavefunction collapse is explained by the mechanism of quantum decoherence, which resolves all of the correlation paradoxes of quantum theory, such as the EPR paradox and Schrödinger's cat, since every possible outcome of every event defines or exists in its own "history" or "world".<br />In lay terms, the hypothesis states there is a very large—perhaps infinite—number of universes, and everything that could possibly have happened in our past, but did not, has occurred in the past of some other universe or universes.</strong></font><p></p></td> <td valign="top" width="420"> <span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:56f5a707-df59-489e-b370-2f38de2d59c5" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="9990d5c3-a00b-45d4-aee9-a649aa1c8149" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></div></div> <div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:2129b37e-c54d-4f01-8296-81c24b262fbc" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="aff16e72-02f4-477f-b720-e7be33b3e45f" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></div></div><br /><br /> <div class="wlWriterEditableSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:2be59cf4-004a-49f5-baa3-49d4a4ab528a" style="display: inline; float: none; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div id="005dacde-6fe6-43ad-9ac1-2bbc12f0e0a6" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></div></div><font><strong>Hard as it is to swallow, cutting-edge theories are suggesting that our universe may not be the only universe. Instead, it may be just one of an infinite number of universes that make up the "multiverse." In this show, Brian Greene takes us on a tour of this brave new theory at the frontier of physics, showing what some of these alternate realities might be like. Some universes may be almost indistinguishable from our own; others may contain variations of all of us, where we exist but with different families, careers, and life stories. In still others, reality may be so radically different from ours as to be unrecognizable. Brian Greene reveals why this radical new picture of the cosmos is getting serious attention from scientists. It won't be easy to prove, but if it's right, our understanding of space, time, and our place in the universe will never be the same.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></strong><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1155" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FGP4KIkr2ls" width="1389" youtube-src-id="FGP4KIkr2ls"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="1161" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FHAA_1Guxlo" width="1396" youtube-src-id="FHAA_1Guxlo"></iframe></div></font></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3 align="justify"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="The fogbow was spotted by Mikhail Baevsky during a recent expedition to Chatyr-Dag mountain region, in the Ukraine" height="838" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/12/26/article-2253339-16A762EB000005DC-513_964x513.jpg" width="1576" /> </strong></font></h3> <p align="justify"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">The fogbow was spotted by Mikhail Baevsky during a recent expedition to Chatyr-Dag mountain region, in the Ukraine.</strong></font></p> <br /><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="270"></td> <td valign="top" width="728"> <p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><strong><font>As our quest for knowledge took to the skies, the thought that we were the center of the universe prevailed. The more we learn, the more we realize how much we truly don’t know. Many scientists believe in the big bang theory, in that the universe was created by the reaction of things moving outward after a huge implosion. So technically speaking, the big bang is the resulting actions of an event that happened just prior to it.</font></strong> </span></p><p><font><font><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong>It may look like a gateway in to another world, but these are the incredible images of a ghostly white fogbow. </strong><strong>The rare phenomena was spotted by Mikhail Baevsky during a recent expedition to Chatyr-Dag mountain region, in Crimea, Southern Ukraine. </strong><strong>Mr Baevsky was part of a trekking group in the mountainous region when he spotted the watery apparition. He was stunned to see it was completely white and quickly grabbed his camera to capture the moment.</strong></font></font></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><font><font><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><strong><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2125" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/URq9D7-DAOg" width="2559" youtube-src-id="URq9D7-DAOg"></iframe></strong></font></font></font></div><font><font><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong><br /><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></strong><span style="background-color: black;"><b>The United States government is reported to have custody of multiple bodies of alien pilots. Yes, the long-awaited UFO Congress Hearing is now underway, and David Grush, a former spy, has revealed intriguing insights into UFO sightings. He shed light on the secretive programs conducted by the US government, focusing on the retrieval and reverse-engineering of alien aircraft, which have remained hidden from public knowledge.
This video is the entire Congress testimony of David Grush. who until recently, worked at the national geospatial agency ( NGA ) as an intelligence officer, he was one of the chief officers charged with analyzing reports of Unidentified Anomalous phenomena ( UAP ), and also trans-medium object analysis, reporting directly to the UAP Taskforce.
he claimed that the united states government has conducted secret retrieval and reverse engineering operations on crashed non-human aircrafts. he also stated to the media before that the united states government retrieved not just alien technology from these crash sites, but also non-human bodies.
I'll leave you then with the full under-oath testimony of David Grush, but don't forget to subscribe to the channel if you want to see more of this exciting content, and consider leaving us a like, it really helps.
</b></span><br /><br /></font></font></font><p></p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><br /></strong></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2107" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xzqZiTr7w48" width="2535" youtube-src-id="xzqZiTr7w48"></iframe></strong></font></div><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"></font><p><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;">A physicist by the name of Alan Guth came up with a <em>parallel universes theory</em> based on many observations. References to his theory are called inflationary universe or inflationary theory of cosmology. Professor Guth is currently the Victor F. Weisskopf Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Many of Professor Guth’s peers believe that his theory is correct. He believes that when the universe began, instead of a gravitational pull to keep things together, there was a reverse type of gravitation working and instead repelled everything from it, which he coined a “false vacuum.” As scientists have proven our world is constantly expanding, this theory seems plausible.</strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Another part to Professor Guth’s theory allows that at the time of the big bang, the “false vacuum” began to decay, creating amazing amounts of particles. These particles are the same as those which began our universe. According to his theory, the universe is much larger than anyone had predicted. If this theory is true, these extra particles started as the decay became bubbles, much like the bubble he believes began our universe. The more the “false vacuum” decayed the more bubbles it created. If this astounding theory is true, it would prove the existence of many universes, all of which would appear to have the same properties and abide by the same law of physics. Because this theory can’t fully be proven, there is speculation as to what these other universes hold.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>There are two main ideas as to what these different universes may contain. The first is that these universes are the same in matter and physical laws as our universe. The exception being that due the varying degree with which they were created, it allowed for these other worlds to have every possible combination of particles available. In other words, these worlds would operate by the same principles but would have every possible number of combinations there are. For example, the oceans would be where our continents are and vice versa, on and on. The second idea is that the other worlds would potentially be different in that they may not operate in the same way as ours does. A three dimensional world may not be what the norm is.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>While both of these ideas are plausible, the first allows for the belief in</strong></font><a href="http://www.quantumjumping.com/articles/parallel-universe/parallel-universes-theory/"><font><strong> parallel universes</strong></font></a><font><strong>, the idea that any given person can exist at the same time in more than one place. If, as humans, we were able to tap into the power of traveling to these other universes, we would be able to ‘meet’ our other selves. While this is a truly powerful thing to think about, one can imagine the possibilities it holds. If your own individual beings could meet and each one had different experiences, think of the intelligence and knowledge you could pass from one to another. Each one would have different experiences and different outcomes. In one world you could be a doctor, in another world a politician, in another world a drug addict. The options would be virtually limitless.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="Ghostly: The phenomena appears in mist or fog" height="1130" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/12/26/article-2253339-16A762E0000005DC-720_964x402.jpg" width="2710" /> </strong></font></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2151" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/JMBamfIbPhM" width="2588" youtube-src-id="JMBamfIbPhM"></iframe><strong>Ghostly: The phenomena appears in mist or fog and appears devoid of colour due to the effect of diffraction. </strong></font><font><strong>The 61-year-old, from Russia, said: 'I often visit the mountain range in search of the perfect image. </strong></font><font><strong>'When I spotted the rainbow it felt really surreal. I am a scientist and I do understand the physics of all these processes but when you are high in the mountains and there are only clouds below you and this white rainbow in front of you it's like looking at a gateway to another world. </strong></font><font><strong>'I feel stunned and amazed by nature's diversity and beauty, that's why I can't stop going to mountains, it's full of so many amazing photo opportunities.' A fog bow made from the same configuration of sunlight and moisture as a rainbow, but is made up by far smaller water droplets, which are less than 0.05mm across. </strong></font><font><strong>This means they are too small to refract light in the same way as in raindrops, which creates the multi-coloured effect. With a fogbow the diffraction (bending and spreading out of light waves) dominates, which robs the bow of its colour making it look white and washed out. </strong></font><font><strong>Fogbows are frequently seen over Arctic waters and are called sea-dogs by mariners, but they have also been spotted in mountain regions. </strong></font><font><strong>Despite sub-freezing temperatures - sometimes plummeting as low as -15 degrees - keen photographer Mr Baevsky, who also teaches chemistry at a university, spends most weekends climbing the mountain range in search of the perfect image.</strong></font></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong></strong></font></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2151" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Gf0CYGULQoM" width="2588" youtube-src-id="Gf0CYGULQoM"></iframe></strong></font></span></div><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong><br /> </strong></font> </span><p></p><p align="justify"><br /></p><div align="justify"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width: 999px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="499"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="fogbow" height="832" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/12/26/article-2253339-16A762F5000005DC-999_470x423.jpg" width="924" /></strong></font></td> <td valign="top" width="499"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="fogbow" height="1269" src="http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/12/26/article-2253339-16A7633C000005DC-147_470x423.jpg" width="1411" /></strong></font></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Fogbows are sometimes captured in mountainous regions. They are frequently seen over Arctic waters and are called sea-dogs by mariners.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>A parallel universe or alternative reality is a hypothetical or fictional self-contained separate </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality"><font><strong>reality</strong></font></a><font><strong> coexisting with one's own. A specific group of parallel universes is called a "</strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse"><font><strong>multiverse</strong></font></a><font><strong>", although this term can also be used to describe the possible parallel universes that constitute reality. While the terms "parallel universe" and "alternative reality" are generally </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"><font><strong>synonymous</strong></font></a><font><strong> and can be used interchangeably in most cases, there is sometimes an additional connotation implied with the term "alternative reality" that implies that the reality is a variant of our own. The term "parallel universe" is more general, without any connotations implying a relationship, or lack of relationship, with our own universe. A universe where the very </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_law"><font><strong>laws of nature</strong></font></a><font><strong> are different – for example, one in which there are no </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity"><font><strong>relativistic</strong></font></a><font><strong> limitations and the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light"><font><strong>speed of light</strong></font></a><font><strong> can be exceeded – would in general count as a parallel universe but not an alternative reality. The correct </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"><font><strong>quantum mechanical</strong></font></a><font><strong> definition of parallel universes is "universes that are separated from each other by a single quantum event."</strong></font> <img height="1073" src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8364/8319638890_bdc9280150_b.jpg" width="1609" /> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Fantasy has long borrowed the idea of "another world" from </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology"><font><strong>myth</strong></font></a><font><strong>, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend"><font><strong>legend</strong></font></a><font><strong> and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"><font><strong>religion</strong></font></a><font><strong>. </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven"><font><strong>Heaven</strong></font></a><font><strong>, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell"><font><strong>Hell</strong></font></a><font><strong>, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Olympians"><font><strong>Olympus</strong></font></a><font><strong>, and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valhalla"><font><strong>Valhalla</strong></font></a><font><strong> are all “alternative universes” different from the familiar material realm. Modern </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"><font><strong>fantasy</strong></font></a><font><strong> often presents the concept as a series of planes of existence where the laws of nature differ, allowing </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical"><font><strong>magical</strong></font></a><font><strong> phenomena of some sort on some planes. This concept was also found in ancient </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_mythology"><font><strong>Hindu mythology</strong></font></a><font><strong>, in texts such as the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"><font><strong>Puranas</strong></font></a><font><strong>, which expressed an infinite number of universes, each with its own gods.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_universe_(fiction)#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> Similarly in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literature"><font><strong>Persian literature</strong></font></a><font><strong>, "The Adventures of Bulukiya", a tale in the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></i>, describes the protagonist Bulukiya learning of alternative worlds/universes that are similar to but still distinct from his own.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8174/7947158756_f08a6928b0_b.jpg" /><font><strong> In other cases, in both fantasy and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"><font><strong>science fiction</strong></font></a><font><strong>, a parallel universe is a single other material reality, and its co-existence with ours is a rationale to bring a protagonist from the author's reality into the fantasy's reality, such as in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a></i> by </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis"><font><strong>C. S. Lewis</strong></font></a><font><strong> or even the beyond-the-reflection travel in the two main works of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll"><font><strong>Lewis Carroll</strong></font></a><font><strong>. Or this single other reality can invade our own, as when </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Cavendish"><font><strong>Margaret Cavendish</strong></font></a><font><strong>'s English heroine sends submarines and "birdmen" armed with "fire stones" back through the portal from <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blazing_World">The Blazing World</a></i> to Earth and wreaks havoc on England's enemies. In </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_fantasy"><font><strong>dark fantasy</strong></font></a><font><strong> or </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction"><font><strong>horror</strong></font></a><font><strong>the parallel world is often a hiding place for unpleasant things, and often the protagonist is forced to confront effects of this other world leaking into his own, as in most of the work of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft"><font><strong>H. P. Lovecraft</strong></font></a><font><strong> and the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_(video_game)">Doom</a></i> computer game series, or Warhammer/40K miniature and computer games. In such stories, the nature of this other reality is often left mysterious, known only by its effect on our own world.</strong></font> <img src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8309/7930100070_39145053df_b.jpg" /> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The concept also arises outside the framework of quantum mechanics, as is found in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges"><font><strong>Jorge Luis Borges</strong></font></a><font><strong> short story <i>El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan</i> ("</strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Garden_of_Forking_Paths"><font><strong>The Garden of Forking Paths</strong></font></a><font><strong>"), published in 1941 before the many-worlds interpretation had been invented. In the story, a </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinology"><font><strong>Sinologist</strong></font></a><font><strong> discovers a manuscript by a Chinese writer where the same tale is recounted in several ways, often contradictory, and then explains to his visitor (the writer's grandson) that his relative conceived time as a "garden of forking paths", where things happen in parallel in infinitely branching ways. One of the first </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Fi"><font><strong>Sci-Fi</strong></font></a><font><strong> examples is </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wyndham"><font><strong>John Wyndham</strong></font></a><font><strong>'s </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Quest"><font><strong>Random Quest</strong></font></a><font><strong> about a man who, on awaking after a laboratory accident, finds himself in a parallel universe where </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"><font><strong>World War II</strong></font></a><font><strong> never happened with consequences for his professional and personal life, giving him information he can use on return to his own universe.</strong></font> </span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5466/7419079516_ff130a32fa_b.jpg" /> </span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>While this is a common treatment in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci-Fi"><font><strong>Sci-Fi</strong></font></a><font><strong>, it is by no means the only presentation of the idea, even in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_science_fiction"><font><strong>hard science fiction</strong></font></a><font><strong>. Sometimes the parallel universe bears no historical relationship to any other world; instead, the laws of nature are simply different than those in our own, as in the novel <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raft_(novel)">Raft</a></i> by </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Baxter"><font><strong>Stephen Baxter</strong></font></a><font><strong>, which posits a reality where the</strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant"><font><strong>gravitational constant</strong></font></a><font><strong> is much larger than in our universe. (Note, however, that Baxter explains later in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_Diagrams">Vacuum Diagrams</a></i> that the protagonists in <i>Raft</i> are descended from people who came from the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeelee_Sequence"><font><strong>Xeelee Sequence</strong></font></a><font><strong> universe.)</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>One motif is that the way time flows in a parallel universe may be very different, so that a character returning to one might find the time passed very differently for those he left behind. This is found in folklore: King Herla visited Fairy and returned three centuries later; although only some of his men crumbled to dust on dismounting, Herla and his men who did not dismount were trapped on horseback, this being one folkloric account of the origin of the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Hunt"><font><strong>Wild Hunt</strong></font></a><font><strong>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_universe_(fiction)#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis"><font><strong>C. S. Lewis</strong></font></a><font><font><font><strong> made use of this in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a></i>; indeed, a character points out to two skeptics that there is no need for the time between the worlds to match up, but it would be very odd for the girl who claims to have visited a parallel universe to have dreamed up such a different time flow.<img src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7256/7550657206_40ab11aa0e_b.jpg" /></strong></font></font></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>The division between science fiction and fantasy becomes fuzzier than usual when dealing with stories that explicitly leave the universe we are familiar with, especially when our familiar universe is portrayed as a subset of a multiverse. Picking a genre becomes less a matter of setting, and more a matter of theme and emphasis; the parts of the story the author wishes to explain and how they are explained. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narnia">Narnia</a></i> is clearly a fantasy, and the TV series <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliders">Sliders</a></i> is clearly science fiction, but works like the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Tiers">World of Tiers</a></i> series or <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_Road">Glory Road</a></i> tend to occupy a much broader middle ground.</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8160/7499400254_9ca2b85ef8_b.jpg" /> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>Typically, parallel universes fall into two classifications. The first may be more accurately called a "diverging universe" whereby two versions of the universe share a common history up to a </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_divergence"><font><strong>point of divergence</strong></font></a><font><strong>. At this point, the outcome of some event is different in the two universes and their histories continue to become more different as time elapses after that point (e.g. </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallels_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)"><font><strong>Parallels (Star Trek: The Next Generation)</strong></font></a><font><strong>). The second type is where despite certain, often large, differences between the two universes' history and/or culture, they maintain strong similarities. In such cases, it is common that every person in one universe will have a counterpart in the other universe with the same name, ancestry, appearance, and frequently occupation but often a very different personality (e.g. </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror,_Mirror_(Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series)"><font><strong>Mirror, Mirror (Star Trek: The Original Series)</strong></font></a><font><strong>).</strong></font> </span></p><h4 align="justify"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;">Science fiction ?</font></h4><h4 align="justify"><br /><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2159" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ze9reMrflCQ" width="2595" youtube-src-id="ze9reMrflCQ"></iframe></div><br /></font></h4><div><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><br /></font></div><div><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><br /></font></div><div><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6" style="background-color: black;"><br /></font></div> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>While technically incorrect, and looked down upon by hard science-fiction fans and authors, the idea of another “</strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension"><font><strong>dimension</strong></font></a><font><strong>” has become synonymous with the term “parallel universe”. The usage is particularly common in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movies"><font><strong>movies</strong></font></a><font><strong>, television and </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_books"><font><strong>comic books</strong></font></a><font><strong> and much less so in modern prose science fiction. The idea of a parallel world was first introduced in comic books with the publication of <i>Flash</i> #123 - "Flash of Two Worlds".</strong></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7216/7163947835_9d64af7858_b.jpg" /> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>In written science fiction, “new dimensions” more commonly — and more accurately — refer to additional </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_axis"><font><strong>coordinate axes</strong></font></a><font><strong>, beyond the three spatial axes with which we are familiar. By proposing travel along these extra axes, which are not normally </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptible"><font><strong>perceptible</strong></font></a><font><strong>, the traveler can reach worlds that are otherwise unreachable and invisible.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flatland_cover_detail.jpg"><font color="#e69138" face="times" size="6"><strong style="background-color: black;"><img alt="" height="868" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flatland_cover_detail.jpg/220px-Flatland_cover_detail.jpg" width="1049" /></strong></font></a></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"> </span></p> <p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_A._Abbott"><font><strong>Edwin A. Abbott</strong></font></a><font><strong>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatland">Flatland</a></i> is set in a world of two dimensions.</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7028/6477135449_2031d88992_b.jpg" /> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>In 1884, </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_A._Abbott"><font><strong>Edwin A. Abbott</strong></font></a><font><strong> wrote the seminal novel exploring this concept called <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatland">Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions</a></i>. It describes a world of two dimensions inhabited by living squares, triangles, and circles, called Flatland, as well as Pointland (0 dimensions), Lineland (1 dimension), and Spaceland (three dimensions) and finally posits the possibilities of even greater dimensions. Isaac Asimov, in his foreword to the Signet Classics 1984 edition, described </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatland"><font><strong>Flatland</strong></font></a><font><strong> as "The best introduction one can find into the manner of perceiving dimensions."</strong></font> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>In 1895, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Time_Machine">The Time Machine</a></i> by </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"><font><strong>H. G. Wells</strong></font></a><font><strong> used time as an additional “dimension” in this sense, taking the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime"><font><strong>four-dimensional</strong></font></a><font><strong> model of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_physics"><font><strong>classical physics</strong></font></a><font><strong> and interpreting time as a space-like dimension in which humans could travel with the right equipment. Wells also used the concept of parallel universes as a consequence of time as the fourth dimension in stories like </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Visit"><font><strong>The Wonderful Visit</strong></font></a><font><strong> and</strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_Like_Gods"><font><strong>Men Like Gods</strong></font></a><font><strong>, an idea proposed by the astronomer </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Newcomb"><font><strong>Simon Newcomb</strong></font></a><font><font><font><strong>, who talked about both time and parallel universes; "Add a fourth dimension to space, and there is room for an indefinite number of universes, all alongside of each other, as there is for an indefinite number of sheets of paper when we pile them upon each other".</strong></font></font></font> </span></p><p><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7064/6893900352_f9127e148d_b.jpg" /> </span></p><p align="justify"><span style="background-color: black; color: #e69138; font-family: times; font-size: x-large;"><font><strong>There are many examples where authors have explicitly created additional spatial dimensions for their characters to travel in, to reach parallel universes. In <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who">Doctor Who</a></i>, the Doctor accidentally enters a parallel universe while attempting to repair the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TARDIS"><font><strong>TARDIS</strong></font></a><font><strong>console in </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferno_(Doctor_Who)"><font><strong>Inferno</strong></font></a><font><strong>. The parallel universe was similar to the real universe but with some different aspects. </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Adams"><font><strong>Douglas Adams</strong></font></a><font><strong>, in the last book of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy">Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a></i> series, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostly_Harmless">Mostly Harmless</a></i>, uses the idea of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability"><font><strong>probability</strong></font></a><font><strong> as an extra </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_axis"><font><strong>axis</strong></font></a><font><strong> in addition to the classical four dimensions of space and time similar to the </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation"><font><strong>many-worlds interpretation</strong></font></a><font><strong> of </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_physics"><font><strong>quantum physics</strong></font></a><font><strong>. Though, according to the novel, they're not really parallel universes at all but only a model to capture the continuity of space, time and probability. </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein"><font><strong>Robert A. Heinlein</strong></font></a><font><strong>, in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Number_of_the_Beast_(novel)">The Number of the Beast</a></i>, postulated a six-dimensional universe. In addition to the three spatial dimensions, he invoked </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry"><font><strong>symmetry</strong></font></a><font><strong> to add two new temporal dimensions, so there would be two sets of three. Like the fourth dimension of H. G. Wells’ </strong></font><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Time_Traveller_(character)"><font><strong>"Time Traveller"</strong></font></a><font><strong>, these extra dimensions can be traveled by persons using the right equipment.</strong></font></span></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="4"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="2176" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aUW7patpm9s" width="2617" youtube-src-id="aUW7patpm9s"></iframe></font></div><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="4"><br /><strong><br /></strong></font><p></p></td><td valign="top" width="499"><p align="justify"><br /></p><p align="justify"><br /></p><p align="justify"><font color="#ff8000" face="Times New Roman" size="4"></font> </p></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script async="async" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" type="text/javascript"></script></div> <div class="blogger-post-footer">http://<script type="text/javascript" src="http://jd.revolvermaps.com/2/1.js?i=3wd8fayvo9r&s=220&m=0&v=true&r=false&b=000000&n=false&c=ff0000" async="async"></script></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0